基于CT扫描的花岗岩三维数值试件重构模型及应用

岩石细观结构控制宏观破裂模式,建立一种表征岩石细观结构的数值模型重构方法并能够嵌入到力学模型中计算岩石破坏过程应力分布,对于揭示岩石破坏机理具有重要的理论意义.论文以花岗岩试件为研究对象,借助于先进的CT技术获取试件内部结构切片图像,利用数字图像处理技术实现了基于CT图像的花岗岩试件结构的识别和表征,基于矢量化方法和岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA3D建立了花岗岩三维数值试件,对花岗岩试件单轴压缩破裂过程进行了数值模拟.通过数值试验结果与物理实验结果对比发现,基于CT扫描的花岗岩数值试件真实表征了岩石细观结构,所以力学模拟得到的破裂模式与室内物理实验得到的破裂模式相似,同时能够解译岩石破裂力学机理,为深入研究岩石、复合材料等力学特征提供了一种可行方法.     

基于数字图像处理的含缺陷花岗岩破裂力学分析1）

在细观尺度上,采用数字图像处理技术研究花岗岩中由石英、长石和云母等材料的形状、大小及分布对花岗岩材料造成的非均匀性,结合RFPA-DIP 程序建立了能准确反映材料真实细观结构的含缺陷花岗岩数值模型,并进行了常规单轴压缩模拟试验,研究不同矿物颗粒结构与缺陷对其细观破裂力学行为的影响,再现了外载荷作用下不同数值模型的真实破裂过程与最终破坏模式. 试验结果表明:缺陷对试样强度的影响比改变矿物颗粒的形态构造对其强度的影响更加显著,缺陷的存在削弱了颗粒形态对花岗岩强度影响的能力;缺陷及矿物颗粒的形态构造对试样裂纹的萌生、扩展以及最终破坏模式有直接影响,缺陷与矿物颗粒的空间结构关系是导致岩石形成各种复杂破坏模式的主要因素. 起裂应力水平受试样内部细观介质构造和缺陷的影响,而缺陷的存在对起裂应力的影响更加显著.     

岩土力学虚拟实验仿真系统开发及其应用

数值试验是认识岩土材料细观与宏观力学行为的一种重要手段,是常规岩土力学实验的补充和延伸.本文以pfc颗粒流为平台,利用matlab和fish语言混合编程编写了岩土力学虚拟实验仿真系统,系统根据获取的岩土材料天然结构构造图像信息,可以生成含不同天然结构构造信息的岩土体试件.可以对不同规格试件实现伺服加卸载,可以监测任意点的应力应变信息,可以捕捉试件加卸载过程中的边界输入能量和摩擦能、动能及应变能的转换信息,捕捉试件的最终破坏形态和破坏过程中裂纹扩展信息及不同类型裂纹的数量演化信息.利用其可以研究岩土材料天然结构构造特征对其宏观、细观力学行为的影响.     

断裂损伤与细观力学

本文从力学发展的角度,对断裂力学、损伤力学与细观力学的主要内容及其发展,作了简要的介绍和评述.指出:固体力学与其它学科的交缘汇合,并深入到细观结构的层次进行研究,这一研究发展的势头已是很明显的了.细观力学、损伤力学与断裂力学构成了从细观尺度直至宏观尺度以描述材料与结构的破坏过程的破环理论的主要内容.它使得作为固体材料的力学的基本内容之一的破坏理论,面临一个新的发展阶段.     

基于数字图像处理的岩石细观破裂力学分析

将数字图像处理技术引入到岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D(Rock Failure Process Analysis)系统,建立了岩石细观结构破坏过程分析方法．首先提取岩石的细观结构图像,再转化成RFPA2D的前处理数据和数值分析网格,然后进行应力求解和破坏分析．以花岗岩细观结构为例,阐述了运用基于数字图像处理技术的RFPA2D方法进行岩石细观结构破坏分析的过程．结果表明,在岩石破裂过程数值模拟分析中引入数字图像处理技术是岩石细观结构破坏力学行为研究的一种方便而有效的方法．     

岩石破裂与渗流耦合过程细观力学模型

从岩石细观非均匀性的特点出发,应用弹性损伤力学、B iot渗流力学理论,对岩石破裂过程渗流-应力-损伤耦合模型进行了描述.算例表明,该模型能较好的模拟出岩石材料在水压和载荷作用下裂纹扩展路径不规则发展及稳态、瞬态渗流过程,裂纹扩展对渗流路径和流动过程起到明显的控制作用.     

