分级进风燃烧室内含颗粒的湍流反应流的实验研究

应用三维激光粒子动态分析仪(PDA)，对分级进风燃烧室内含颗粒的湍流反应流的气 固两相瞬时速度场进行了实验测量，同时对单相湍流反应流的瞬时速度场也进行了实验测 量. 得到了两种情况下燃烧室内气固两相和单相气体的平均轴向与切向速度、轴向与切向脉 动速度均方根值和轴向-切向脉动速度二阶关联量的分布.     

两相流场粒子成像测速技术(PTV-PIV)初探

在单相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ研究基础上，研究液固两相流场粒子成像图像数字测速技术．首次用ＰＴＶ技术得到直槽道中液固两相流场二维瞬时全场两相流速分布．初步探讨了两相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ技术中与单相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ测速技术的关键不同之处，提出两相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ测速采样的两相相容性准则．为深入研究两相流场粒子成像测速技术奠定了基础．     

气固两相混合层固粒分布特性的分数维方法描述

本文对气固两相混合层中固粒的运动进行了数值模拟，得到了不同Ｓｔ数下，涡卷起和配对过程中固粒的分布特性，计算了不同时刻固粒分布的相关维数，说明分数维是一个可用来定量描述固粒分布均匀程度的重要参数，Ｓｔ数为１０的数量级时，对应最小的相关维数，固粒分布最不均匀，研究结果对控制固粒的均匀程度具有指导意义。     

关于多相流体力学

自然界的物质一般有固体、液体、气体和等离子体四态。各种不同态的物质(或同为液态的不同物质)混合时,如果它们之间存在着界面,则它们分别称为混合介质的相。由二相或二相以上(至少有一相是流体)的物质所组成的流动系统通常称为多相流动系统。最常见的多相流动系统为二相流动。在二相流动中又以流-固(气-固,液-固)流动与流-流(液-气,液-液)流动为最普遍 ...     

基于五阶WENO格式的燃气在药床中流动过程二维两相流研究

为研究内弹道初始阶段中心点火管燃气在膛内药床中的流动特性和传播规律,设计了可视化点传火实验平台,并进行了膛内假药床的点传火实验。基于加权本质无震荡(weighted essentially non-oscillatory, WENO)格式,构造了膛内轴对称二维内弹道两相流模型,对膛内燃气在假药床中的流动过程进行数值模拟。计算结果与可视化实验结果符合较好,全局压力平均误差为5.35%。表明数值计算准确地描述了燃气流动特性,完整地呈现了点火管燃气在假药床中的发展过程。在点火初始阶段,膛内压力径向效应明显,气相沿径向传播较快,药床药粒基本不会发生运动;随着燃气逐渐在膛内传播,膛内压力呈现径向一致、轴向梯度分布的特征,在压力梯度作用下,气相轴向速度开始占据主导,径向速度在膛底和中部区域减小为零,而固相速度随气相速度变化而变化;气相在到达弹底前,由于固相颗粒的壅塞,会提前出现速度反向波动现象。     

MPS -DEM 方法数值模拟超长管道固液混输流动

近些年来，深海矿产开发成为热点，其中涉及的固液混输问题逐渐引起学者的关注。如矿粒在海床上的输运，涉及水平管道的输运问题；矿粒从海床输运到海上浮式建筑物，涉及垂直管道的输运问题；矿粒在不同倾角管道内的输运，涉及倾斜管道的输运问题。对于该类问题，由于流体和固体之间的物理差异较大，对于固液两相往往采用不同的数值处理方法。本文使用MPS-DEM耦合方法模拟管道内的固液混输运动。用MPS方法模拟管道内流体的运动，用DEM方法追踪管道内颗粒的运动。在管道的进出口使用周期性边界条件，将多段管道之间进行拼接，从而实现了对超长管道内高雷诺数的颗粒输运现象的模拟。最后，分析管道颗粒和流场的速度及粒子分布等信息，分析流动特征。得到的结果会为超长管道内固液混输现象的研究提供一些借鉴意义及参考价值。     

