变高度圆柱诱导的激波边界层干扰

采用分区方法及Ｒｏｅ三阶流通量差分分裂格式求解雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程,湍流附加黏性系数用Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ模型计算,数值模拟了高超声速条件下变高度圆柱诱导的激波边界层层干扰,其流场的主要特性均与实验结果一致或规律相同,结果清晰地展示了流场结构以及气动载荷分布随柱高度的变化特征,产说明激波碰撞和旋涡运动都可能导致飞行器表面局部气动载荷的增加。     

细长体背风面横向非对称分离的研究

用数值模拟方法研究了超声速情况下，无限长细长体背风面的涡结构。数值模拟的出发方程和计算格式分别为全Ｎ－Ｓ方程和二阶空间精度的ＴＶＤ格式。数值结果给出了圆锥、半球柱体和椭圆锥在不同攻角下的流场结果。结果表明圆锥在攻角α＝１５°，２０°和２５°时背风面呈现明显的稳定非对称横向分离，而半球柱体和椭圆锥在３２．５°和２５°时背风面均未出现非对称的横向分离结构。     

带有襟翼偏转的三维机翼绕流的N—S方法解

给出了带襟翼偏转的三维机翼绕流的一种求解Ｎ－Ｓ方程的计算方法,采用区域求解算法和对接分区网络技术相结合的方法,有效地求解了绕此外形的复杂流动,区域求解算法中提出了一种满足通量守恒的内边界耦合条件,流场求解时采用中心差分的限体积方法对空间通量顶进行离散,采用显式推进方法进行时间方向的积分,数值算例表明本方法是求解带襟翼偏转的机翼绕流的有效方法。     

激波-涡干扰声场的数值研究

采用高精度差分格式求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,对激波－单涡／双涡相互干扰产生的声场进行了直接数值。详细研究了波－涡干扰声场结构的早期发展阶段,将激波－单涡的计算结果和相应实验进行 对比,并给出近场声压的衰减规律。在此基础上模拟较为复杂的激波－双涡干扰,给出不同旋涡旋转方向下的声场结构。     

基于比拟理论的翼型扰流声场数值模拟

从二维模型方程的全离散形式出发,重点分析了差分格式的色散特性和各向异性效应,证实迎风紧致格式比对称格式有更好的色散和各向同性特性,故有利于声场的数值模拟,并采用三阶迎风紧致格式（ＵＣＤ３）和四阶对称紧致格式（ＳＣＤ４）计算了绕ＮＡＣＡ００１２翼型的可压缩非定常流场,并将此流场作为近场声源,运用声学比拟理论对气动声进行模拟。     

高阶紧致格式求解二维粘性不可压缩复杂流场

提出了一种求解二维不可压缩复杂流场的高精度算法．控制方程为原始变量、压力Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ方程提法．在任意曲线坐标下，采用四阶紧致格式求解Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程组，时间推进采用交替方向隐式（ＡＤＩ）格式，在非交错网格上用松弛法求解压力Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ方程．对于复杂的流场，采用了区域分解方法，并在每一时间步对各子域实施松弛迭代使之能精确地反映非定常流场．利用该算法计算了二维受驱空腔流动，弯管流动和垂直平板的突然起动问题．计算结果与实验结果和其他研究者的计算结果相比较吻合良好．对于平板起动流动，成功地模拟了流场中旋涡的生成以及Ｋａｒｍａｎ涡街的形成     

基于动网格技术的柔性后缘自适应机翼气动特性分析

研究了带柔性后缘的可变弯度自适应机翼在自适应变弯度过程中的气动特性.自适应变弯度过程中的气动力计算采用了基于弹簧理论的非结构动网格技术,求解NS方程时采用有限体积的二阶迎风格式离散,时间推进为隐格式双时间推进方法.通过计算柔性后缘机翼的升力特性、阻力特性及升阻比特性,并与带刚性后缘机翼的气动特性进行比较,发现柔性后缘机翼在后缘偏转时,其最大升阻比对应的迎角随着偏转角增大而降低.在中等迎角及接近失速迎角情况下,柔性后缘机翼升力系数明显优于刚性后缘机翼,并且其升力线变化较为平缓,有效迎角范围更大.     

配置点谱方法-人工压缩法(SCM-ACM)求解同心圆筒内流体流动

发展了配置点谱方法SCM(Spectral collocation method)和人工压缩法ACM(Artificial compressibility method)相结合的SCM-ACM数值方法,计算了柱坐标系下稳态不可压缩流动N-S方程组。选取典型的同心圆筒间旋转流动Taylor-Couette流作为测试对象,首先,采用人工压缩法获得人工压缩格式的非稳态可压缩流动控制方程;再将控制方程中的空间偏微分项用配置点谱方法进行离散,得到矩阵形式的代数方程;编写了SCM-ACM求解不可压缩流动问题的程序;最后,通过与公开发表的Taylor-Couette流的计算结果对比,验证了求解程序的有效性。结果证明,本文发展的SCM-ACM数值方法能够用于求解圆筒内不可压缩流体流动问题,该方法既保留了谱方法指数收敛的特性,也具有ACM形式简单和易于实施的特点。本文发展的SCM-ACM数值方法为求解柱坐标下不可压缩流体流动问题提供了一种新的选择。     

