结构破坏的尺度律

文中综述了结构破坏的尺度律和尺寸效应的研究进展,尤其将重点放在准脆性材料的分析上,因为它们的尺寸效应是重要和复杂的．在回顾了尺寸效应研究的悠远发展史以后。着重讨论了三种主要类型的尺寸效应,即由于强度随机性引起的统计尺寸效应、能量释放的尺寸效应和由于微裂纹或断裂的分形特性可能引起的尺寸效应．得出了这些理论应用的明确结论．之后讨论了如何运用已知的尺寸效应律来测量材料的断裂特性,并采用内聚裂纹模型（cohesivecrackmodel）、非局域化有限元模型和离散元模型等对尺寸效应进行模化．文中还进而分析了尺寸效应在压缩失效和车相关材料行为下的有关问题,并讨论了在断裂扩展区描述含微裂纹材料所需的损伤本构关系．最后也讨论了尺寸效应对准脆性材料的多种应用,这些材料包括,如混凝土、海冰、纤维复合材料、岩石和陶瓷等．本文包含了参考文献377篇     

轻粗骨料含量对混凝土抗压性能尺寸效应影响的细观数值模拟

为了研究轻粗骨料含量对轻骨料混凝土立方体抗压破坏行为与尺寸效应的影响，本文根据瓦拉文公式确定轻粗骨料数量，借助混凝土细观数值建模方法分别建立了边长为100 mm、150 mm、300 mm、450 mm的二维轻骨料混凝土细观数值模型．采用塑性损伤本构模型，通过细观数值模拟研究了不同试件尺寸及不同轻粗骨料含量的轻骨料混凝土在单轴受压下的破坏形态及宏观应力-应变关系曲线．结果表明，在相同试件尺寸下，轻粗骨料含量对轻骨料混凝土单轴抗压强度有一定影响，受压破坏时轻粗骨料颗粒破坏．比较轻粗骨料含量相同的轻骨料混凝土立方体抗压性能发现，轻骨料混凝土尺寸效应明显，单轴抗压强度随试件尺寸增大而减小，且粗骨料含量影响轻骨料混凝土的尺寸效应．此外，细观数值模拟结果表明Ba?ant尺寸效应律适用于轻骨料混凝土的抗压性能．     

岩石断裂尺寸效应测试装置研制及实验研究

面向岩石断裂尺寸效应研究的实验装置需求,针对现有技术中三点弯曲装置对多组尺寸岩石试件适应性差、最小跨距的测试量程不足等问题,研制了一种可灵活用于岩石断裂尺寸效应测试的三点弯曲装置。装置采用“两体分离式”的设计,三种不同型号的滚子与压头体、支座体配合使用,有效避免了不同尺寸试件采用同一直径滚子测试带来的实验精度问题;同时,装置实现了4mm~100mm不同实验跨距的设置,可同时满足尺寸变化较大的多组试件开展断裂测试。借助该装置开展了页岩三点弯曲断裂尺寸效应测试,并利用ABAQUS软件进行了相关数值计算。获得了不同尺寸页岩试件的Ⅰ型表观断裂韧度、名义强度等断裂参数,结果显示:尺寸对页岩的Ⅰ型表观断裂韧度和名义强度有显著影响。实验计算值与Bazant提出的尺度律模型(SEL)对比,结果吻合良好,借助SEL曲线可对页岩的断裂强度进行有效预测,同时表明该装置具有实验高效、高精准性等优点。     

大骨料混凝土缝端张开位移（COD）

本文通过对大骨料全级配水工混凝土的系列三点弯曲梁试验表明;混凝土缝端临介张开位移 COD 具有明显的尺寸效应,COD 不能作为控制混凝土失稳断裂的材料参数;骨料最大粒径 D_max对 COD 无明显影响。     

混凝土断裂能测试方法研究

基于局部断裂能分布的双直线模型,推导出混凝土真实断裂能和受尺寸影响的断裂能的计算公式;并进一步通过分析四组不同尺寸试件的楔形劈裂试验数据,得出了不受尺寸影响的混凝土真实断裂能.本文为确定混凝土的断裂能提供了一种实践可行的测试方法.通过实验数据拟合,给出了断裂能非均匀分布的外部区域长度与试件尺寸的关系表达式.这对于在规范中规定测试断裂能的标准尺寸试件是有意义的.     

