爆炸载荷下聚氨酯泡沫材料中冲击波压力特性

采用间接测压法,对爆炸载荷作用下聚氨酯泡沫材料中的冲击波压力特性进行了研究。结果表明,在装药特性相同的爆炸载荷作用下,聚氨酯泡沫材料中的初始冲击波压力随初始孔隙度增大而显著下降;冲击波传播衰减效应受初始孔隙度影响同样显著,但不呈单一加快或减慢趋势;当初始孔隙度在０．２５左右时,聚氨酯泡沫材料对爆炸载荷具有较强的抗冲击减压效能。     

泡沫材料对冲击波的衰减特性

对冲击波与开式、闭式泡沫作用及其在空气中的传播特性开展实验研究，探讨不同结构的泡沫材料对冲击波衰减的力学特征。通过定量分析泡沫材料对冲击波的超压峰值、正冲量的损失，分析冲击波入射、反射、透射的正冲量。实验结果表明, 泡沫材料对冲击波的衰减体现在对冲击波的反射衰减等方面，其中开式泡沫对冲击波的衰减效果比闭式泡沫稍好，且它们衰减冲击波的具体力学过程也不尽相同。     

泡沫铝夹芯板动态抗侵彻性能的实验研究

本文研究了铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板的抗侵彻性能.设计了铝板-泡沫铝夹芯复合材料板,采用SHPB设备,测试了不同子弹冲击速度下纯铝板和泡沫铝夹芯板的动态响应,并研究了其破坏形态.结果表明应力波在纯铝板中的传播与在铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板中的传播有很大差异,由于泡沫铝的粘性效应使应力波在传播过程中有明显的波幅衰减现象.实验结果表明,铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板相对于纯铝板具有不同的破坏形态.由于铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板的特殊结构和性能,使其具有良好的抗侵彻性能.     

平板撞击下C30混凝土中冲击波的传播特性

采用1级气炮加载技术和锰铜应力计多点测试技术,开展了C30混凝土在平板撞击条件下的冲击压缩实验研究。基于锰铜应力计实测的应力波形,研究了混凝土中冲击波的传播特性,结果显示冲击波的应力峰值随传播距离呈现明显的衰减特性,衰减过程可分为2个阶段。在早期阶段,卸载波没有赶上前面传播的冲击波,冲击波应力峰值衰减较慢,主要是混凝土材料的本构粘性效应所引起的;而后期阶段应力峰值的快速衰减则归因于混凝土材料的本构粘性效应、后续的来自飞片自由面的反射波追赶卸载、边侧稀疏波卸载及波传播的几何弥散效应的共同作用;另外,冲击波在混凝土中传播的升时也随着传播距离逐渐增大,即由强间断波逐渐转化为弱间断波。     

高孔隙率闭孔泡沫铝的低应变率压缩行为

通过落锤冲击实验研究高孔隙率闭孔泡沫铝的动态压缩性能及抗低速冲击特性,同时通过高速摄影仪观察试件的动态压缩行为,并记录落锤冲击速度的衰减过程.结果表明,高孔隙率闭孔泡沫铝的抗冲击缓冲效果明显,且在低速冲击条件下其变形特征与准静态变形类似.采用有限元方法分析了落锤和泡沫中应力的分布特点以及表面摩擦系数对应力分布的影响.由于摩擦力阻碍了接触面处泡沫的横向位移,致使其压缩外形呈"鼓形";在低速冲击时,应力在泡沫铝试件内部的传播周期远小于冲击的缓冲时间,应力波现象并不明显,应力的变化与准静态压缩时相似.在考虑接触面上摩擦力的基础上,通过第2类 Lagrange方程建立了落锤-泡沫材料的碰撞解析模型,将预测的落锤冲击速度的衰减过程分别与实验和有限元结果进行比较,取得了较为一致的结论,并进一步讨论了不同冲击速度和材料参数对冲击过程的影响.     

泡沫夹层在抗爆复合结构中作用的实验研究

首先对夹芯泡沫材料的力学性能、动态响应和性能特性进行了简单探讨,然后通过钢筋混凝土、泡沫夹层、钢板混凝土复合结构的抗爆实验,对夹芯泡沫材料的主要特点及其在复合结构中的作用机理进行了研究.结果表明:泡沫夹层对爆炸冲击波具有很好的衰减作用,且这种衰减作用随输入压力的增大而增大.这种特性可使爆炸产生的相对集中的局部压力转化为...     

