三维物体形貌检测图像处理中的小波数字滤波技术

傅里叶变换轮廓术和相移法是投影栅法测物体三维形貌的两种重要方法。相移法需要精密的移相装置,且需采集一幅以上的图像,在应用中受到一定限制。而傅里叶变换轮廓术只需一幅图像便可计算出各点相位值,测量精度高,测量范围广,因而得到广泛运用。最大测量范围受到高度分布h(x,y)在与光栅线垂直向上变化率的限制,即面形变化剧烈的物体易产生相邻谱区的混合,不易测准。本文提出的基于小波数字滤波的傅里叶变换法,可以将物体的可测梯度提高3倍。因为利用小波技术对变形栅线图进行处理后,滤去了直流分量和高频分量,得到的相对栅线图只剩下基频分量。采用小波数字滤波与傅里叶变换轮廓术相结合的方法,用小波变换去除直流成分和高频成分,从而提高了物体的可测精度,降低了对滤波器的设计要求,能较好地将物体的相位信息分离出来。本文给出了这种算法的理论分析和计算机模拟试验的结果。     

偏振相移干涉栅投影技术及其应用

本文提出偏振相移干涉栅投影技术并成功地用于三维物面形状和大变形物体的位移测量，得到较为满意的实验结果。     

三维形状检测中的参数标定研究

应用投影栅线法在现场检测三维物体的形状时，参数标定是影响测量精度最重要的一个因素。本文研究了三维形状检测过程中的参数标定问题，并应用傅里叶位相解调技术处理实验数据。提出了坐标系统及几何参数的标定技术，推导出考虑栅线节距变化的计算公式。给出了部分实验结果，并讨论了测试精度。     

偏振相移干涉棚投影技术及其应用

本文提出偏振相移干涉栅投影技术并成功地用于三维物面形状和大变形物体的位移测量，得到较为满意的实验结果。     

物体的三维形状或离面变形的自动检测技术

本文采用数字图象处理设备,应用一维傅立叶变换技术和分段线性增强技术,提出了一种建立投影云纹数字图象的新方法,所形成的条纹图象灰度具有严格的正弦或余弦分布特性,结合位相检测技术,可计算出物体的离面高度或离面变形。可完全由计算机进行处理,自动化程度高,并能保证测量精度.最后给出了应用于物体形状检测或离面变形测试的两个实例,实验结果表明了该方法的可行性和可靠性。     

基于锁相循环投影的物体形貌检测

本文提出将相位锁定循环技术应用于栅线投影方法,将规则栅线投影到物体表面得到变形栅线,用相位锁定循环法解调含有物体表面高度信息的位相。用该法不需传统的相位去包裹,即可完成对二维栅线图扫描,从而确定其相位。通过对典型试件的检测,得到了比较满意的结果。     

复合材料襟翼壁板屈曲失稳行为的栅线投影实验研究

本文利用栅线投影测量方法研究了蜂窝夹层板、工字型及T型加筋板三种不同结构形式复合材料襟翼壁板在压缩载荷下的屈曲失稳行为,得到了不同形式结构件屈曲的全场离面位移分布规律,分析了各自的屈曲失稳模式.研究结果表明,栅线投影测量方法在大尺度复合材料结构失稳变形测试中具有可行性；在相同面板尺寸条件下,工字型加筋复合材料襟翼壁板屈曲临界载荷最大,承载能力最强.本文结果可为飞机复合材料结构设计提供实验依据.     

从栅线投影中自动提取物体表面三维形状信息的计算机处理方法

规则的一组栅线在物体表面的投影将发生畸变,这畸变的栅线投影图象中包含着被测物体表面深度的信息。结合计算机图象处理技术,本文提出了运用于该测量原理中的系统自我标定方法,使测量系统自动适应不同的量程、精度及不同的测量环境的三维形状自动测量。文中论述了该测量方法的计算机图象处理过程,给出了测量实例,并提出了进一步设想。     

