一种镍基双晶材料疲劳裂纹扩展效应

对晶界平行裂纹和晶界垂直裂纹的双晶体进行三点弯曲疲劳实验，研究了双晶材料的疲劳裂纹扩展规律，测定了双晶的疲劳扩展速率，揭示了晶界对晶粒疲劳裂纹扩展的屏蔽效应：当裂纹距晶界某一特定长度时，裂纹扩展速率最快；而裂纹顶端交于晶界时，裂纹扩展速率最侵．进一步的晶体滑移有限元数值分析揭示了这种屏蔽效应的机理：晶界附近不协调的塑性变形，导致了裂纹尖端应力场的重新分布．     

铜双晶体的循环应力-应变响应

比较了铜单晶体和多晶体疲劳行为的异同,提出了研究双晶体疲劳行为的必要性．总结了具有不同晶体取向和晶界的铜双晶体的疲劳行为的最新进展．利用平行晶界铜双晶体的取向因子和晶界影响区,总结了在循环载荷作用下的晶界强化模型．分析了垂直晶界铜双晶体循环塑性变形行为的特点,讨论了组元晶体取向对垂直晶界铜双晶体循环应力－应变曲线的影响．提出了提高单晶体和双晶体疲劳强度的控制因素．     

含与不含晶界空穴的双晶体蠕变行为研究

基于晶体滑移理论,建立了各向异性镍基合金双晶体的蠕变本构模型和蠕变寿命预测模型,通过MARC用户子程序CRPLAW将上述本构模型进行了有限元实现,并对双晶体蠕变行为进行了计算分析,考虑了:(1)晶体取向的影响;(2)垂直、倾斜和平行于外载方向的三种位向晶界情况;(3)晶界处引进空间空穴的影响。结果表明,双晶体上特别是微空穴和晶界附近区域的蠕变应力应变呈现不同的变化规律,对此晶粒晶体取向和晶界位向有较大的影响;微空穴的存在削弱了双晶体的承载能力,显著地影响了双晶体蠕变持久寿命;相同条件下,垂直晶界对双晶体模型的蠕变损伤影响最为强烈,倾斜晶界次之,平行晶界最小;微空穴的生长与晶界位向和晶体取向有强烈的依赖关系,其中垂直晶界更有利于晶体滑移和微空穴生长。     

考虑两种晶界的各向异性双晶和三晶体晶界附近弹塑性应力场分析

采用率相关的晶体滑移有限元程序对具有不同晶体取向的双晶体晶界附近及三晶体三晶粒交汇处的弹塑性应力场进行了计算,考虑了几何晶界和物理晶界的影响.计算结果表明:双晶体及三晶体考虑几何晶界和物理晶界时,这两种晶界具有相同的应力分布趋势,只是物理晶界比几何晶界的应力集中程度小,双晶体晶界附近有较大的应力梯度,存在应力集中现象.三晶体三晶粒交汇处可能是应力集中之地也可能不造成应力集中,这主要取决于晶粒晶体取向及加载方向.由此可见,要准确理解金属材料的断裂过程,还需要从细观的角度对晶界的力学响应进行细致和深入的研究.     

双晶体的取向因子

本文通过对双晶体应力分析，提出了双晶体的取向因子ΩＢ，与其组元单晶体Ｇ１，Ｇ２的Ｓｃｈｍｉｄ因子Ω１及Ω２的关系为ΩＢ＝ＶＧ１Ω１＋ＶＧ２Ω２－１．并借助于双晶体的取向因子ΩＢ来比较单晶体与双晶体塑性变形行为的差别，以确定晶界对滑移带开动的晶界阻力．     

晶粒的取向和变形性质对双晶体循环变形影响的模拟研究

应用晶体细观力学方法，分析了双晶体循环变形过程中组元晶粒取向及其变形性质（Ｂａｕｓｃｈｉｎｇｅｒ效应和循环硬化）的影响，发现双晶体的反向屈服及循环硬化行为为主要由组元晶粒性质支配，晶间内应力的影响是次要的，晶粒取向对宏微观应力应变行为有重要的影响，取向对称性较弱或罗硬差别较大的双晶体晶界影响较大。     

含球形孔洞双晶铜单向拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了在单向拉伸载荷作用下含孔洞双晶铜晶体的力学行为,研究了晶粒内部孔洞和晶界孔洞对晶体力学行为的影响。结果表明,孔洞可以显著降低双晶体的弹性模量和屈服应力。对于晶粒内部关于晶界对称的孔洞,随着孔间距的增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力都有明显的提高;当保持孔间距不变而改变孔半径时,随着孔体积的不断增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力又都呈现出递减趋势。对于晶界上的孔洞,孔洞形状对晶体拉伸性能有显著影响,并且随着孔半径的增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力呈现出递减趋势,如果保持孔洞总体积恒定而依次增加孔洞数量,则晶体弹性模量和屈服应力逐渐减小。     