绕水翼超空化流动形态与速度分布

为揭示超空化流场结构特性，利用高速全流场显示技术，观察了绕hydronautics水翼的超空 化流动形态，并利用数字粒子图像测速仪(DPIV)测量了其速度分布. 在测量空穴内部流速 分布时，采用空化流场中的空化泡作为示踪粒子来显示流动结构. 结果表明：随着空化数 的降低，超空化流动显现出了明显的阶段特征，其中水汽混合相和汽相的分布决定了空化区 域的形态与流速分布；空化区和主流区的汽液交界面处存在着较大的速度梯度；低速分布区 域随着空化数的降低由水翼吸力面中后部向水翼下游移动；在空化区域内部，水汽混合区的 速度相对较低，而汽相区则与主流区有着相近的速度分布. 关键词超空化水翼、DPIV、高速摄像、空化形态、流速分布     

微喷混合中的颗粒破碎效应

采用TAB模型,基于气-粒两相流程序对液态金属铅颗粒在氦气中的破碎过程进行了分析,获得了破碎特征时间、破碎后颗粒尺度等关键力学量;并对充气微喷射实验进行了数值模拟,考虑颗粒破碎效应后的模拟结果与实验结果较好符合。结果证实了充气条件下液态金属颗粒的再次破碎现象,可加深认识微喷混合的物理规律。     

基于分子动力学模拟的单晶硅冲击压缩相变研究

晶体硅具有复杂的相变机制,在相图研究中受到广泛关注,其在动载荷下的变形机制是当前研究热点。为揭示晶体硅在强动加载下的变形和相变行为特征,基于分子动力学方法,采用平板冲击加载方式,模拟研究了单晶硅在初始环境温度为300 K时分别沿[001]、[110]和[111]晶向的不同强度下的冲击压缩行为,冲击粒子速度为0.3～3.2 km/s。研究发现,随着冲击粒子速度的增加,单晶硅剪切应力在逐渐增加后由于结构相变发生急剧下降,相变阈值和相变机制均呈现各向异性。其中,沿[001]晶向冲击压缩下观察到多种固-固相变以及固-液相变,并观察到与最新文献的实验高度一致的固-液共存现象。研究结果可为动加载下晶体硅的相变研究提供纳米尺度的结果支撑。     

竖直管道中固—液两相流动流态化实验探讨

主要探讨竖直管道中不同颗粒级配、流体流速条件下的固-液两相流动的流态化规律.首先通过量纲分析获得关键控制参数,然后以玻璃珠(粒径:0.25 mm～2.0 mm)、粉细砂(d10=0.044 mm)两种固体和水为实验介质,开展了两相流动流态化实验,考虑流体流速(相对于管道雷诺数介于640～3 300之间)和颗粒级配的影响.通过分析发现:具有均匀粒径分布的玻璃珠床,床层膨胀高度随流速的增加而增加,流速与浓度的对数呈线性关系,与Richardson--Zaki公式一致;具有较宽粒径分布的粉细砂,细颗粒随水流逐渐流出管道,剩余颗粒质量与雷诺数呈指数递减趋势.     

An icing physics study by using lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry technique

An experimental investigation was conducted to quantify the unsteady heat transfer and phase changing process within small icing water droplets in order to elucidate underlying physics to improve our understanding of the important micro-physical process of icing phenomena. A novel, lifetime-based molecular tagging thermometry (MTT) technique was developed and implemented to achieve temporally-and-spatially resolved temperature distribution measurements to reveal the time evolution of the unsteady heat transfer and dynamic phase changing process within micro-sized water droplets in the course of icing process. It was found that, after a water droplet impinged onto a frozen cold surface, the liquid water at the bottom of the droplet would be frozen and turned to solid ice rapidly, while the upper portion of the droplet was still in liquid state. As the time goes by, the interface between the liquid phase water and solid phase ice was found to move upward continuously with more and more liquid water within the droplet turned to solid ice. Interestingly, the averaged temperature of the remaining liquid water within the small icing droplet was found to increase, rather than decrease, continuously in the course of icing process. The temperature increase of the remaining liquid water is believed to be due to the heat release of the latent heat during solidification process. The volume expansion of the water droplet during the icing process was found to be mainly upward to cause droplet height growth rather than radial to enlarge the contact area of the droplet on the test plate. As a result, the spherical-cap-shaped water droplet was found to turn to a prolate-spheroid-shaped ice crystal with cusp-like top at the end of the icing process. The required freezing time for the water droplets to turn to ice crystals completely was found to depend on the surface temperature of the test plate strongly, which would decrease exponentially as the surface temperature of the frozen cold test plate decreases.     