基于透射电镜晶格图像数字云纹的应变测量方法

提出一种通过量化几何转角实现应变测量的数字云纹新方法。该方法以高分辨透射电镜(TEM)获取的晶格图像为基础,通过傅立叶变换-反傅里叶变换,将TEM晶格图像生成三个不同倾角的栅线图。以已知应变状态位置获取的TEM栅线图为参考栅,以所需测量位置获得的栅线图为试件栅,分别对倾角接近的参考栅与试件栅进行逻辑运算,得到各倾角栅对应的数字云纹图像。基于几何云纹基本原理,建立参考栅与试件栅二者之间栅线倾角的变化(即栅线转角θ)、该栅线倾角所对应几何云纹条纹的倾角与栅线间距变化率(即栅线法向应变分量ε)之间的解析关系。计量栅线转角与几何云纹条纹的倾角便能够得到试件栅位置上三个不同方向的正应变,从而实现面内应变各分量的解耦测量。由于本方法获得的是高分辨TEM图像所在位置的应变平均信息,因此具有十纳米量级的空间分辨率。本文采用模拟实验对以上方法的正确性进行了验证,并将其应用于多层异质半导体结构横截面样品的应变分析,并给出了面内应变各分量的细节信息。     

双频投影栅线法测量三维物体形状算法的讨论

本文对用双频投影栅线法测量物体表面三维形状的现有计算方法作了比较，并进行数值模拟计算，给出比较结果，指出各方法的优劣。     

Fiber Bragg grating sensor package for submicron level displacement measurements

Experimental Techniques - In this article, the design and development of a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based displacement sensor package for submicron level displacement measurements are presented. A...     

三维电子散斑干涉法在检测残余应力中的应用

本文提出一种新的大错位三维电子散斑干涉法,并将其和钻 法检测残余应力技术结合起来,其特点一是利用三个激光器,从不同的方向照射被测物体,二是在被测物附近放置一参考物,利用大错位棱镜,使物体表面的信息和参考物上的信息都进及ＣＣＤ中,可以得到与三个位移场有关的电子散斑干涉条纹图,并可以运算和分离获得独立的ｕ,ｖ和ｗ场信息,本文介绍了大错位三维电子散斑干涉法的原理、方法和系统,并将其应用于钻孔法释放残余应     

Strain tensor for large three-dimensional surface deformation of sheet metal from an object grating

Grating techniques are used to determine the three-dimensional deformation and the tangential strain of sheet metal. A grating is fixed on the surface and taken by stereo CCD cameras in different deformation states. By suitable line-following software, the grating coordinates in the images are determined with subpixel accuracy. Using photogrammetric methods, the three-dimensional coordinates are calculated from the image coordinates. The strain usually is determined by means of a deformation gradient, which is calculated from every deformed triangle. In this paper, the gradient is determined in the center of four neighboring meshes using a polynomial approximation of the displacement function in a reference position. The influence of the nontangential deformation is considered. By simulation, a flat sheet metal is deformed to a rotational symmetric surface. The difference of the known exact strain is compared with the numerically derived strain with respect to different grating pitches. The proposed method yields good results even in the case of large spatial deformation. It is applied to the deformation of a hatlike test specimen.     

几何非线性摩擦阻尼隔振系统动力学行为研究

非线性隔振系统由于具有较线性系统更优的隔振性能,因此在工程中应用广泛.本文通过配置与被隔振对象的运动方向相垂直的库伦摩擦阻尼器,构建了几何非线性摩擦阻尼模型.由于引入了几何非线性,因此其摩擦力与位移正相关,这与传统与位移无关摩擦力模型有显著不同.首先,建立了具有几何非线性摩擦阻尼的数学模型以及隔振系统的受迫振动方程;然后,使用谐波平衡法求解了动力学方程,并使用数值仿真方法验证了谐波平衡法求解的准确性;最后,研究了几何非线性摩擦阻尼隔振器的绝对位移传递率和相对位移传递率.研究结果表明,在库伦摩擦阻尼选择适当,非线性摩擦阻尼系统可以在保持高频振动衰减效果的前提下,显著降低系统共振峰,其性能优于传统的恒定摩擦阻尼隔振模型.同时,几何非线性摩擦阻尼系统能够避免传统摩擦阻尼系统中的“锁定”现象,从传递率角度来说,不利于共振峰控制;但从激励环境改变引发隔振系统失效的角度来看,几何非线性摩擦阻尼系统可以拓宽系统对激励幅值的适应范围,避免隔振系统失效.本文的研究结果对此类隔振系统的设计和摩擦阻尼参数的选择具有通用的指导意义.      