基于细观力学的混凝土弹塑脆性损伤研究

将混凝土假定为一种由硬化水泥砂浆、粗骨料、界面粘结带所组成的三相复合材料，在满足骨料级配曲线算法的基础上，采用细观单元的弹塑脆性损伤本构关系，考虑材料的非均质特性，建立了基于细观力学的混凝土弹塑脆性损伤数值模型；分别研究了单轴受拉预置裂纹试样和单轴受压混凝土试样的细观弹塑脆性损伤破坏行为，并揭示了混凝土的宏观表征强度存在明显的尺寸效应，通过将计算结果与 Bazant 尺寸效应公式、单轴受压物理实验曲线进行对比，验证了模型的正确性。数值试验表明：该模型可以清晰地模拟混凝土细观塑性屈服和失效裂纹的萌生和扩展。骨料与水泥砂浆间的界面粘结带相对薄弱，在混凝土试件形成宏观损伤局部化带前，试件的屈服和破坏首先发生在骨料边缘处的界面位置，并沿着界面粘结带扩展、贯通；同时，导致宏观裂纹形成和发展的因素仍以细观单元的拉伸破坏为主。     

布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学性能影响的研究

运用材料破坏过程分析MFPA2D系统,从细观力学和损伤力学角度,研究了布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学性能以及破坏机理的影响。在研究中,分别建立了三种含双孔、四孔以及多孔的正方形数值模型。双孔以沿试件垂直中心线重叠布置,沿试件水平中心线并列布置和沿试件对角线倾斜布置三种方式进行布孔,四孔以正方形和菱形两种布孔方式置于试件中央区域,多孔成排布置并使其相邻四孔成正方形和菱形镶嵌于试件中。然后对这三种试件分别进行了标准的单轴压缩数值试验。通过对试验结果的讨论,阐明了布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学行为和细观损伤机理的影响。结果表明:孔洞的相互作用既可以增强应力集中程度,也可以减弱应力集中程度;正方形布孔方式比菱形布孔方式使孔洞材料具有更高的承载能力;多孔材料的延性断裂行为是孔洞应力屏蔽作用和材料损伤局部化行为共同作用的结果。     

循环载荷下淤泥轻量土的细观变形机理研究

基于新型室内固结试验及有限元数值模拟分析方法,研究了淤泥轻量土在循环载荷作用下的细观多相变形机理及其宏、细观变形特性之间的相互关系。结果表明,EPS(expanded polystyrene)颗粒掺量及其粒径大小对淤泥轻量土的细观变形特性有显著的影响。试验发现,在所选用的配合比中EPS掺量相差2.0%时,而淤泥轻量土最大体积变形量却相差了4.1%。在相同循环次数下,试样中上、中、下三个点位的EPS颗粒变形量及其应力应变大小关系并不相同,上点位的EPS颗粒变形量最大。通过对不同循环周期下淤泥轻量土各相细观变形关系定量计算分析发现,EPS颗粒变形量在其整个变形过程中占主导地位,平均占到约60%～80%。该研究可为后续有关EPS淤泥轻量土的微细观结构之间多相耦合作用的研究及其在软土路基填土工程中的应用提供一定的理论支持。     

基于颗粒流的混凝土材料数值实验研究

混凝土材料是一种典型的非均质材料,其力学行为和破坏过程很复杂.本文利用PFC颗粒流软件的内嵌fish语言编写了骨料生成程序、边界条件控制程序,程序模拟了MTS伺服功能,实现了虚拟的混凝土单轴压缩试验.相对于一般有限元程序投放的骨料,文中骨料可以破裂.在生成的数值试件基础上,设计了单级配和全级配混凝土单轴压缩试验,并对其破裂形态、裂纹扩展过程、应力应变曲线和破裂过程能量变化规律进行了研究.利用该虚拟试验平台,可对混凝土的动、静力学特性进行系统研究.     

Experimental Measurement and Numerical Validation of Bone Cement Mantle Strains of an In Vitro Hip Replacement Using Optical FBG Sensors

Experimental pre-clinical tests associated with numeric models of cemented implants are important for screening of new implants in the market. The aim of this study was to measure strain profiles and maximum temperature polymerization inside a cement mantle of an in vitro cemented hip reconstruction using optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. For this purpose, a hip femoral prosthesis was instrumented with 12 FBG sensors, three in each aspect of the femur, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. These were positioned at the proximal, middle and distal part of the cement mantle relatively to the stem. Another sensor was placed in the lateral-proximal region of the mantle to measure the maximum temperature of cement polymerization. The strains measured were compared with those obtained with a Finite Element model, both for quaistatic mechanical loading. The results show that the experimental technique used can measure strains inside the cement mantle with good correlation, R²?=?0.970, with the numerical model results. The results present a maximum temperature of polymerization around 110°C inside of cement at proximal region. It was also observed strain concentration in lateral aspect of the femur in polymerization process. The procedure hereby explained can be used to improve experimental pre-clinical tests to measure the strain distribution inside the cement mantle as well as residual strain and temperature variation along with time, as a result of the curing process of cement.     