泡沫金属材料的孔径效应

在分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)和MTS810材料试验机上分别对泡沫纯铝材料和铝硅合金泡沫材料进行了动态与准静态压缩实验研究。实验结果表明:孔径的大小对泡沫铝的弹性变形包括弹性模量没有影响,但对泡沫铝的屈服强度和塑性硬化模量有影响,且这种影响主要取决于泡沫铝基体材料的韧脆特性,泡沫铝的相对密度也会影响这种孔径效应。     

Al/PTFE活性材料冲击载荷作用下响应特性研究

为了研究铝（Al）/聚四氟乙烯（polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE）活性材料冲击载荷作用下响应特性,制备了具有反应活性的Al/PTFE块体材料,设计了拉氏实验,采用不同厚度的铝隔板控制入射冲击波幅值,利用锰铜压阻计测量了冲击波在材料中传播过程压力演化过程。同时,基于AUTODYN有限元软件,采用Lee-Tarver三项式点火模型对Al/PTFE活性材料拉氏实验进行数值模拟,并探讨了冲击波在500 mm长的Al/PTFE活性材料中长距离传播行为。研究结果表明,冲击波压力在Al/PTFE活性材料内短距离传播过程中存在明显的衰减,但是,当冲击波传播到远距离时,冲击波压力幅值和冲击波速度趋于稳定,分别为1.3 GPa和2 180 m/s;同时,距离铝隔板越远的材料,其反应度越低并最终趋于0.17。正是由于材料化学反应释能,导致了冲击波压力传播过程最终趋于稳定状态。     

泡沫铝爆炸冲击特性的数值研究

基于流体弹塑性模型,建立了泡沫铝在爆炸载荷下的冲击特性方程。采用Lagrange差分格式,在 均匀网格上对方程进行了离散。编写了数值计算程序,进行了炸药在空中和水中爆炸的一维数值计算。爆炸 场中考虑了泡沫铝密度、环境介质对泡沫铝材料冲击特性的影响。结果表明:数值计算结果与理论解、实验实 测结果基本吻合,证明所建立的泡沫铝的流体弹塑性本构方程可以用来描述泡沫铝的冲击特性;泡沫铝的密 度越低,泡沫铝中的压力峰值越小;在接触爆炸条件下,泡沫铝外侧环境介质的性质对临近环境介质端泡沫铝 中的压力影响明显,其中,环境介质若为空气,则临近空气端泡沫铝中的压力呈下降趋势,若环境介质为水,则 临近水端泡沫铝中的压力呈上升趋势。     

泡沫铝率相关本构模型及其在三明治夹芯板冲击吸能特性的应用研究

高孔隙率泡沫铝芯体三明治板具有轻质、高比刚度和减振吸能等优良的力学特性和物理特性,被广泛地应用于碰撞吸能部件上.近年来,高孔隙率泡沫铝在动态压缩下是否具有应变率敏感性成为广大学者的研究焦点.论文建立了横观各向同性率相关本构模型来描述高孔隙率泡沫铝的应变率效应,给出了有限元的计算步骤,基于ABAQUS/Explicit平...     

Attenuation of shock waves propagating in polyurethane foams

Shock wave attenuation in polyurethane foams is investigated experimentally and numerically. This study is a part of research project regarding shock propagation in polyurethane foams with high-porosities = 0.951 ~ 0.977 and low densities of ρc = 27.6 ~55.8 kg/m³. Sixty Millimeter long cylindrical foams with various cell numbers and foam insertion condition were installed in a horizontal shock tube of 50 mm i.d. and 5.4 mm in length. Results of pressure measurements in air/foam combination are compared with CFD simulation solving the one-dimensional Euler equations. In the case of a foam B fixed on shock tube wall, pressures at the shock tube end wall increases relatively slowly comparing to non-fixed foam, free to move and a foam A fixed on shock tube wall. This implies that elastic inertia hardly contributes to pressure build up. Pressures behind a foam C fixed on shock tube wall decrease indicating that shock wave is degenerated into compression wave. Dimensionless impulse and attenuation factor decrease as the initial cell number increases. The momentum loss varies depending on cell structure and cell number.     

Formation of shock waves in gas-liquid foams

The purpose of the present investigation is to analyze the phenomenon of shock wave formation in gas-liquid foams and to explain the qualitative differences which are found when comparing results from shock tube experiments performed with foams and bubbly liquids. It is well known that oscillatory pressure waves in bubbly liquids may reach an amplitude twice as large as that of the original pressure impulse. However, experiments showed that pressure disturbances in foams always attenuate without significant change in the wave pressure profile. In the present study this behavior is explained by analyzing shock wave formation using the Burgers equation which is derived from the conservation laws for a bubbly liquid. It is shown that the parameter of non linearity in the Burgers equation describing wave propagation in bubbly liquids is about 40 times higher than in foams. At the same time coefficient of bulk viscosity of a foam is about 10³ times greater than that of a bubbly liquid. This explains why in shock tube experiments with foams shock waves are not detected while they are easily observed when bubbly liquids are used under similar conditions.     

The elastic–plastic behaviour of foam under shock loading

An experimental investigation of the elastic–plastic nature of shock wave propagation in foams was undertaken. The study involved experimental blast wave and shock tube loading of three foams, two polyurethane open-cell foams and a low-density polyethylene closed-cell foam. Evidence of precursor waves was observed in all three foam samples under various compressive wave loadings. Experiments with an impermeable membrane are used to determine if the precursor wave in an open-cell foam is a result of gas filtration or an elastic response of the foam. The differences between quasi-static and shock compression of foams is discussed in terms of their compressive strain histories and the implications for the energy absorption capacity of foam in both loading scenarios. Through a comparison of shock tube and blast wave loading techniques, suggestions are made concerning the accurate measurements of the principal shock Hugoniot in foams.     