三角翼动态大迎角气动力特性数值分析研究

采用数值计算方法,对三角翼从 0°上仰至 90°的动态流场和气动力特性进行了计算,并对俯仰角速度对三角翼流场和气动力特性的影响进行了计算分析。给出了三角翼纵向动态情况下的气动力系数变化,特别是大迎角横侧力矩系数的变化特征。结果表明,随着机翼俯仰角速度的提高,前缘分离涡破裂位置相对滞后,机翼升力和阻力系数明显增加,机翼抵抗旋涡非对称破裂的能力明显增强。     

不可压缩平面问题的位移-压力混合重心插值配点法

引入人工压力变量,将弹性本构方程以应力、应变和压力表达,建立求解不可压缩平面弹性问题的位移-压力方程和不可压缩条件方程的耦合偏微分方程组。利用张量积型重心Lagrange插值近似二元函数,得到计算插值节点处偏导数的偏微分矩阵。采用配点法离散不可压缩弹性控制方程,利用偏微分矩阵直接离散弹性力学控制方程为矩阵形式方程组。利用插值公式离散位移和应力边界条件,将离散边界条件与离散控制方程组合为新的方程组,得到求解弹性问题的过约束线性代数方程组;利用最小二乘法求解线性方程组,得到弹性力学问题位移数值解。数值算例验证了所提方法的数值计算精度为10-14~10-10。     

基于雨燕翅膀的仿生三角翼气动特性计算研究

针对低雷诺数微型飞行器的气动布局, 设计出类似雨燕翅膀的一组具有不同前缘钝度的中等后掠($\varLambda =50^{\circ}$)仿生三角翼. 为了定量对比研究三角翼后缘收缩产生的气动效应, 设计了一组具有同等后掠的普通三角翼. 为了深入研究仿生三角翼布局的前缘涡演化特性以及总体气动特性, 采用数值模拟方法详细地探索了低雷诺数($Re=1.58\times 10^{4})$流动条件下前缘涡涡流结构和气动力随迎角的变化规律. 分析结果表明, 前缘钝度和后缘收缩对仿生三角翼前缘涡的涡流强度和涡破裂位置有显著影响. 相对于钝前缘来说, 尖前缘使仿生三角翼上下表面的压力差增大, 涡流强度也更大, 增升作用也更显著. 相对于普通三角翼构型, 仿生三角翼的前缘斜切使其阻力更大, 但后缘的收缩使涡破裂位置固定在此位置, 因此整个上翼面保持低压, 总的升力更大. 由于小迎角时升力增大更明显, 因此仿生三角翼的气动效率在小迎角时明显大于普通三角翼. 这些结论对于揭示鸟类的飞行机理以及未来微型仿生飞行器的气动布局设计具有重要的研究价值.      

三角翼大迎角流场结构和气动力特性的数值分析研究

采用数值计算方法对亚音速三角翼纵向及带有小侧滑情况下的流场结构和气动力特性进行了计算。文中给出了三角翼大迎角纵向情况下气动力、机翼前缘分离涡轴线位置和旋涡破裂位置随迎角的变化规律，以及带有横侧小扰动和小侧滑情况下流场结构的非对称性对气动力的影响。计算结果表明与实验结果符合较好。     

Computation of three-dimensional flow using the Euler equations and a multiple-grid scheme

The unsteady Euler equations are numerically solved using the finite volume one-step scheme recently developed by Ron-Ho Ni. The multiple-grid procedure of Ni is also implemented. The flows are assumed to be homo-enthalpic; the energy equation is eliminated and the static pressure is determined by the steady Bernoulli equation; a local time-step technique is used. Inflow and outflow boundaries are treated with the compatibility relations method of ONERA. The efficiency of the multiple-grid scheme is demonstrated by a two-dimensional calculation (transonic flow past the NACA 12 aerofoil) and also by a three-dimensional one (transonic lifting flow past the M6 wing). The third application presented shows the ability of the method to compute the vortical flow around a delta wing with leading-edge separation. No condition is applied at the leading-edge; the vortex sheets are captured in the same sense as shock waves. Results indicate that the Euler equations method is well suited for the prediction of flows with shock waves and contact discontinuities, the multiple-grid procedure allowing a substantial reduction of the computational time.     