A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables. Part II – Validation and localization analysis

We study the mechanical failure of cemented granular materials (e.g., sandstones) using a constitutive model based on breakage mechanics for grain crushing and damage mechanics for cement fracture. The theoretical aspects of this model are presented in Part I: Tengattini et al. (2014), A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables, Part I – Theory (Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10.1016/j.jmps.2014.05.021). In this Part II we investigate the constitutive and structural responses of cemented granular materials through analyses of Boundary Value Problems (BVPs).The multiple failure mechanisms captured by the proposed model enable the behavior of cemented granular rocks to be well reproduced for a wide range of confining pressures. Furthermore, through comparison of the model predictions and experimental data, the micromechanical basis of the model provides improved understanding of failure mechanisms of cemented granular materials. In particular, we show that grain crushing is the predominant inelastic deformation mechanism under high pressures while cement failure is the relevant mechanism at low pressures. Over an intermediate pressure regime a mixed mode of failure mechanisms is observed. Furthermore, the micromechanical roots of the model allow the effects on localized deformation modes of various initial microstructures to be studied. The results obtained from both the constitutive responses and BVP solutions indicate that the proposed approach and model provide a promising basis for future theoretical studies on cemented granular materials.     

The inception and evolution of earthmoving soil mechanics

Soil and test conditions important to earthmoving machinery have been found to be significantly different from all other fields of endeavour with the partial exception of tillage studies. This could be the subject of a long dissertation. Broadly, however, soil conditions which produce critical mobility problems are much too soft and/or wet to be of concern to the earthmoving contractor who has to meet rigid specifications on acceptable types and moisture contents of fill soils. Occasional soft spots are considered as nuisances instead of indicators of the need for major design compromises.

Civil engineers are concerned with the same types of soil, but in a vastly different context. They must design soil structures which will never reach initial soil failure. Earthmoving processes, on the other hand, must accept soil failures in many different forms and degrees and utilize post-failure soil strength to perform their tasks efficiently.

Tillage studies display many important similarities to earthmoving studies, particularly in regard to the types of soil failures of importance. They are, in reality, merely another form of earthmoving; by definition, if nothing more. Earthmoving processes can range into much stronger soils, but this alone is insufficient to set them apart.

The term Earthmoving Soil Mechanics was introduced in 1962⁽²⁰⁾. This paper more clearly defines the implications of the new terminology and illustrates the first successful application of soil mechanics and model analysis principles in the earthmoving industry.     

二种岩石断裂韧度试样测试的稳定性分析

本文分析了 ISRM 采纳的两种具有人字形切槽的试样在测试过程中裂纹扩展的稳定性问题,计算了它们在不同加载条件和试验机刚度时各自的稳定性因子;指出对岩石等一类脆性材料,加载方式和试验机刚度对测试的稳定性有很大的影响;说明了这两种试样在稳定性方面的差异,并指出它们在稳定性上明显地优于普通直裂纹试样.     

考虑颗粒形状和破碎的胶结钙质砂力学行为离散元模拟研究

质砂作为一种建筑材料,近年来广泛应用于我国南海岛礁工程建设中。本文通过建立考虑钙质砂真实颗粒形状和颗粒破碎的胶结钙质砂离散元模型,研究了二维剪切条件下试样的宏微观力学行为,包括应力-应变行为、颗粒破碎、胶结破坏、位移场和裂纹随剪应变的演化规律,讨论了颗粒形状、颗粒粒径范围、颗粒强度和水泥胶结强度对胶结钙质砂力学行为的影响规律。结果表明,钙质砂颗粒粒径区间越宽,胶结钙质砂的强度越高。同一级配条件下,考虑真实颗粒形状的胶结钙质砂试样比圆颗粒试样的强度更高,试样总体颗粒破碎率也更高。钙质砂颗粒的强度越高,胶结钙质砂的性能越好。但是提高水泥的强度对胶结钙质砂力学性能的影响并不显著。本文的研究结果可为实际工程中钙质砂的加固提供理论依据。     

土体腐殖酸组分对水泥土强度影响效果试验

利用高速阴影照相系统，对方形管道内火焰流经悬吊圆柱时所产生的变化及其诱导的 流场进行了实验研究，并利用高精度PPM格式对上述现象进行了数值模拟，其中，湍流采用 大涡模拟(LES)方法，燃烧采用旋涡破碎(EBU)模型，圆柱边界采用沉浸边界法(IBM). 实验结果与计算结果比较吻合，在一定程度上揭示了火焰阵面变形和加速的规律. 根据研究 结果，对火焰与悬吊圆柱相互作用过程中火焰的三维形状、流场中涡量和湍流强度的分布、 火焰与流场的相互影响以及火焰传播轨迹等进行了讨论.     