Foam Self-Clarification Phenomenon: An Experimental Investigation

This paper is focused on the capabilities of gas–liquid foams to attenuate acoustic waves. It is postulated that the sound attenuation phenomenon in foams is largely governed by the hydrodynamic resistance of the Plateau-Gibbs channels (PGC) to the flow of liquid through them. It is shown that the addition of solid particles to gas–liquid foams has opposite effects depending on the concentration of the added solid particles. As long as the concentration of the added solid particles is smaller than a certain critical value the sound attenuation coefficient increases and as a result in the sound velocity decreases. However, if the concentration of the added solid particles becomes larger than this critical value the attenuation coefficient decreases and the sound velocity increases. When the concentration of the solid particles reaches some critical value, the particles block the Plateau-Gibbs channels and stop the filtration. As a result the attenuation coefficient of the sound wave decreases while the sound velocity, in such three-phase foams, increases. The point at which the sound wave stops attenuating and its velocity starts to increase is known as the point of self-clarification. Based on this postulate and on the results of our preliminary tests the present study provides a plausible explanation to the above-mentioned contradicting effect, and the self- clarification phenomenon.     

Shock pulse attenuation in a nonlinear viscoelastic solid

Thin, one-dimensional shock pulses were generated in a nonlinear viscoelastic material (polymethyl methacrylate) by a new experimental technique. The observed pulse attenuation was compared with an approximate theory based on the viscoelastic shock amplitude equation. The central assumption of this approximate theory is that the unloading wave propagates as a simple wave. Given an initial pulse shape it is shown that the attenuation and the pulse shape at any later time are accurately approximated. The calculated attenuation in polymethyl methacrylate agreed well with the experimental results.     

Experimental and numerical studies of underwater shock wave attenuation

The attenuation of an underwater shock wave by a thin porous layer is studied both experimentally and numerically. The shock waves are generated by exploding 10 mg silver azide pellets and the pressures at different distances from the explosion center are measured. Measurements are also carried out with a gauze layer placed between the explosion source and the pressure gauge. The results with and without the gauze layer are compared evaluating the shock wave attenuation. Numerical simulations of the phenomenon are also carried out for a simple wave attenuation model. The results are compared with the experimental data. Despite the simple mathematical model of wave attenuation, the agreement between the experimental and numerical results is reasonable.Received: 22 October 2002, Accepted: 17 June 2003, Published online: 5 August 2003PACS: 47.11.+j, 47.40.Nm, 47.55.Mh     

铝粉含量和粒度对CL-20含铝炸药水中爆炸反应特性的影响

为了研究CL-20基含铝炸药的爆炸反应机理，利用水中爆炸实验，测量了不同铝粉含量和粒度的CL-20炸药水中爆炸的冲击波参数、二次压力波参数，计算了冲击波能和气泡能。结果表明，水中爆炸的冲击波能和气泡能表征了爆轰和二次反应两个阶段的炸药爆炸能量分配，CL-20炸药中的铝粉主要在二次反应阶段发生反应，只有少部分的铝粉参与了早期的爆轰反应。气泡脉动形成的二次压力波能描述铝粉含量和粒度对二次反应过程的影响，铝粉含量对炸药的二次反应有显著的影响；铝粉粒度对炸药的水下爆炸的初始冲击波参数、冲击波能和气泡能的影响很小，对铝粉与爆轰产物的二次反应速率影响较大。     

液滴对爆炸冲击波的衰减作用

为分析液滴对舰船舱内爆炸冲击波的耗散与衰减作用，通过有限元分析方法，建立冲击波作用于不同尺寸单个液滴和多排液滴的模型，分析冲击波与单个及多个液滴的作用过程及液滴形态变化，对冲击波衰减规律进行分析总结。得到结论如下:单个液滴模型中，小液滴破碎更迅速，破碎的规律性强；大液滴抛撒现象发生较早，抛撒出的小液滴数目多，但整体变化规律性偏差；不同尺寸单个液滴对冲击波有一定的衰减作用，衰减率随液滴尺寸增大而增大，线性规律较明显；成排液滴对冲击波有明显的衰减作用，相同液滴密度下衰减率随着液滴数量的增多而增大，呈现明显的线性特性。     

金属壳体装药水下爆炸的冲击波特性

为了研究装药壳体厚度对水下爆炸冲击波特性的影响,对1kg柱形含铝炸药分别在厚6mm 的钢 壳或硬铝壳装药下进行了水下爆炸实验与数值模拟研究。实验结果表明,相对硬铝壳,钢壳装药的冲击波冲 量、衰减时间常数以及冲击波能都偏大,而冲击波峰值相差不大。针对不同厚度钢壳装药的数值模拟表明,随 着壳体厚度的增加,冲击波参数明显增强,当壳体厚度超过最优值时这种效应减弱;金属壳的存在导致冲击波 峰值爬升产生滞后效应;对一定质量的炸药,存在可有效提高冲击波压力峰值的最优壳厚,填装比可以作为衡 量效果的重要指标。