不同孔隙率的碾压混凝土力学性能试验研究

混凝土的破坏受其内部缺陷影响，为了研究孔隙含量对碾压混凝土力学性能的影响，探讨碾压混凝土的力学性能和尺寸效应随孔隙率的变化规律，采用预制孔隙法模拟碾压混凝土中的孔隙开展力学性能试验，分析3种尺寸C20碾压混凝土试件在4种不同孔隙率情况下的抗压强度和劈拉强度的变化情况。结果表明：同一尺寸下，C20碾压混凝土的抗压强度和劈拉强度随着孔隙率增加逐渐降低，碾压混凝土孔隙含量增加对其强度产生了负面影响；碾压混凝土拥有明显的尺寸效应，孔隙率越大，碾压混凝土强度的尺寸效应越显著。     

岩体断裂粗糙度系数的各向异性研究

本文首次提出了断裂粗糙度系数的各向异性和粗糙度系数尺寸效应的各向异性概念。根据不同成因断裂表面形态的定性分析结果,结合2180个不同方向粗糙度系数实测值的统计结果,系统地阐述了Ⅰ型断裂(节理)和Ⅱ、Ⅲ型断裂(断层)粗糙度系数及粗糙度系数尺寸效应的各向异性规律。     

混凝土的断裂参数及断裂过程区

由于混凝土断裂破坏时，裂尖具有微裂缝区及主缝的亚临界扩展这一特征，采用实验室小尺寸试件和线弹性断裂力学确定的断裂参数，往往有明显的尺寸效应，即ｋＩＣ随试件的尺寸的增大而增大，净截面名义应力随试件尺寸的增大而减小。     

混凝土黏聚开裂模型若干进展

黏聚模型是用来描述混凝土断裂行为的基本模型, 首先介绍了混凝土的黏聚开裂模型的基本概念,总结了确定黏聚区的本构方程的各种方法,即直接单轴拉伸测试、J积分方法、R曲线法、柔度法和逆推法.然后介绍了黏聚模型在I型和复合型裂纹问题、疲劳断裂问题中的应用以及黏聚模型与混凝土尺寸效应的关系.最后对黏聚开裂模型与桥联模型、带状裂缝模型进行了比较和总结, 指出了该模型存在的问题, 并对其以后的发展方向提出了建议.      

基于临界距离点法的混凝土Ⅰ型断裂韧度的预测

混凝土的断裂韧度是极为重要的断裂力学材料参数，本文利用临界距离理论(TCD)中的点法和混凝土标准断裂梁试样裂缝尖端应力场的近似解，提出了一种对混凝土断裂问题按临界距离的点法进行分析的方法．基于已有文献的试验材料及其实验结果，分析了这种断裂研究分析方法的可行性．将临界距离点法与双K断裂准则应用于几何相似的混凝土梁的断裂韧性和断裂过程区分析，验证了TCD点法的可靠性．实验表明：临界距离理论的点法能够获得比双K断裂准则相对安全的失稳断裂韧度，利用临界距离法还可得到相应断裂过程区长度的极限估算值．     

用试验室尺寸的试样预测混凝土及岩石结构的准脆性断裂

0Introduction Thefracturepropertiesofconcreteandrockmaterials,suchasfracturetoughnessKICand strengthfthavebeenofgreatinterestsformanyyearsbecauseoftheirimportantroleincontrolling thestructuralintegrityofvariousengineeringstructures[1-27].Varioustestingtec…     

混凝土梁三点弯曲断裂模式转变的近场动力学模拟

混凝土结构的宏观损伤开裂与其非均质微观结构紧密相关。底部带切口的混凝土梁在进行三点弯曲破坏时,随着切口的位置由梁中向梁边转移,裂纹由从切口处萌生并生长转变为从梁的中部萌生。本文采用半均质化近场动力学（IH-PD）模型和全均质化近场动力学（FH-PD）模型,分别对混凝土梁三点弯断裂问题进行模拟研究。IH-PD模型根据混凝土中骨料体积分数随机生成不同键的组合方式,将微观尺度的非均质性引入模型,无需详细描绘骨料形状和分布即可考虑混凝土非均质性。本文将IH-PD与FH-PD模型得到的断裂模式随切口位置的变化关系,与实验结果对比,分析微观结构对混凝土梁开裂的影响;基于非均质材料特征尺寸与IH-PD模型网格参数的相关性,模拟骨料大小对混凝土梁断裂模式的影响;另外,通过在IH-PD模型中设置预损伤的方式引入随机分布的孔隙,探讨孔隙率对混凝土断裂模式的影响。     

混凝土拉伸软化曲线折线近似的逆解方法

研究基于Hillerborg的虚拟裂纹模型，利用有限元分析方法，求得折线近似的拉伸软化曲线的逆解方法。对弹性模量，初始开裂应力的决定方法进行了研究。以双直线模型的计算结果为算例进行了逆推分析，算例符合得很好。也较好地从实验得到的荷载位移曲线再现了拉伸软化曲线。这对于研究混凝土的断裂能，尺寸效应等问题很具意义。     

Critical defect size distributions in concrete structures detected by the acoustic emission technique

Extensive research and studies on concrete fracture and failure have shown that concrete should be viewed as a quasi-brittle material having a size-dependent behavior. Numerous experimental techniques have been employed to evaluate fracture processes, and a number of modeling approaches have been developed to predict fracture behavior. A non-destructive method based on the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique has proved to be highly effective, especially to assess and measure the damage phenomena taking place inside a structure subjected to mechanical loading. In this paper, comparing AE frequency-magnitude statistics in solids subjected to damage processes with defect size distributions for disordered materials, critical parameters defining instability conditions for monitored structures are found. In addition, an experimental investigation conducted on concrete and RC structures by means of the AE technique is described. Experimental results confirm the described theories.     