Coupled Chemical Shrinkage and Consolidation: Some Benchmark Solutions

Mixtures of cement and mine waste are used as backfill in underground mines to provide support, which enables increased mineral extraction. Unlike most cemented material, the properties of mine backfill are relied upon immediately after cement is added and the material deposited underground. It is not only just the properties of the final cemented product but also the behaviour of cemented backfill during the hydration process that is important. During the hydration process, the backfill experiences chemically induced volume changes. These volume changes can lead to the development of effective stresses, which control the loads generated on barricade walls and the subsequent stability of unsupported faces. Although the processes that interact during cement hydration appear complex, the governing equation can be derived in terms of a small number of dimensionless parameter groups. The equation is simply the diffusion equation with a time-dependent source/sink term for which an analytical solution can be obtained under certain simplifying geometries. Approximate solutions can be obtained using a technique of analysis in which the mode shape of the spatial pore pressure variation is assumed. Such solutions provide benchmarks for simplified problems against which results of finite element modelling (for example) can be compared in order to confirm that the controlling mechanisms have been correctly identified.     

Evaluation of Model Concepts to Describe Water Transport in Shallow Subsurface Soil and Across the Soil–Air Interface

Soil water evaporation plays a critical role in mass and energy exchanges across the land–atmosphere interface. Although much is known about this process, there is no agreement on the best modeling approaches to determine soil water evaporation due to the complexity of the numerical modeling scenarios and lack of experimental data available to validate such models. Existing studies show numerical and experimental discrepancies in the evaporation behavior and soil water distribution in soils at various scales, driving us to revisit the key process representation in subsurface soil. Therefore, the goal of this work is to test different mathematical formulations used to estimate evaporation from bare soils to critically evaluate the model formulations, assumptions and surface boundary conditions. This comparison required the development of three numerical models at the REV scale that vary in their complexity in characterizing water flow and evaporation, using the same modeling platform. The performance of the models was evaluated by comparing with experimental data generated from a soil tank/boundary layer wind tunnel experimental apparatus equipped with a sensor network to continuously monitor water–temperature–humidity variables. A series of experiments were performed in which the soil tank was packed with different soil types. Results demonstrate that the approaches vary in their ability to capture different stages of evaporation and no one approach can be deemed most appropriate for every scenario. When a proper top boundary condition and space discretization are defined, the Richards equation-based models (Richards model and Richards vapor model) can generally capture the evaporation behaviors across the entire range of soil saturations, comparing well with the experimental data. The simulation results of the non-equilibrium two-component two-phase model which considers vapor transport as an independent process generally agree well with the observations in terms of evaporation behavior and soil water dynamics. Certain differences in simulation results can be observed between equilibrium and non-equilibrium approaches. Comparisons of the models and the boundary layer formulations highlight the need to revisit key assumptions that influence evaporation behavior, highlighting the need to further understand water and vapor transport processes in soil to improve model accuracy.

     

改性膨胀土路堤填筑含水量优化试验研究

在控制含水量的前提下,对分别掺入不同量石灰、不同量水泥改性膨胀土试件进行强度和膨胀量试验,得到不同含 水量及不同石灰(水泥)掺量对改性膨胀土强度和膨胀性的影响,通过对实验所得数据的分析,找出含水量和掺石灰(水泥)剂 量的最佳融合点,并据此对膨胀土路堤填料的改性施工提出了一些有益的建议。     

Hillslope soil erosion and runoff model for natural rainfall events

By using the momentum theorem and waterbalance principle, basic equations of slope runoff were derived, soil erosion by raindrop splash and runoff were discussed and a model was established for decribing hillslope soil erosion processes. The numerical solution of the model was obtained by adopting the Preissmann format and considering the common solution-determining conditions, from which not only the runoff and soil erosion but also their processes can be described. The model was validated by ten groups of observation data of Soil Conservation Ecological Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Jiangxi Province. Comparisons show that the maximum relative error between simulation and experimental data is about 10.98% for total runoff and 15 % for total erosion, 5.2% for runoffprocess and 6.1% for erosion process, indicating that the model is conceptually realistic and reliable and offers a feasible approach for further studies on the soil erosion process.