金属薄板在圆锥头弹体正冲击下的破裂模式

临界破裂速度下（圆板产生破裂的最小速度）,对四种不同材料的薄金属圆板在不同圆锥半角的圆锥头子弹正冲击下的破裂模式进行了试验。研究发现随着圆锥半角的增加,板的破裂模式分别有刺透型、花瓣型和剪切型。通过试验分析,建立了在不同圆锥头子弹以临界破裂速度正冲击下,金属薄板的破裂模式和子弹圆锥半角及金属薄板材料性能的关系。分析中考虑了子弹和板壁接触区域内的局部变形,给出一临界圆锥半角c=arcsin exp(-0.5f)(f是金属薄板材料的真实破裂应变）。由此得到:临界破裂速度正冲击下,圆锥半角30时,薄板破裂由子弹直接刺透板壁引起;＞c且30时,薄板破裂模式是剪切型;当 30＜＜c时,薄板破裂模式是花瓣型。     

薄壁金属圆管在钝圆锥头弹体正冲击及斜冲击下破裂的实验研究

对薄壁软钢圆管在 90°圆锥头子弹正冲击和斜冲击下的破裂进行了实验研究 .测量了子弹以不同冲击角冲击时 ,圆管产生穿透性破裂的最小速度 (临界破裂速度 ) ,找出管壁在不同冲击角下局部破裂的模式 .在子弹以临界破裂速度正冲击下 ,靶壁逐渐覆盖整个弹头 ,管壁的最后破裂是剪切型的 ;当斜冲击角为 30°时 ,子弹的尖端会刺透靶壁 ,在这些斜冲击角下 ,子弹的临界破裂动能仅仅是正冲击下的 4 5% .     

多孔金属夹层板在冲击载荷作用下的动态响应

借助两种有限元软件ABAQUS和LS_DYNA, 模拟和分析了两种厚度不同的泡沫铝合金夹层板(三明治板)、方孔蜂窝形夹层板和波纹形夹层板在冲击载荷下的动态响应. 4种夹层板的单位面积密度相同,冲击载荷分别用泡沫铝子弹与不锈钢子弹模拟. 讨论了泡沫金属夹层板和格构式夹层板在不同冲击载荷作用下的变形机制,重点在于对夹层板的吸能特性及板内各部分吸能变化规律的探讨.研究结果表明: 在泡沫子弹冲击下,夹层板主要是通过自身变形来消耗子弹动能,并转化为自身内能. 厚度为22\,mm的泡沫金属夹层板吸收能量最多,底面变形最小,是结构性能最优的夹层板;在刚性子弹高速冲击穿透过程中,格构式夹层板的吸能性能比单位面积密度相同的泡沫金属夹层板的吸能性能更好. 波纹形夹层板的能量吸收能力在4种板中最高.      

近距空爆载荷作用下固支方板的变形及破坏模式

为探讨战斗部近炸下舰船结构的变形模式,为后续理论分析和数值模拟提供实验数据,通过模型实验,分析了固支大尺寸方板在近距空爆载荷下的变形和破坏模式。在此基础上,通过测量板破裂后各裂瓣的减薄率,利用双向应变假设和体积等效原理确定了Q235钢在中部拉伸撕裂破坏模式下的断裂极限应变;根据实验模型的变形和破坏模式,基于刚塑性假设和能量密度准则提出了结构在局部爆炸载荷下的破裂判据,并对实验结果进行了预测。结果表明,随着载荷强度的增大,固支方板呈现出3种不同的变形和破坏模式;利用破裂判据对实验工况进行了预测,预测结果与实验吻合较好。     

具有填充材料的金属格栅夹层板在高速冲击下动态响应的数值分析

利用大型非线性有限元程序ABAQUS和LS-DYNA,对具有填充材料的金属格栅结构的冲击问题进行数值模拟.研究了不同的填充材料(金属泡沫和陶瓷)分别填充到不同的格栅构型(波纹型、蜂窝型和加强六边形)夹层板后,各类夹层板受到金属泡沫子弹和不锈钢子弹冲击时变形与能量吸收特性,探讨了夹层板上下面层板、支撑格栅及填充材料等各部分的吸能比率.研究结果表明,泡沫填充夹层板在缓冲吸能方面具有优势,陶瓷填充夹层板则在抵抗冲击穿透方面更具有优势,不同构型的夹层板,性能略有不同.     

锥头弹丸低速撞击下薄金属靶板的穿透

假定薄金属靶板的变形可分为局部变形和整体变形,在此基础上建立了一个新的分析模型,对固支薄金属靶板的低速穿透进行评估.靶板的局部变形分析通过准静态柱形空穴膨胀理论结合靶板的自由表面效应修正函数,给出了靶板对弹丸的阻力表达式,然后计算出局部变形耗能;整体变形分析采用了Wen-Jones模型的近似准静态方法,通过载荷-位移关系和虚功原理计算整体变形耗能.推出了锥头弹丸穿透金属靶板的耗能公式和弹道极限公式.模型预测结果与实验数据进行了比较,发现二者吻合得较好.     