晶体取向对单晶体断裂特征影响的模拟分析

结合Ni基单晶合金制三种不同晶体取向的紧凑拉伸试样试验,本文利用考虑有限变形和品格转动效应的晶体滑移有限元程序对单晶体三维断裂特征进行了模拟计算分析,详细考察了裂纹尖端三维应力场特征和断裂特征,结果表明:晶体取向对裂纹尖端应力场有较大影响,但应力沿试样厚度方向明显分成两个部分,在试样心部,应力沿厚度方向变化不大,在试样外表面则明显变化。裂纹尖端张开位移(CTDD)沿厚度方向类似分成两个部分。垂直于滑移面的应力分量致单晶体的准解理断裂,即裂纹的起裂和扩展途径均与该应力分量有关。     

基于晶体塑性理论的孔洞生长行为研究

采用率相关晶体塑性模型,建立三维胞元计算模型,研究了晶粒取向和晶界对孔洞生长和聚合的影响.比较了不同晶粒取向的单晶和双晶体中孔洞的生长趋势,发现晶粒取向对孔洞生长方向,孔洞形状等有着显著的影响.     

各向异性双晶和三晶体弹塑性应力场分析

用三维弹塑性晶体滑移有限元程序对不同晶体取向的双昌和三晶体在昌界和三晶交点处的应力集中科技司和滑激活规律进行了计算分析。双晶体在计算时考虑取向的影响,计算结果表明,晶界处应力有较大的出现复杂的变化规律,这种规律与晶体取向相关;三晶交点和晶界使得三晶体应力重新分布,三晶交点可能是应力集中之地,但也可能不造成应力集中,这主要与三个晶体取向相关。本文计算表明,只有仔细地研究细观过程,才能准确理解金属材料     

On the toughening of brittle materials by grain bridging: Promoting intergranular fracture through grain angle, strength, and toughness

The structural reliability of many brittle materials such as structural ceramics relies on the occurrence of intergranular, as opposed to transgranular, fracture in order to induce toughening by grain bridging. For a constant grain boundary strength and grain boundary toughness, the current work examines the role of grain strength, grain toughness, and grain angle in promoting intergranular fracture in order to maintain such toughening. Previous studies have illustrated that an intergranular path and the consequent grain bridging process can be partitioned into five distinct regimes, namely: propagate, kink, arrest, stall, and bridge. To determine the validity of the assumed intergranular path, the classical penetration/deflection problem of a crack impinging on an interface is re-examined within a cohesive zone framework for intergranular and transgranular fracture. Results considering both modes of propagation, i.e., a transgranular and intergranular path, reveal that crack-tip shielding is a natural outcome of the cohesive zone approach to fracture. Cohesive zone growth in one mode shields the opposing mode from the stresses required for cohesive zone initiation. Although stable propagation occurs when the required driving force is equivalent to the toughness for either transgranular or intergranular fracture, the mode of propagation depends on the normalized grain strength, normalized grain toughness, and grain angle. For each grain angle, the intersection of single path and multiple path solutions demarcates “strong” grains that increase the macroscopic toughness and “weak” grains that decrease it. The unstable transition to intergranular fracture reveals that an increasing grain toughness requires a growing region of the transgranular cohesive zone be near the cohesive strength. The inability of the body to provide the requisite stress field yields an overdriven and unstable configuration. The current results provide restrictions for the achievement of substantial toughening through intergranular fracture.     

Crack front penetration in transgranular cleavage cracking in an iron-silicon alloy

Based on the analysis of the crack trapping effect of cleavage ridges and penetration of crack front segments in an iron-silicon alloy, the distance between break-through points along a high-angle grain boundary is investigated. If the break-through points are close to each other, the crack trapping effect is dominant; otherwise, the grain boundary separation in break-through windows governs the front transmission process. The relationship between the overall grain boundary fracture resistance and the break-through-point distance is quite complex. The minimum grain boundary resistance is achieved when the break-through points are about 2–3 μm apart, which is also influenced by the grain boundary shear strength, the crystallographic toughness and orientation, as well as the crack front profile.     

A multiscale model for the ductile fracture of crystalline materials

In this paper, a multiscale model that combines both macroscopic and microscopic analyses is presented for describing the ductile fracture process of crystalline materials. In the macroscopic fracture analysis, the recently developed strain gradient plasticity theory is used to describe the fracture toughness, the shielding effects of plastic deformation on the crack growth, and the crack tip field through the use of an elastic core model. The crack tip field resulting from the macroscopic analysis using the strain gradient plasticity theory displayes the 1/2 singularity of stress within the strain gradient dominated region. In the microscopic fracture analysis, the discrete dislocation theory is used to describe the shielding effects of discrete dislocations on the crack growth. The result of the macroscopic analysis near the crack tip, i.e. a new K-field, is taken as the boundary condition for the microscopic fracture analysis. The equilibrium locations of the discrete dislocations around the crack and the shielding effects of the discrete dislocations on the crack growth at the microscale are calculated. The macroscopic fracture analysis and the microscopic fracture analysis are connected based on the elastic core model. Through a comparison of the shielding effects from plastic deformation and the discrete dislocations, the elastic core size is determined.     