混凝土断裂过程区的虚拟裂纹粘聚力奇异性

混凝土断裂过程区视为具有粘聚阻力作用的虚拟裂纹，其非线性断裂和尺寸效应特性是与该虚拟裂纹粘聚力分布规律密切相关的。通过得到的粘聚应力分布函数解析结果，对该粘聚力分布特征的分析得知，在基于断裂过程区之外用线弹性场的力学模型上，该粘聚力随距离虚拟裂纹尖点的靠近，仍具有平方根奇异性。从而本文提出一个能够反映裂纹发展状态的粘聚应力奇异性强度参数，它是无粘聚力的线弹性裂纹应力强度因子和表征裂纹张开位移分布多项式参数的函数；因此，该参数可以作为混凝土非线性断裂的一个参量。文中就已有断裂试验测试结果进行了算例分析和相应的讨论。     

Interplay of size effects in concrete specimens under tension studied via computational stochastic fracture mechanics

We attempt the identification, study and modeling of possible sources of size effects in concrete structures acting both separately and together. We are particularly motivated by the interplay of several identified scaling lengths stemming from the material, boundary conditions and geometry. Methods of stochastic nonlinear fracture mechanics are used to model the well published results of direct tensile tests of dog-bone specimens with rotating boundary conditions. Firstly, the specimens are modeled using microplane material law to show that a large portion of the dependence of nominal strength on structural size can be explained deterministically. However, it is clear that more sources of size effect play a part, and we consider two of them. Namely, we model local material strength using an autocorrelated random field attempting to capture a statistical part of the complex size effect, scatter inclusive. In addition, the strength drop noticeable with small specimens which was obtained in the experiments is explained by the presence of a weak surface layer of constant thickness (caused e.g., by drying, surface damage, aggregate size limitation at the boundary, or other irregularities). All three named sources (deterministic-energetic, statistical size effects, and the weak layer effect) are believed to be the sources most contributing to the observed strength size effect; the model combining all of them is capable of reproducing the measured data. The computational approach represents a marriage of advanced computational nonlinear fracture mechanics with simulation techniques for random fields representing spatially varying material properties. Using a numerical example, we document how different sources of size effects detrimental to strength can interact and result in relatively complex quasibrittle failure processes. The presented study documents the well known fact that the experimental determination of material parameters (needed for the rational and safe design of structures) is very difficult for quasibrittle materials such as concrete.     

Cohesive zone model of intermediate crack-induced debonding of FRP-plated concrete beam

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Debonding along the FPR–concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. In this study, debonding induced by a flexural crack in a FRP-plated concrete beam is analyzed through a nonlinear fracture mechanics method. The concrete beam and FRP plate are modeled as linearly elastic simple beams connected together through a thin layer of FRP–concrete interface. A bi-linear cohesive (bond-slip) law, which has been verified by experiments, is used to model the FRP–concrete interface as a cohesive zone. Thus a cohesive zone model for intermediate crack-induced debonding is established with a unique feature of unifying the debonding initiation and growth into one model. Closed-form solutions of interfacial stress, FRP stress and ultimate load of the plated beam are obtained and then verified with the numerical solutions based on finite element analysis. Parametric studies are carried out to demonstrate the significant effect of FRP thickness on the interface debonding. The bond-slip shape is examined specifically. In spite of its profound effect on softening zone size, the bond-slip shape has been found to have little effect on the ultimate load of the plated beam. By making use of such a unique feature, a simplified explicit expression is obtained to determine the ultimate load of the plated concrete beam with a flexural crack conveniently. The cohesive zone model in this study also provides an efficient and effective way to analyze more general FRP–concrete interface debonding.     

Size effects in fracture mechanics: Implications for fast reactor subassembly analysis and safety

There is a size effect in fracture mechanics, and this leads to some paradoxical behavior of flawed engineering structures of which the safety analyst should be aware. In order to quantify the size effect and its implications for highly-irradiated LMFBR subassembly ducts subject to overpressurization, a two-criterion approach to fracture is employed and two duct designs are considered. It is concluded that brittle fracture may be more likely to occur in the case of thicker ducts, and that fracture-free operating experience with smaller ducts does not insure the stability of cracks in the thicker wall.