Dynamic displacements of an infinite beam on a poroelastic half space due to a moving oscillating load

This investigation is concerned with the dynamic displacements of a beam on a poroelastic half space under a periodic oscillating load of constant velocity. The governing equations for the proposed analysis are solved using Fourier transform. The expression for the vertical displacement is obtained according to the contact condition between a beam and a half space. The effects of the moving velocity and vibration frequency of the load on the dynamic displacement are considered in the numerical examples. The results show that the load velocity has significant influence on dynamic displacement. It is also noted that large differences exist between the dynamic responses for a beam on a poroelastic half space and on an elastic half space when the load velocity is larger than the shear wave speed of the medium. The reported work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 10372073).     

基于时序变形预测的数字图像相关加速方法

利用数字图像相关求解连续变形物体的位移场和应变场时,会遇到处理速度非常慢的问题,原因是相关算法计算量大且忽略了物体在时间轴上的变形规律。本文提出了一种基于变形预测的数字图像相关方法,该方法利用物体在时间轴上的变形规律,通过已经得到的变形值来预测后面时刻的变形初值。首先分析了物体在时间轴上的变形规律,然后结合实际应用对其进行修正,得到物体下一步变形的初值,最后通过NR方法(Newton-Raphson Method)得到物体的位移场和应变场。通过计算机模拟和金属试件拉伸实验并结合GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)编程验证了该方法的有效性。计算机模拟和金属试件拉伸实验的计算结果表明,该方法能够在计算精度保持不变的情况下,使计算速度提高4~7倍。     

Hybrid experimental-numerical concept of residual stress analysis in laser weldments

The concept, methodology and instrumentation for hybrid experimental-numerical residual stress analysis in a laser weldment are presented. Grating interferometry and digital speckle photography are applied as complementary experimental methods for the determination of the initial model of residual strains and of the material properties at the various zones of a laser weldment. These data inserted into a finite element model enable one to analyze the formation of the residual stress state of the object, which is compared and modified by means of experimental data in a closed iterative loop. This full hybrid approach is tested successfully on a laser-welded steel specimen in uniaxial tensile tests.     

A method of three-dimensional strain measurement on non-ideal objects using holographic interferometry

Holographic interferometry has been applied to determine the components of tensile, compressive and shear strain in the surface layer of a non-ideal object subjected to high values of stress. The method consists of determining the three components of the vector displacement at a sufficient number of discrete points on the surface of the object. Functions in the form of truncated power series are fitted to the fringe order-distance data using the method of least squares. Interpolation of these functions is then carried out to obtain the fringe-order numbers at closely spaced equal intervals. The displacement in each interval is calculated and the displacement-distance relationship is then numerically differentiated to obtain strain. Components of stress at a particular point are then estimated by multiplying the strain value by the appropriate modulus. These stresses result from the application of considerable forces that are likely to cause large rigid-body displacements unless the object can be satisfactorily restrained. The difficulty of providing the required restraining forces has been avoided by mounting the object on a kinematic mount from which it can be removed before stressing and replaced afterwards. The accuracy of relocation of the object is sufficient to ensure the satisfactory formation of holographic interference fringes. As the use of the two-exposure holographic method results in a direction ambiguity of the displacement vector at any point of the surface, this method is complemented by electrical strain measurement. The strain is sampled in two convenient orthogonal directions at some part of the surface. The application of the uniqueness theorem of elasticity then permits the direction of displacement to be uniquely specified at any point of the surface. The electrical strain measurement also provides a check of the strain values determined by interferometry at various positions on the surface. This check is necessary since precise knowledge of the surface geometry of a non-ideal object may be lacking. Incorrect assumptions made about the geometry are shown to result in serious errors in the evaluation of strain. The method described has been used to estimate the stresses in the vicinity of a threaded hole in a sample of pipe for representative values of torque applied in screwing a connecting member into the pipe. Possible reasons for failure of the pipe in service are then deduced.     

三维连续与非连续变形分析

将石根华博士所提出的二维非连续变形分析——Discontinuous Deformation Analysis（DDA）方法扩展到三维情况,并对三维不连续块体进行有限元网格剖分,即块体之间的接触采用DDA描述,块体内部的位移场和应力场则采用有限单元法描述,从而将三维DDA与有限元方法结合起来,增强了DDA方法与有限元方法解决实际工程问题的能力,实现了三维连续与非连续变形分析.给出了基本公式的推导过程和各子矩阵的形式.典型接触、碰撞算例证明了所提出方法的有效性和正确性.