超声波对材料力学性能影响实验研究

研究超声波作用下材料的特殊力学行为,建立一套超声波作用对材料影响的实验系统,通过对紫铜和低碳钢试件的实验研究,给出材料特性变化的实验数据,并利用其对这些特殊现象的形成机理进行初步探讨。     

超高频振动下的三点弯曲实验装置的设计与制造

超高频振动下材料的力学行为不同常态．为了研究超高频振动对材料断裂韧度的影响,本文设计并研制了一套超高频振动下材料的三点弯曲实验装置．设计的内容包括超声波换能器,超声波变幅杆,夹具等,并对Ｔ７钢进行了三点弯曲实验,得到了新的断裂韧度值．     

非均匀介质体中的缺陷响应研究

由于粗颗粒界面的散射作用,所以在考虑了超声波在非均匀介质体中传播时的衰减以及相速度的频散特性的基础上,用MGB模型表示了入射超声波波束,对非均匀介质固体中的缺陷响应进行了研究。分析了不同尺寸的方形孔缺陷由于压电超声传感器距离其位置的不同对接收到回波信号的影响,同时研究了由于粗颗粒平均尺寸的变化对接收回波信号的影响;并给出了不同颗粒直径尺寸的变化对回波信号影响的实验研究结果。研究结果表明:Born近似方法对弱散射体的散射作用下的预测效果较好,但在强散射体作用下不能使用这种方法预测;实验的结果和理论的预测结果基本一致。     

双周期裂纹压电材料反平面剪切问题断裂力学分析

研究压电材料双周期裂纹反平面剪切与平面电场作用的问题．运用复变函数方法，获得了该问题严格的闭合解，并由此给出了裂纹尖端应力强度因子和电位移强度因子的精确公式．数值算例显示了裂纹分布特征对材料断裂行为的重要影响．叠间小裂纹能够对主裂纹的应力和电位移场起着屏蔽作用，相反行间小裂纹却起着放大作用，至于钻石形分布裂纹的影响规律则更为复杂．对于某些特殊情形给予了解答并导出一系列有意义的结果。     

超声波电机用摩擦材料的研究进展

归纳并探讨超声波电机摩擦材料的基本要求与国内外研究进展.基于行波型超声波电机驱动特点及运行规律,从摩擦学、接触力学和材料学3个方面对超声波电机用摩擦材料的特殊要求进行探讨,初步得出超声波电机摩擦材料应具有优良的摩擦学、一定的接触变形和一定的结构特性3个方面的特殊要求.最后,针对超声波电机摩擦材料研究中存在的问题,提出一些超声波电机摩擦材料值得重视的研究方向,即建立更为完善的接触模型、研制针对多种环境下使用的多种系列摩擦材料、开发考察摩擦材料性能的专门试验设备与测试技术方法和寿命预测技术方法等.     

材料力学性能退化的超声无损检测与评价

材料性能退化总是伴随着某种形式的材料非线性力学行为, 从而引起超声波传播的非线性, 即高频谐波的产生.基于此,材料和结构的超声无损检测与主人技术发展成起来.首先介绍固体介质内的非线性超声波动方程的基础, 并综述了利用超声波传播的非线性特性对结构材料和粘结面的力学性能退化进行无损检测与评价的研究进展.之后对材料在疲劳、拉伸以及蠕变载荷作用下, 其力学性能退化进行超声无损检测与评价的试验研究进行了介绍;综述了超声波传播非线性的机理研究, 以及利用超声波对粘结面的粘结强度及其力学性能退化评估所开展的研究. 最后指出了今后该领域需要进一步研究的问题.      

