辐射换热下瞬态热一结构分析的一种空间薄壁杆单元

发展了一种用于辐射换热条件下瞬态热一结构分析的空间薄壁杆单元，其截面形式可以是任意形状的闭口截面和单支开口截面。该单元温度场分解为平均温度和多谐摄动温度，沿杆轴方向采用两结点线性插值，沿杆截面周向用三角函数展开，每结点含多个解耦的自由度，其中结点平均温度方程同传统一维温度有限元方程为非线性，各谐摄动温度方程为线性，然后利用Wilson-θ法求解结构的瞬态温度场。本文选择了两节点Bernoulli直梁单元得到准静态热弹性有限元方程并求解，针对非对称开口截面考虑了翘曲变形及弯扭耦合的影响。温度场引起的等效热载荷不仅包括常规的热轴力，还包括热弯矩以及热双力矩。本文针对不同截面形式的粱单元给出了瞬态温度场以及热变形的验证算例，并通过与商业程序中二维壳元计算结果的比较说明了本文所提出方法的正确性和高效性。     

大型空间结构的热-动力学耦合问题及其有限元分析

论文对辐射换热条件下闭口薄壁杆件与单枝开口薄壁杆件的瞬态温度场问题,提出了一种一维傅立叶温度有限元,克服了传统一维温度单元只能计算薄壁杆截面平均温度的缺点,通过增加结点摄动温度自由度的方法,该一维单元能计算杆截面的温度分布.在此一维温度单元与梁位移单元相协调的基础上,进一步发展了大型空间结构热诱发振动稳定性判据与热颤振响应有限元计算方法.对于柔性空间结构发展了考虑几何非线性的热-结构动力学耦合有限元计算方法,成功地对这类结构的热动力屈曲问题进行了数值模拟.     

空间薄壁管结构瞬态温度场、热变形有限元分析

对于辐射换热的薄壁杆件航天结构，为分析其在太空中不同时刻的姿态下的温度场和热变形，构造了一种相对自由度矩形管单元。其基本思想是从2维非线性瞬态热传导方程出发，假设沿矩形管横截面上每边的温度为线性分布，用4个角点的平均温度和温差来表示矩形管横截面上的温度分布，构造了一种1维2结点温度杆单元，该单元每个结点包含平均温度，上下面温差，左右面温差3个自由度；在计算热变形时，此三个广义温度参数分别对应热轴力和2个热弯矩载荷。经与三维有限元计算结果的比较，证明用该单元计算的矩形管温度场和位移场是可靠的。利用这种新型的薄壁矩形管单元和本文作者在其他文章中提出的薄壁圆管单元，可以对非线性换热条件下的复杂空间结构进行比较准确的温度场和热变形有限元分析，最后本文计算了考虑遮挡的太阳能帆板的瞬态温度场和热变形以说明其应用价值。     

大型空间结构的热-结构动力学分析

空间结构在辐射换热条件下的热诱发振动是导致空间结构失效的一种典型模式。弄清热诱发振动的机理是理解热诱发振动失效的基础。本文针对常见的空间薄壁杆件结构，提出了一种能够对复杂结构及加热条件进行比较准确的温度场和热诱发振动分析的有限元方法。首先利用一种Founer-有限元方法，同时考虑杆截面内平均温度和温差，求解了包含辐射非线性的瞬态热传导问题，并推荐了一种有效降低求解规模的减缩近似方法-Lanczos方法。在此基础上，用有限元法求解了杆件结构的热诱发振动问题，并就杆截面内平均温度和温差对结构振动的影响以及最大动静态响应的比值分别进行了讨论．合理地解释了一类常见的热诱发振动现象，本文的数值算例说明了这点。     

TEC结构的三维非线性瞬态温度场分析

热电制冷器(TEC)以其体积小、作用速度快及无噪音等机械制冷无法替代的优点在航空航天和电子工业等领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文根据TEC的导热特点,推导了TEC结构稳态温度场的解析解,建立了其瞬态非线性温度场分析的微分方程。利用伽辽金法导出TEC结构热分析的有限元方程,对非线性热分析的有限元方程进行了求解,得到了TEC的稳态温度场和瞬态响应温度场。算例结果表明,本文提出的TEC结构热分析有限元模型具有较高的精度,能够有效地分析TEC的非线性瞬态温度场。     