On the effect of nano-particle clustering on toughening of nano-composite ceramics

In this paper, two and three-dimensional clustering models are developed to characterize the effect of nano-particle clustering on toughening of nanocomposite ceramics. It is found that crack pinning toughens the nano-composite ceramics because a higher stress intensity factor is needed for crack to propagate around or to pull-out the nano-particle. The nano-particle along the grain boundary steers the crack into the matrix grain due to the strong cohesion between the nanoparticle and the matrix. Since the fracture resistance of the grain boundary is lower than that of the grain lattice, the higher the probability of transgranular fracture induced by nano-particles, the tougher is the nano-composite. However, both crack pinning and transgranular fracture are affected by nano-particle clustering. Nanoparticle clustering, which increases with increasing volume fraction of nano-particles, leads to reduction of both the strength and toughness of the nano-composite ceramics. The larger the size of the clustered particle, and the more defects it contains, the easier it is for the crack to pass through the clustered particle, which means that the nano-particle clustering can reduce toughening induced by crack pinning and transgranular fracture. The theoretical prediction, based on the combination of the three mechanisms of nano-particles, is in agreement with the experimental data. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19891180) and the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR, China(HKU7081/00E)     

含中心裂纹梯度纳晶金属的数值模拟

梯度纳晶金属由于其微观组织的梯度分布,力学属性也呈现梯度变化,这使得其表现出不同于传统均匀材料的断裂行为．利用材料力学参数的梯度分布来表征梯度纳晶金属中晶粒尺寸的梯度变化,并编写ABAQUS和MATLAB脚本程序建立分层有限元模型．通过数值模拟计算了含有初始中心裂纹的梯度纳晶金属在受远端均匀拉应力作用下的裂尖J积分,分别研究了屈服应力梯度、裂纹角度和裂纹长度对金属材料断裂韧性的影响,并与传统粗晶进行了对比．结果表明梯度纳米结构的存在导致梯度纳晶金属内部的中心裂纹两端表现出不同的断裂韧性,小晶粒一侧裂尖的抗裂韧性优于大晶粒一侧裂尖,且屈服应力梯度绝对值越大,两者差距越大．梯度纳晶金属的断裂韧性受中心裂纹角度和长度变化的影响与传统粗晶金属基本一致,同时在晶粒尺寸梯度的作用下梯度纳晶的裂尖J积分略低于粗晶,即整体上拥有更好的抗裂韧性．     

增韧环氧树脂的动态裂纹扩展研究

本文主要进行了环氧及增韧环氧树脂的断裂韧性及裂纹快速扩展的试验研究。试验过程中采用了ＧＬＣ－１型高速裂纹扩展测试仪来测试裂纹的扩展速度,得到在裂纹扩展过程中裂纹扩展速度曲线。本文结合不同的计算公式及有限元分析方法,讨论了各个确定断裂韧性公式的准确程度,发现传统的静态断裂韧性的分析方法所得到的结果偏大,有一定的危险性,建议使用试验与数值计算相结合的方法;同时还发现增韧不仅可以提高材料的静态和动态断裂性能,而且在裂纹扩展过程中可以起到减缓裂纹扩展的作用     

An experimental method for determining dynamic fracture toughness

The boundary and loading conditions in many dynamic fracture test methods are frequently not well defined and, therefore, introduce a degree of uncertainty in the modeling of the experiment to extract the dynamic fracture resistance for a rapidly propagating crack. A new dynamic fracture test method is presented that overcomes many of these difficulties. In this test, a precracked, three-point bend specimen is loaded by a transmitter bar that is impacted by a striker bar fired from a gas gun. Different levels of energy can be imparted to the specimen by varying the speed and length of the striker to induce different crack growth rates in the material. The specimen is instrumented with a crack ladder gage, crack-opening displacement gage and strain gages to develop requisite data to determine toughness. Typical data for AISI 4340 steel specimen are presented. A simple quasi-dynamic analysis model for deducing the fracture toughness for a running crack from these data is presented, and the results are compared with independent measurements.     

Study on fast fracture and crack arrest

In this paper, the experimental results of brittle-crack propagation and arrest on structural steels are analyzed using the finite-difference method. The test specimens used are double-tension and double-cantilever type (DCB). It is found that dynamic consideration is indispensable for general interpretation of fast fracture and crack arrest and material toughness can be defined as a function of temperature and crack velocity. Using the defined fracture toughness, crack-propagation-arrest behavior can be predicted by crack-propagation simulation if the condition of boundary loading of a specimen is known. This implies a possibility to develop simple methods for crack-arrester design.