粘弹性阻尼器动力设计及其应用的实验研究

本文提出一种圆柱式剪切型粘弹性阻尼器，给出其具有结构阻尼特性的单自由度动力学系统模型，用正弦扫频实验技术实现了对阻尼器动力学特性的测量。通过实验，研究了粘弹性材料动态特性与阻尼器动力学特性的关系，并给出这种关系的数学表示，给出了这类阻尼器的设计方法和基本公式。实验结果表明，应用这种阻尼器可有效控制桁架结构的振动，实现对结构的阻尼控制。     

率无关非比例循环弹塑性本构关系

正确地考虑了塑性应变空间中和非比例加载下的离散记忆特性，提出一种新的率无关非比例循环塑性本构关系，并给出了铜的理论预测值与实验结果的比较．     

脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂实验与理论分析

研究了脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂特性和失效机理，特别是在平行于裂纹的应力对临界断裂参数的影响方面进行了实验上和理论上的研究．采用玻璃、陶瓷等脆性材料进行了平面双向拉伸和单向拉伸试验，并对实验结果进行比较．观测直通裂纹的启裂和扩展过程，证明了双向应力对裂纹驱动力有明显影响，讨论了裂纹扩展的应变准则．     

特种泡沫塑料的动态力学性能研究

通过大尺寸分离式Hopkinson压杆对特种泡沫塑料进行了高应变率冲击实验，完整地给出了该材料在高应变率下的动态应力应变曲线，并将结果和理论上的Eyring模型进行了比较，指出了这种材料在一定的应变率范围内，具有明显的应变率效应，同时从应力应变曲线的特点来看，这种材料又有良好的吸能特性，最后通过对实验数据的拟合，提出了便于工程应用的动态本构方程。     

Dislocation density based constitutive model for ultrasonic assisted deformation

The mechanical behaviour of metallic materials subjected to plastic deformation is altered with the superposition of ultrasonic vibrations. A significant effect is the reduction of flow stress or acoustic softening. This phenomenon is utilized in metal forming and other deformation based manufacturing processes. Experimental investigations on ultrasonic assisted tensile tests focus on the effect of ultrasonic vibrations along the longitudinal axis of the specimen, whereas the manufacturing processes employs in transverse directions. In the present work, transverse ultrasonic vibrations are imposed during a uniaxial tensile test using an aluminium alloy. The trend of acoustic softening due to transverse direction vibrations is similar to that along longitudinal direction. A dislocation density based constitutive model is extended to model the softening due to ultrasonic effect. The predicted results agree well with the experimental observations.     

Acoustical birefringence and the use of ultrasonic waves for experimental stress analysis

Stress-induced optical birefringence in transparent materials has long been a common technique of stress analysis. Although stress-induced acoustic birefringence was discovered more than 20 years ago, its development and actual applications are still limited. This paper will look at the similarities and differences between the propagation of light waves in photoelastic materials and the propagation of ultrasonic waves in deformed solids. Critical comparisons of the experimental methods employed in photoelasticity with those available in modern ultrasonic measuring technique show why previous studies on ultrasonic measurement of stresses were not very successful. A new experimental technique is devised for using ultrasonic waves for stress analysis. The technique employs a single rotatable 10-MHz shear transducer as the transmitter and receiver of ultrasonic pulses. The enlarged display of the 10-MHz modulated-pulse pattern of reflected echoes provides a convenient way to determine the directions of principal axis of the stress within ±3 deg. The pulse-echo-overlap method is used to measure the absolute velocities of the two principal shear waves. The difference in principal stresses is then calculated from the velocity measurements. Test results of common structural-aluminum and steel specimens under uniaxial compression show a linear relation between the velocity changes and the applied stress. Ultrasonic measurements of stress distribution in a 6.35-cm diameter, 1.9-cm-thick aluminum disk under diametric compression are also reported. Paper was presented at Third SESA International Congress on Experimental Mechanics held in Los Angeles, CA on May 13–18, 1973.     

Effect of plastic deformation on the acoustoelastic response of some materials

Acoustoelastic birefringence is measured with the acoustic polarimeter by transmitting ultrasonic shear waves at two perpendicular polarizations through the thickness of several uniaxial test specimens. The results are availablefor the following materials: SAE 1010 and SAE 4118 steel, pure titanium, 2024 aluminum and 60\2-40 brass, but are only presented here for SAE 4118 steel and pure titanium. The uniaxial test specimens have been subjected to plastic deformation followed by complete unloading. It is shown that the assumption that the plastic flow leading to the residual-stress state does not change the acoustic response of the material, does not hold for all materials and that further characterization development is required for general quantitative residual-stress determination.     

Propagation velocities of elastic waves in saturated soils

Based on the wave equations established by the authors, the characteristics of propagation velocities of elastic waves in saturated soils are analyzed and verified by ultrasonic test in laboratory and seismic survey in the field. The results provide theoretical basis for the determination of physical and mechanical parameters of saturated soils using propagation velocities of elastic waves, especially P-wave Velocity.     