Modelling impingement of hollow metal droplets onto a flat surface

Despite many theoretical and experimental works dealing with the impact of dense melt droplets on the substrate during the process of thermal spray coating, the dynamics of the impingement of hollow melt droplet and the subsequent splat formation are not well addressed. In this paper a model study for the dynamic impingement of hollow droplet is presented. The hollow droplet is modelled such that it consists of a liquid shell enclosing a gas cavity. The impingement model considers the transient flow dynamics during impact, spreading and solidification of the droplet using the volume of fluid surface tracking method (VOF) coupled with a solidification model within a one-domain continuum formulation. The results for spreading, solidification and formation of splats clearly show that the impingement process of hollow droplet is distinctly different from the dense droplet. Study with different droplet void fractions and void distribution indicates that void fraction and void distribution have a significant influence on the flow dynamics during impact and on the final splat shape. The results are likely to provide insights for the less-explored behaviour of hollow melt droplets in thermal spray coating processes.     

Numerical study of flow and heat transfer during a high-speed micro-drop impact on thin liquid films

Numerical simulation of high-speed micro-droplet impingement on thin liquid film covering a heated solid surface has been carried out. Effect of droplet Weber number and liquid film thickness on the characteristics of flow and heat transfer has been investigated using the coupled level set and volume of fluid method. The code is validated against both the experimental and numerical results from the literature. Results show that the crown dynamics is mostly affected by variations in the initial film thickness but is weakly influenced by changes in the Weber number. The liquid within the film can be categorized as three regions based on the heat transfer distribution: the static film region, the transition region, and the impact region. The transient local wall temperature shows three stages: first stage when the temperature decreases rapidly, followed by a second stage in which the temperature starts to rise and then becomes almost constant in the third stage. After drop impact, the local Nusselt number continuously increases until reaching a maximum value, and then decreases approaching the initial impact stage. Our analysis of the change in Weber number shows that larger Weber number contributes to intense temperature variation at the crater core relative to other radial locations. Lastly, the results reveal that the thinner liquid film leads to lower wall temperature and hence, higher average Nusselt number.     

Effect of “Stefan” currents of a solidifying melt on the process of thermal convection

The calculated results, represented by graphs, show that in the initial period of solidification the motion of a melt is fully determined by the shrinkage at the front of crystallization. The effect develops more strongly at lower Grashof numbers and higher Stefan numbers. As the rate of solidification and the temperature gradient decrease the process of natural thermal convection develops in the liquid phase. The calculated results are compared with experiment.     

镓铟锡液滴撞击泡沫金属表面的运动学特性研究

常温下为液态的镓铟锡合金以其优异的导热性能在具有特殊要求的传热领域有着重要的应用价值,与传统流动介质相比较大的表面张力使得其产生的流动现象必有所区别.本文研究镓铟锡所形成的液滴撞击泡沫金属表面后所产生的铺展、回缩及回弹现象.采用高速相机拍摄液滴投影轮廓随液滴运动的变化过程,并通过图像处理获得不同撞击速度、底板表面孔径下的液滴铺展系数、中心位置轮廓高度以及液滴回弹后在空中的振动特性.研究结果表明:具有较高表面张力的镓铟锡液滴的铺展系数随无量纲时间的变化在铺展初始阶段仍满足常规流体的1/2次幂关系,只在铺展后期与底板的无量纲孔径有关系;液滴的最大铺展系数在较小无量纲孔径底板大于在光滑镍板,且随底板无量纲孔径增大而逐渐减小;在回弹过程,由于底板孔隙结构的存在使得液滴回弹后在空中的振动呈现3种形态:规则的横向和纵向振动、带旋转的横向和纵向振动以及旋转振动;最后,通过对振动频率的拟合和分析,进一步拓展了传统振动频率理论公式在非规则振动过程预测中的应用.      

