断层内破碎岩石渗透性的实验研究

断层破碎带岩石的渗透性是影响地下工程中由渗流失稳而引发灾害事故的重要影响因素之一。利用一种专门的破碎岩石压实渗透仪,在MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统上测试了取自断层内的破碎灰岩、破碎砂岩、破碎泥岩的渗透系数,得到并分析了轴向压力、岩样粒径、水流速度与渗透系数的关系曲线。研究表明:破碎岩石渗透系数与其压实状态密切相关,随着轴压的增加,渗透系数都相应降低;在相同的轴向压力状态下,岩样粒径越小,其渗透系数也越小,因此,挤压程度和充填程度都较低的小断层导水性好,容易导致突水;破碎岩石的渗透系数随着水流速度的增大呈减小趋势,但水流速度对破碎岩石渗透系数的影响程度有限;在相同的压力、粒径情况下,破碎泥岩的渗透系数比破碎灰岩、破碎砂岩的要小1～2个量级,说明当断层上下盘为坚硬岩石时,断层带渗透性好、易导水。研究结果可为采动过程中评价断层的导水性提供参考。     

破碎岩石气体渗透性的试验测定方法

为了测试采矿工程中松散破碎岩体的气体渗透特性,设计了与MTS815.02岩石力学伺服机配套的气体渗透仪和测试系统。依靠MTS伺服机改变压力和位移条件,渗透仪用以稳定破碎岩石并连接气体测试系统,接入气源、组成回路和测试气透特性等由测试系统完成。通过对几组破碎砂岩岩样氮气渗透性能的测试,结合考虑状态方程的渗透率换算公式,得出破碎砂岩气体渗透率随压力和粒径条件的变化规律。该测试方法和测试结果在研究采动破碎岩体瓦斯等气体流动规律方面具有重要意义。     

高围压条件下孔隙介质渗透特性试验研究

为研究不同围压条件下孔隙介质的渗透性能,利用新研制的高压渗流仪,对大尺寸低渗透性软弱岩进行了系统的试验测试。试验渗透压差波动幅度仅为0.02MPa,渗出端溶液体积变化量测试精度可达0.03mL。通过溶液体积变化与时间的线性关系,稳定渗流量大小可以精确测定。以稳定压差、流量法(即稳压法),试验验证了岩石的渗透系数随着围压的增加而下降,当围压降低时,岩石渗透系数回升,但回升路径低于原始路径。根据轴向应变的变化情况,提出了室内试验应力-渗流耦合过程中渗透性的变化主要是侧向压力使孔隙、喉道产生压缩变形所致。     

砂岩峰后卸除围压过程的渗透性试验研究

为了探讨煤层开采引起的围岩卸除围压过程中砂岩渗透性的变化规律,本文用数控瞬态渗透法在电液伺服岩石力学试验系统MTS815.02上进行了砂岩试样的渗透特性试验。得出了试样峰前渗透系数-应变与应力-应变的关系曲线,以及在峰后保持轴向应变一定卸除围压过程中试样的渗透系数-围压与主应力差-围压的关系曲线;对试验砂岩在变形破坏过程中渗透性变化规律进行了总结,重点分析了其峰后卸除围压过程中渗透性的变化规律;并对试验砂岩峰后渗透系数与有效围压关系进行了拟合,得出了拟合方程式,为煤层开采引起的围岩体应力场与渗流场耦合问题提供参考。     

煤系地层岩石渗透特性试验研究

基于MTS815.02型岩石伺服渗透试验系统,应用两种实验方法测定了岩石的渗透特性,给出煤系地层中多种岩石全应力-应变过程中渗透率变化范围,对几种岩石的渗透特征进行了分析和讨论。研究表明:1)煤系地层岩石全应力-应变过程的渗透率通常在10-9到10-4Darcy量级之间;2)不同岩石在应力峰值前后其渗透性呈现不同的变化趋势;3)岩石渗透率的离散性很大,即使在相同的试验条件下,渗透率变异系数大多在0.65以上,其离散性按粗砂岩、泥岩、砂质页岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、砾岩、石灰岩顺序逐渐增大;4)在MTS815.02系统上,当所测岩样渗透率小于10-4Darcy量级时,应采用瞬态法,当渗透率量级大于10-4Darcy时,可改用稳态法测定。岩石变形过程中应力场和渗流场的耦合作用十分复杂,渗透率受孔隙压力、围压、试件尺寸、饱和程度等因素影响。     