超声纯横波法测试45#钢的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下,材料表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用垂直于应力方向传播的超声纯横波对45#钢进行测试,测试时横波的偏振化方向分别平行和垂直于应力方向。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压应力作用下,相互正交的两超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化,且声各向异性因子与应力成线性关系。利用此关系可测试材料内部应力,提供了一种无损测试材料内部应力的方法,另外本实验方法也可以对材料内部残余应力进行评估。实验中利用回振法测量声速,可测量声速的微小变化,精度高。     

爆轰波对碰加载下平面金属样品动载行为实验研究

进行冲击波对碰加载简易平面金属Sn和W样品实验,采用X射线照相和激光干涉测速系统进行联合诊断,给出了2种材料冲击波对碰区表面微喷及主体破碎物质的直观图像,研究了Sn和W样品对碰区动力学行为,并比较分析2种材料对碰区特征的异同,给出了定性物理解释,实验结果可为爆轰波对碰加载下材料动力学特性的理论研究提供数据支撑。     

Non-contact evaluation of the resonant frequency of a microstructure using ultrasonic wave

This paper presents a novel non-contact method for evaluating the resonant frequency of a microstructure, Firstly, the microstructure under test is excited by ultrasonic waves. This excitation method does not impose any undefined load on the specimen like the electrostatic excitation and also this is the first actual use of ultrasonic wave for exciting a microstructure in the literature. Secondly, the amplitudes of the microstructure are determined by image edge detection using a Mexican hat wavelet transform on the vibrating images of the microstructure. The vibrating images are captured by a CCD camera when the microstructure is vibrated by ultrasonic waves at a series of discrete high frequencies （〉30 kHz）. Upon processing the vibrating images, the amplitudes at various excitation frequencies are obtained and an amplitude-frequency spectrum is obtained from which the resonant frequency is subsequently evaluated. A micro silicon structure consisting of a perforated plate （192 × 192 μm） and two cantilever beams （76 × 43 μm） which is about 4 μm thickness is tested. Since laser interferometry is not required, thermal effects on a test object can be avoided. Hence, the setup is relatively simple. Results show that the proposed method is a simple and effective approach for evaluating the dynamic characteristics of microstructures.     

用于脆性材料的Hopkinson压杆动态实验新方法

岩石、陶瓷或混凝土等脆性材料,在用Hopkinson压杆对其实施高应变率加载实验时,由于其破坏应变很小,试件通常在加载入射波的波头部分（含初始上升沿和较大的弥散振荡部分）就已破坏失效,因此采用常规的实验或数据处理方法很难得到精确有效的实验结果,本文提出的Hopkinson压杆装置预留间隙实验法能使加载入射波波幅振荡明显减且初始上升时间为零,有效地减小了弹性波弥散带来的误差,使贴于压杆中部的应变片测得的信号经处理后很大程度上直接反映的是试件端面的实际受力状态,且由于避免了试件在加载波上升沿段的稳定受力而使应变率历史曲线更趋于恒定,这为提高Hopkinson压杆装置的实验精度,特别是为脆性材料提供了一种实施高应变率实验的实用可行的途径。     

Possibility of evaluation of strength of metals and alloys by a nonintrusive ultrasonic method

The dependence of the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves on the acting stress in plastically deformable polycrystalline metals and alloys is examined. The relationship between the acting stress and the velocity of ultrasound is found to be linear; this dependence is typical of all materials studied. A method is proposed for determining the time resistance to breakdown of materials (ultimate strength) for the case of deformation in the region of small plastic strains without failure of the specimens.     

CFD modeling of convection heat transfer using 1.7 MHz and 24 kHz ultrasonic waves: a comparative study

The effects of 24 kHz and 1.7 MHz ultrasonic waves on heat transfer from a thin platinum wire are investigated. The results revealed that the 1.7 MHz ultrasound waves could increase the heat transfer rate more efficiently than the lower frequency one. The CFD modeling of ultrasonication was performed to compare heat transfer, predict fluid flow patterns. The CFD results were validated by the experimental results with an excellent agreement.