Investigation of double-diffusive convection during the solidification of a binary mixture (NH4Cl–H2O) in a trapezoidal cavity

The solidification of binary mixture (NH₄Cl–H₂O) inside a trapezoidal cavity is investigated experimentally in this study. The effect of the initial concentration of ammonium chloride (0–19.8%) and boundary temperatures (−30 to 0°C) on the solidification process was investigated. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used for the visualization of the dynamic field in the melt. Thirty-two thermocouples were used to monitor the temperature distribution inside the cavity and on the cooling walls. The convective flow field, the temperature distribution, the frozen layer thickness and the moving solid/liquid interface were obtained for different initial concentrations of ammonium chloride and various boundary temperatures. The results obtained in the course of this study reveal that: (1) the process of solidification is slower with an increase in initial concentration levels of the binary solution: as the concentration increases, the time needed to get the same thickness of frozen layer increases; (2) an increase in the initial concentration of ammonium chloride solution reduce significantly the temperature in the melt; and (3) the initial concentration play a significant role in the evolution of convection flow patterns.     

The effect of fine evaporating droplets on the adiabatic-wall temperature in a compressible two-phase boundary layer

A steady-state supersonic flow of a viscous heat-conducting gas with an admixture of small droplets over a flat plate is considered. The plate surface is assumed to be thermally insulated, and its equilibrium temperature is greater than the evaporation point of the droplets. In contrast to previous publications, the case of low-inertia droplets, which do not deposit onto the wall and have time to evaporate in the boundary layer, is considered. Within the two-fluid approximation for the laminar gasdroplet boundary layer with a compressible carrier phase, a parametric numerical study of the effect of evaporating droplets on the boundary layer structure and the temperature of the adiabatic wall is performed. The similarity parameters are found and the range of these parameters is determined, in which the adiabatic-wall temperature is reduced substantially due to the droplet evaporation even for very low initial concentrations of the liquid phase. This makes promising the use of the condensed phase in the schemes of gasdynamic energy separation based on heat transfer between the flows in subsonic and supersonic boundary layers.     

自由场中液氮单空泡动力学特性的实验研究

本文专门设计搭建了低温介质空泡演化实验测试平台, 对液氮单空泡非定常演化过程和动力学特性开展了实验研究. 实验中利用电火花瞬态放电激发液氮汽化形成单空泡, 通过高速摄影系统对单空泡的瞬态特征进行了精细化捕捉. 为了进一步揭示低温介质独特的物理性质以及强热力学效应对单空泡演化过程的影响机制, 对比分析了在相同环境压力下, 77.41 K液氮和298.36 K水单空泡的演化过程和动力学特性. 基于实验得到空泡半径与界面速度等定量数据, 阐明了液氮单空泡球形与非球形演化阶段的非定常特性. 研究结果表明: (1) 在相同输入电压下, 液氮单空泡的整体尺寸比常温水更小, 当输入电压为400 V时, 液氮空泡的最大半径约为常温水空泡的0.69倍; 同时, 液氮单空泡经历了膨胀阶段?收缩阶段?振荡阶段以及上升阶段的演化过程. (2)液氮空泡的收缩过程主要由相界面的热传导主导, 没有明显的塌陷现象, 收缩阶段液氮空泡的最小收缩半径约为常温水的5.5倍. (3)在液氮空泡振荡初期, 空泡相界面传热增强, Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定与热力学效应共同引起了空泡界面的表面粗化效应; 在整个振荡阶段, 空泡界面附近存在破碎的小泡. 当输入电压较高时, 空泡底部的小泡数量显著增多. (4)由于液氮空泡浮力系数较大, 液氮空泡在演化后期空泡整体向上迁移显著, 液氮空泡底部收缩更快产生凹陷, 促使空泡变为环状.      

Wavy texture in pressure-driven startup flows of liquid crystalline polymer solutions through a slit cell: effects of polymer concentration and solution temperature

Dependences of wavy texture on polymer concentration and solution temperature were examined using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). The phase of aqueous solution of HPC varied from an isotropic (I) system to a liquid crystalline (LC) one through a biphasic (I+LC, LC+I) system with increasing the HPC concentration and/or decreasing the solution temperature. The wavy texture emerged not only in the LC system but also in the LC+I system. Furthermore, induction time of wavy texture was evaluated in terms of apparent shear strain. It is suggested that polydomain structures included in liquid crystalline systems and droplets of isotropic phase in biphasic systems affect the initial stage of emergence of wavy texture at low shear rates.