圆板动力反直观行为实验研究

对受子弹正向撞击的铝合金圆板进行了动力反直观行为的实验研究。描述了不同撞击速度下板的响应模式,发现了圆板中的反直观现象,即板的最终变形与子弹撞击方向相反,并记录了板在整个变形过程中典型点的位移历史曲线,进一步证实了结构动力响应的反直观行为是一种客观存在的弹塑性动力行为。     

编织Kevlar/Epoxy复合材料层合板在冲击荷载下的动态响应

通过编织Kevlar/Epoxy复合材料层合板的平头弹冲击实验，分析了结构在不同冲量下的变形失效模式以及结构的抗冲击性能。实验表明复合板的变形失效模式主要表现为:(1)弹性变形；(2)复合板表面嵌入失效及整体塑性大变形；(3)背面纤维拉伸断裂及分层失效。基于实验研究，运用LS-DYNA 971有限元程序对铺层数不同的复合板在冲击载荷作用下的动态响应过程进行了数值模拟，模拟结果与实验吻合较好，子弹作用区域边缘处首先发生近似圆形的嵌入失效，而在板背面发生近似正方形的破坏区域；计算中重点分析了铺层数对结构动力响应的影响，在一定冲量范围内，通过对铺层数的优化，能够有效地减小后面板挠度，提高结构的能量吸收效率，增强结构的抗冲击性能。     

尖锥头长杆弹侵彻的界面击溃分析

在Alekseevski-Tate模型基础上, 理论分析了尖锥头长杆弹的界面击溃过程, 分别给出在锥头侵蚀阶段和弹身侵蚀阶段的弹体速度下降及质量侵蚀计算公式; 随后分析弹体的动能损失, 讨论半锥角对弹体动能损失的影响. 通过分析小子弹撞击陶瓷/金属复合靶板的例子, 验证了该理论的正确性, 并对比分析了尖锥头长杆弹与小子弹及平头长杆弹在界面击溃中动能损失之间的差异.      

三角翼前缘涡的某些破裂形式及特性研究

基于流动显示和PIV技术测量的实验结果，对三角翼前缘涡破裂的一些形式和破裂特性进行了分析和讨论。通过PIV测量所得到的涡量分布证实了在螺旋破裂的情况下，涡核的螺旋方向与前缘涡的旋转方向相反，及双螺旋破裂形式的存在等。进而对螺旋波的形成机理提出了与有关文献不同的看法。     

RUPTURE OF THIN METAL TUBES BY NORMAL AND OBLIQUE IMPACT OF BLUNT CONICALNOSED MISSILES: EXPERIMENTS

Impact tests at both normal and oblique angles of incidence were conducted on thin mild tubes using a moderate size of 90° conical-nosed missiles. The minimum impact speed that generated cracks through the thickness of the wall, termed the speed for rupture, was measured, and various modes of rupture were identified. For a thin tube hit by a missile at a normal angle of obliquity at the speed for rupture, the contact region spreads across the nose of the missile, and the transverse shear deformation is predominant in the final failure process. If the angle of obliquity is 30°, the missile pierces a hole through the wall of the tube. At the speed for rupture, the kinetic energy of the missile for oblique angle 30° is only about 45% that required for plugging at a normal angle of obliquity. The project sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 19842001, 19872048) and Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of State Education Commission and Shanxi Province of China.     

Relationship between strain localization and catastrophic rupture

In order to explore a prior warning to catastrophic rupture of heterogeneous media, like rocks, the present study investigates the relationship between surface strain localization and catastrophic rupture. Instrumented observations on the evolution of surface strain field and the catastrophic rupture of a rock under uniaxial compression were carried out. It is found that the evolution of surface strain field displays two phases: at the early stage, the strain field keeps nearly uniform with weak fluctuations increasing slowly; but at the stage prior to catastrophic rupture, a certain accelerating localization develops and a localized zone emerges. Based on the measurements, an analysis was performed with local mean-field approximation. More importantly, it is found that the scale of localized zone is closely related to the catastrophic rupture strain and the rupture strain can be calculated in accord with the local-mean-field model satisfactorily. This provides a possible clue to the forecast of catastrophic rupture.     

岩石变形演化诱致灾变破坏过程的同步实验观测

将试样变形场演化特征与试样的宏观载荷位移曲线的演化特征结合起来研究是揭示非均匀脆性介质变形演化诱致灾变破坏的一个重要途径.本文发展了一套实验系统,通过对试样表面变形场的演化、宏观载荷和位移信号的同步观测,对单轴加载下岩石试样变形演化和灾变破坏的过程进行了实验研究.揭示了试样变形场由加载初期的随机涨落到灾变破坏前出现明显的变形局部化的演化特征现象,试样最终在变形局部化区内形成宏观破裂面.     