Large aerodynamic forces on a sweeping wing at low Reynolds number

The aerodynamic forces and flow structure of a model insect wing is studied by solving the Navier-Stokes equations numerically. After an initial start from rest, the wing is made to execute an azimuthal rotation (sweeping) at a large angle of attack and constant angular velocity. The Reynolds number (Re) considered in the present note is 480 (Re is based on the mean chord length of the wing and the speed at 60% wing length from the wing root). During the constant-speed sweeping motion, the stall is absent and large and approximately constant lift and drag coefficients can be maintained. The mechanism for the absence of the stall or the maintenance of large aerodynamic force coefficients is as follows. Soon after the initial start, a vortex ring, which consists of the leading-edge vortex (LEV), the starting vortex, and the two wing-tip vortices, is formed in the wake of the wing. During the subsequent motion of the wing, a base-to-tip spanwise flow converts the vorticity in the LEV to the wing tip and the LEV keeps an approximately constant strength. This prevents the LEV from shedding. As a result, the size of the vortex ring increases approximately linearly with time, resulting in an approximately constant time rate of the first moment of vorticity, or approximately constant lift and drag coefficients. The variation of the relative velocity along the wing span causes a pressure gradient along the wingspan. The base-to-tip spanwise flow is mainly maintained by the pressure-gradient force. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10232010)     

Nonlinear characteristics of a thin wing in a shock-free flow around the nose

An effective means of controlling wing leading-edge stall at high angles of attack is deflection of the nose in order to assure shock-free entrance of the stream. A numerical method of computing the angles of nose deflection and the aerodynamic characteristics of a thin wing of arbitrary planform for a shock-free entrance of the steady ideal incompressible fluid stream is elucidated in this paper on the basis of nonlinear wing theory [1]. The problem is solved by the method of discrete vortices. In the computations, the wing and its wake, replaced by a vortex sheet, are modeled by a system of discrete vortices which are nonlinear segments with constant circulation along the length. The angles of deflection of the nose and the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, including shunting of the free vortices shed from the side and trailing edges, are determined during the computation. Examples of an electronic digital computer are presented.     

Investigation of vortex breakdown on delta wings using Navier-Stokes equations

An efficient finite-difference scheme solving for the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is described. Numerical simulations of vortex breakdown are then carried out for a sharp-edged delta wing and a round-edged double-delta wing at high Reynolds numbers. Computed results show that several major features of vortex breakdown are qualitatively in agreement with observations made in experiments.     

Aerodynamic improvement of a delta wing in combination with leading edge flaps

Recently, various studies of micro air vehicle(MAV) and unmanned air vehicle(UAV) have been reported from wide range points of view. The aim of this study is to research the aerodynamic improvement of delta wing in low Reynold's number region to develop an applicative these air vehicle. As an attractive tool in delta wing, leading edge flap(LEF) is employed to directly modify the strength and structure of vortices originating from the separation point along the leading edge. Various configurations of LEF such as drooping apex flap and upward deflected flap are used in combination to enhance the aerodynamic characteristics in the delta wing. The fluid force measurement by six component load cell and particle image velocimetry(PIV) analysis are performed as the experimental method. The relations between the aerodynamic superiority and the vortex behavior around the models are demonstrated.     

Numerical study of self-induced wing rock of a low-aspect-ratio delta wing in the presence of external disturbances

Self-induced wing rock of a delta wing, in particular, in the presence of external disturbances are studied by means of numerical simulations of a separated flow of an ideal incompressible fluid around a delta wing. The results obtained are compared with experimental data. The vortex nature and the mechanism of self-induced oscillations are studied. Regions of synchronization of the aerodynamic self-oscillatory system in the presence of external disturbances are identified. Methods of suppression of self-induced wing rock are proposed.     

定常吹气对倾转旋翼机向下载荷的影响

为进一步提高倾转旋翼机悬停状态下的有效载重,开展了定常吹气流动控制对向下载荷的影响研究。首先应用延迟脱体涡模拟(DDES)方法对翼型-90°迎角下非定常大范围分离流动结构进行了数值分析;然后分别开展了前缘吹气、后缘吹气降载措施研究,揭示了吹气降载的机理,并对不同吹气口位置和吹气动量系数的影响进行了定量分析,最后开展了前、后缘同时吹气作用下降载数值模拟研究。计算结果表明:前缘最佳吹气位置在翼型的前缘点,而后缘吹气最佳位置位于襟翼弦长的15%处;前缘吹气的降载效果要优于后缘吹气,而且吹气动量系数对向下载荷的影响较小;相对于初始未施加流动控制构型,阻力系数减小量可达到32.72%。     

偏转矢量喷流对双三角翼前缘涡破裂影响的实验研究

本文应用染色液流动显示技术对后缘偏转喷流情况下76°/40°双三角翼前缘涡破裂位置的变化进行了观测,实验结果表明偏转喷流主要推迟与喷流方向相同一侧前缘涡的破裂,而使另一侧前缘涡破裂略有提前.随着喷流偏转角度的增大,喷流使两前缘涡破裂位置差逐渐增大.另外,随着模型攻角的增大,前缘涡涡核与双三角翼翼面的夹角逐渐增大,导致偏转喷流的作用逐渐减弱.