花岗岩动静态压剪复合加载实验研究

岩石为天然含有微裂纹微孔洞等缺陷的复杂介质,其在复杂应力状态,尤其是在压剪应力状态下的性能研究,对工程应用有着十分重要的意义。本文利用双斜面垫块改进现有装置对花岗岩进行了动静态下的压剪复合加载实验,其中静态实验基于MTS材料试验机,动态实验基于分离式Hopkinson压杆（以下简称SHPB）,由此得到不同压剪载荷联合作用下花岗岩的静态和动态力学性能。通过改变倾斜端面的角度就能够得到岩石在不同压剪加载路径下的力学性能,由此可以得到岩石的静动态破坏面。结果表明:花岗岩的破坏强度具有明显的加载速率效应。本研究为探讨岩石在复杂应力状态下的力学性能提供了新的方法。     

大孔径静态破碎膨胀压力特性及布孔参数分析

大孔径静态破碎与传统静态破碎有着显著的不同。利用电测法测量了直径40和100 mm钢管中的破碎剂膨胀压力和温度,对比分析了两种工况下的不同现象。实验表明,孔径的增加能够提高膨胀压力,加快反应速度。基于实验的数据,利用有限元方法计算了静态破碎时钻孔周围岩石介质中的应力分布。基于实验数据和有限元数值计算结果,使用数据拟合方法对静态破碎时岩石中的应力分布弹性模型进行修正,得到了应力分布方程。利用该方程推导的布孔参数计算公式,适合运用于实际工程之中。     

冲击速度和轴向静载对红砂岩破碎及能耗的影响

地下岩体工程爆破开挖中，距爆源不同距离处岩体承受的地应力和动载荷大小不同，从动载荷的角度表征岩石动态破坏结果与工程实际更吻合。为研究动载荷和地应力大小对岩体破碎和能量耗散特性的影响，利用动静组合加载试验装置，分别设置7个冲击速度和轴向静应力等级，对红砂岩试件进行冲击试验。根据试件的破碎状况，分析不同静应力工况下冲击速度对岩石破坏模式和机理的影响。计算不同工况下的应力波能量值，研究冲击速度和轴向静应力对岩石能耗特性的影响。对破坏试件进行筛分试验，研究岩石破碎分形维数随冲击速度和轴向静应力的变化关系。结果表明，随着冲击速度的增大，试件的破坏程度逐渐加大。无轴压时岩石试件破坏后整体仍是一个圆柱体，属于张拉破坏；有轴压时岩石试件宏观破坏后呈沙漏状，属于拉剪破坏。岩石耗散能随冲击速度的升高呈二次函数关系递增；轴向静应力越高，递增幅度越小。随着冲击速度的升高，岩石分形维数由零逐渐增加；随着轴向静应力的升高，分形维数由零转为大于零的临界冲击速度先升高后降低。     

Ⅱ型加载条件下页岩断裂行为的预测研究

实际工程中岩体往往处于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型加载同时存在的状态，而这种复合加载条件下岩石断裂行为的预测较为复杂，也是迫切需要解决的问题。本文基于Ⅰ型加载条件下测试得到的页岩试样断裂韧度，应用MTS(Maximum Tangential Stress,最大切向应力)断裂准则对页岩试样在Ⅱ型加载条件下的裂纹起裂角以及断裂韧度进行了预测。为评估预测效果，通过Ⅱ型加载条件下2种尺寸页岩断裂试验，发现Ⅰ型断裂韧度随岩样尺寸变化的趋势不同，Ⅱ型断裂韧度基本没有尺寸效应。通过比较预测结果以及试验结果发现，利用传统的MTS断裂准则预测的理论值与试验测试值相差较大。在预测过程中断裂过程区尺寸的确定也是非常重要的，如果不考虑断裂过程区的尺寸效应同样会造成很大的预测误差。结合MTS准则确定的断裂过程区尺寸，利用GMTS(Generalized Maximum Tangential Stress,广义最大切向应力)断裂准则预测的岩样裂纹起裂角以及断裂韧度都与试验测试值非常接近。     

循环加卸载损伤大理岩的动力学特性

利用MTS 815电液伺服岩石实验系统进行上限应力为80%、85%、90%、95%单轴抗压强度的大理岩单轴压缩循环加卸载实验，每种上限应力条件分别设置20、40、60、80次循环。再利用分离式Hopkinson压杆对损伤岩样进行动力学实验。分析了循环加卸载上限应力及循环次数对大理岩塑性应变的影响，揭示了大理岩动态力学参数和破碎吸收能随损伤变量的演化规律。实验结果表明:塑性应变与循环次数呈正相关，且上限应力越大，塑性应变趋于稳定所需的循环次数也会增大；动态单轴抗压强度、动态弹性模量随损伤变量增加呈指数衰减；破碎吸能占比以损伤变量D=0.343为临界点分为两个阶段，D＜0.343时，破碎吸能占比稳定在10%左右，数值约为13 J，当D＞0.343时破碎吸能占比随损伤变量增加不断增大。研究结果可为岩体工程的设计、施工及支护参数的选取提供参考。     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.