含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形与破裂

油--气润滑过程中润滑油液滴受高速气流扰动易形成含气泡油滴,微气泡将对油滴撞击壁面时的运动过程以及壁面油膜 层的形成质量产生重要影响. 基于耦合的水平集--体积分数 方法,对含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面行为进行数值模拟研究, 考察含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形运动过程,探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制,分析气泡大小、碰撞速度和液体黏度等因素对含气 泡油滴撞壁过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律. 研究表明:含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面后气泡会发生变形,并破裂形成膜液滴;气泡随同 液滴运动过程中,气泡内外压力和速度梯度变化是使气泡发生破裂的主要诱因. 气泡大小对气泡破裂方式影响较大,气泡较小时发生单 点破裂,而气泡较大时更容易发生多处破裂. 不同大小气泡受力差异较大,气泡大小与破裂发生时刻没有明显相关性. 碰撞速度和液体 黏度对气泡的变形、破裂和破裂发生时刻都具有一定的影响. 碰撞速度越大,油滴动能越大,更容易产生气泡变形和破裂现象. 液体黏 度增大,在油滴撞壁运动前期促进气泡变形,而在运动后期可以阻延气泡破裂行为发生.      

On a damage law for creep rupture of clays with accumulated inelastic deviatoric strain as a damage measure

To avoid the dependency on origin of time, an improved damage law for creep rupture of clays is proposed considering the accumulated inelastic deviatoric strain as a measure of damage, instead of incorporating time directly. This law is incorporated into an existing anisotropic elastoplastic-viscoplastic bounding surface model for clays. The performance of the damage law was demonstrated via the simulations of creep rupture tests on undisturbed clays, and generally a good agreement between model simulations and test data was obtained. Discussions on the creep rupture parameters were followed and further improvement was suggested. At present when high quality test data for creep rupture is very limited, the proposed damage law could serve as a practical way to model creep rupture of clays.     

Particle Velocimetry and Photoelasticity Applied to the Study of Dynamic Sliding Along Frictionally-Held Bimaterial Interfaces: Techniques and Feasibility

A laser interferometry-based technique was developed to locally measure the in-plane components of particle velocity in dynamic experiments. This technique was applied in the experimental investigation of dynamic sliding along the incoherent (frictional) interface of a Homalite–steel bimaterial structure. The bimaterial specimen was subjected to uniform compressive stress and impact-induced shear loading. The evolution of the dynamic stress field was recorded by high-speed photography in conjunction with dynamic photoelasticity. The combination of the full-field technique of photoelasticity with the local technique of velocimetry was proven to be a very powerful tool in the investigation of dynamic sliding. A relatively broad loading wave with an eye-like structure emanated from the interface. The particle velocity measurements established that sliding started behind the eye-like fringe pattern. It propagated with supershear speed with respect to Homalite. A shear Mach line originating from the sliding tip is visible in the photoelastic images. A vertical particle velocity measurement revealed the existence of a wrinkle-like pulse traveling along the bimaterial interface. The wrinkle-like pulse followed the initial shear rupture tip and propagated at a specific subshear speed.     

煤变形破裂过程中红外信息的实验研究

对受载煤体变形破坏产生的红外辐射信息进行了观测研究。结果表明：煤体在受力过程中其红外辐射温度随其应力状态的改变而发生变化，这种变化与煤体的变形破坏过程密切相关，这将为认识和揭示煤岩破坏的微观机理，预测，预报地震及矿山煤炭灾害动力现象有指导和参考作用。     

重力影响下板间液桥断裂距离研究

运用实验测量和数值模拟两种方法对两平板间特征尺度为毫米量级的液桥断裂距离进行了研究,定量地给出了在有重力和无重力两种条件下,液桥断裂距离随着液桥体积和固体表面润湿性质变化的规律。结果显示,重力对液桥断裂距离的影响随着液桥特征尺寸的增大而增大,当特征尺寸达到毛细长度时,重力对亲水表面间液桥断裂距离的影响可达11%以上,对于疏水表面间的断裂距离影响更增加到20%以上。通过Surface Evolver软件可以很好地模拟准静态液桥拉伸-断裂过程,得到准确的液桥断裂距离。结果表明,即使在液桥特征尺寸小于毛细长度的条件下,液桥断裂距离也不能完全忽略重力的影响。     

Analysis of the influence of aggressive environment on creep and creep rupture of rod under pure bending

Summary A method for modelling the influence of an aggressive environment on creep and creep rupture is suggested. This method is based on the introduction of a notion of structural elements and postulating elementary creep properties of these elements. The equations of behavior of a specimen as a whole are based on the behavior of the elements.A probabilistic approach is used for the analysis of creep and creep rupture of solids. Pure bending of a long thin rod in an aggressive environment is studied. It is supposed that the fracture of structural elements takes place only under tensional stresses. A system of integral-differential equations is derived; this system characterizes the process of damage accumulation and change of stress-strain state at times,which is caused by rod bending. It is demonstrated that rupture of any structural element in a tension area causes stress redistribution. This redistribution leads to a motion of the neutral lines at which stresses and strains equal zero. The numerical investigation of a derived system of equations is developed.This work has been partially supported by the Russian Foundation of Fundamental Researches (Grant No. 02-01-00289) and INTAS (Grant No. 03-51-6046).