Timoshenko-Euler楔形梁有限元

本文首先建立楔形梁包含轴力和剪切变形效应的平衡微分方程，由于该方法是二阶变系数微分方程，其争析解很难得到，本文通过将该方程中的变系数和方程的解用Chebyshev多项式逼近得到了Timoshenko-Euler楔形梁的单元刚度方程，最后通过算例检验了所得单元刚度方程的对称性，以及验证了计算悬臂梁挠度和悬臂柱弹性临界力的正确性及其收敛性，本文提出的方法可适用于任意变截面Timoshenko-Euler梁单元刚度方程的求解，运用此方法，除可以考虑轴力和剪切变形的影响外，还可以减少结构分析中的单元数和自由度，提高包含楔形构件的结构分析的精度和速度。     

热流密度/对流换热边界下双向梯度板的瞬态温度场分析

采用有限单元-有限差分法研究了热流密度/对流换热边界条件下双向梯度板的瞬态热传导问题。采用细观力学方法结合混合律准则描述了材料的热物理属性，通过推导一种8节点高阶双向梯度单元建立了结构的连续梯度有限元模型。计算给出了在考虑组份属性的温度效应下，温度场的时间响应历程以及不同时刻温度场的空间分布形式，并与材料属性温度无关时的计算结果进行了比较，最后讨论了相关参数对瞬态温度场的影响规律。结果表明：温度较低时，组份属性的温度效应对瞬态温度场影响很小；在 y 方向热流密度载荷的作用下，温度场沿 x、y 方向均存在明显的梯度；x 方向组份体积分布系数的增大，延长了温度场达到稳态需要的时间，绝对温度梯度沿 x、y 方向均增大，稳态温度场升高；增大 y 方向组份体积分布系数的值，情况相反。     

基于有限元分析的特征值反问题求解的逆摄动方法

本文研究特征值反问题的求解方法,根据广义特征值反问题理论和有限元法的特点,以转子系统平面梁单元有限元模型结构分析的特征值反问题求解为例,给出一种新的逆摄动方法,给出了本逆摄动法较完整的理论基础,给出了其逆摄动参数的显式计算公式及相应的取值方法,本逆摄动法也可推广到其他单元类型的有限元模型特征值反问题的求解。     

轴向约束梁柱在火灾引起温度沿截面不均匀分布条件下的大变形分析

火灾升温引起钢材强度和刚度降低,对温度沿截面分布不均匀的构件还将产生热弯曲,火灾下结构分析同时涉及几何非线性和材料非线性,无法求得解析解,只能通过数值方法求解.本文基于轴线可伸长梁理论,用勒让德多项式作为基函数逼近梁柱轴向和横向变形,根据平衡方程误差平方和最小的条件确定多项式系数的方法,分析了轴向约束钢柱在火灾引起的沿截面线性分布温度场下的受力和变形性能.考虑了温度梯度、轴向约束刚度比、荷载比、构件长度等参数的影响和升温条件下钢材的弹塑性性能的影响,该方法结果与解析结果和有限元分析结果吻合.研究表明,随着荷载比的增大构件的临界温度迅速降低,轴向约束刚度、温度梯度和构件长度仅影响构件的变形,对构件的临界温度影响较小.     

等截面梁有限变形的传递函数解法

本文应用传递函数方法对等截面梁的有限变形进行了分析,对于等截面梁的有限变形问题,该方法从变分方程出发把问题表述为状态空间的形式,然后利用Gauss积分对轴力进行加速迭代求解,不需要进行增量迭代即可取得具有良好计算精度的数值结果,对简单受力的等截面梁情况该解可以看作是所讨论问题的精确解。对于受力比较复杂或者阶梯变截面梁情况,为减少运算量,可以和有限元法类似,采用多个单元进行拼接,从而得到问题的解。数值算例表明,本方法具有半解析、精度高、收敛快等特点。     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.