钨塑性变形与断裂行为及其辐照效应的研究综述

金属钨具有独特的力学特性和物理化学特性，是核能、航空航天、微机电系统等领域广泛应用的结构材料.钨在服役条件下的变形和断裂行为是影响其服役状态的关键因素之一.但是，钨的塑性变形和断裂表现出异于其它金属材料的力学行为，比如，屈服强度表现出非施密特效应和拉压不对称性，断裂韧性低且具有各向异性、尺寸效应和温度效应，等等.这些特性与钨的位错特性、晶界特性、晶粒尺寸、晶粒取向等微结构紧密相关.辐照条件下高能粒子与钨原子的相互作用会引起其微观组织结构的变化，形成的位错、位错环等辐照缺陷导致钨的辐照硬化和辐照脆化，揭示钨微结构与力学行为之间的物理关系、研究辐照对钨力学行为的影响机制成为近年来关注的热点.论文围绕钨的塑性变形和断裂行为及其辐照效应，从实验、理论、模拟三个方面综述研究者们在原子尺度、位错尺度、单晶尺度、多晶宏观尺度取得的研究成果；最后，对钨力学行为研究方面的重要问题做出展望.     

考虑表面效应的形状记忆合金纳米梁弯曲特性研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys, SMAs)因其具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,在航空航天、生物医疗、微机电系统领域中得到了广泛的应用．当微结构尺度达到微纳米，表面效应对微结构力学性能的影响是十分显著的．本文基于梁弯曲变形理论以及Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论，考虑拉压不对称、温度对于SMA纳米梁的影响，建立了考虑表面效应的SMA纳米梁相变力学模型．分析了弯曲载荷、温度、表面残余应力以及表面弹性模量对SMA纳米梁力学性能的影响规律．研究表明在SMA纳米梁相变阶段，忽略和考虑表面效应所得的截面应力及应变相对误差较为明显；在相同弯矩下，随温度的增加SMA纳米梁的截面应力随之增加，并且表面效应对其影响有减小趋势；表面残余应力对SMA纳米梁的影响显著．该文研究结果为SMA纳米梁在微机电领域的设计以及应用提供了一定基础与依据．     

复杂微力－电系统的细微尺度力学

现代高新技术的崛起，提出了大量新的经典力学所不能完全包容的力学问题。这将是现代应用力学发展的巨大动力。微电子技术中微电子材料、器件、系统和微电子－机械系统（ｍｉｃｒｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ＭＥＭＳ）所组成的复杂微力－电系统，是跨世纪发展的新科技方向，本文简要介绍了复杂微力，电系统的工业技术背景和发展；综述了这一领域存在的力学问题，主要讨论细微尺度下的结构力学与破坏力学。并评介与展望了这一新的力学领域的研究状况和发展趋势。     

复杂微力－电系统的细微尺度力学

现代高新技术的崛起，提出了大量新的经典力学所不能完全包容的力学问题。这将是现代应用力学发展的巨大动力。微电子技术中微电子材料、器件、系统和微电子－机械系统（ｍｉｃｒｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ＭＥＭＳ）所组成的复杂微力－电系统，是跨世纪发展的新科技方向，本文简要介绍了复杂微力，电系统的工业技术背景和发展；综述了这一领域存在的力学问题，主要讨论细微尺度下的结构力学与破坏力学。并评介与展望了这一新的力学领域的研究状况和发展趋势。     

砂土扰动效应的细观探讨

从细观尺度上分析了砂土类介质两种典型理想单元体内部结构变化对其力学响应的影响；结果表明即使颗粒性质相同，其结构形式（packing)不同亦有不同的力学响应。这为砂土扰动效应提供了一种以定量分析为基础的新解释。     

纳米力学的数值模拟方法

纳米力学是一支新兴学科，主要研究100nm以下尺度上物质的行 为和变化规律.物质在纳米尺度上所具有的特殊效应如量子效应、微尺 度效应等导致了其特异的性能和行为.人们对纳米力学行为的认识，目 前主要通过试验观测和数值模拟等方法.本文概要回顾了分子动力学模 拟、蒙特卡罗模拟等纳米力学计算方法的研究进展及现状，提出了以 量子力学为基础、多学科交叉、多层次融合发展纳米力学研究方法的构 思，并对纳米力学研究方法所面临的问题及其发展趋势做了初步展望.     

从一道力学竞赛题解析扭曲变形效应对梁应力分布的影响

针对第十届全国周培源大学生力学竞赛传送装置梁问题，考虑应力边界条件，运用弹性力学体系给出了相对精确的应力解答；考虑剪切扭曲效应对应力分量的影响，比较了本文解答和官方解答的异同，并进一步考虑横向和切向载荷的综合作用，完整推导出了扭曲应力修正项。分析结果表明，将梁的纵向位移表达为纵、横坐标函数的分离形式所推出的修正项完整函数与弹性力学解答是一致的，悬臂梁的跨高比对扭曲效应影响较显著，官方题解在细长梁范围内是完全合理的，本文拓展解答有助于深化对材料力学知识体系的理解。     

地震波作用下埋地管道截面应力偏移效应研究

PE管广泛应用于城镇燃气、水和浆体等输送领域，地震灾害下埋地管道易发生失效。为此，提出了一种地震波作用下埋地PE管-土耦合数值建模方法，研究PE管力学特性，探究管道内压、地震烈度、围土和覆土厚度等对其力学响应影响规律。结果表明，地震波作用下管道截面应力出现偏移效应，而非0°,90°,180°和270°位置；内压作用下管壁应力增加；管道环向应力随着地震烈度增加而增大，且应力偏移效应更加显著。研究结果可为PE管道敷设和安全评价等提供理论依据。     

先进微制造力学

元器件小型化带来了功耗低、响应快、比容量大等显著优点，但同时也带来了新的技术挑战和科学问题，需要对微纳尺度下材料的机械物理性能及制造工艺进行深入研究。论文围绕先进微纳米制造技术与微纳米力学的密切关系，首先综述了聚焦离子束、纳米压印、3D打印等微纳米材料与结构的先进制造技术，并着重阐述了先进微纳米制造技术在力学前沿课题研究中的重要作用；另一方面，从方法与原理的角度阐述了力学思想和方法对先进微纳米制造技术的指导与促进作用。最后，还对目前一些先进微纳米制造技术及相关前沿力学问题进行了展望。     

基于尺寸效应的FG-SMA微梁非线性自由振动特性研究

形状记忆合金具有相变温度低、输出应力高、能耗小、驱动电压低、可恢复应变大、生物相容性好等特性。随着形状记忆合金制备技术的进一步发展，有学者提出将功能梯度形状记忆合金材料用于微机电系统等智能微结构，将使其具有更优良的特性。因此开展机电多场耦合功能梯度形状记忆合金微结构的非线性自由振动特性研究具有重要研究价值。本文基于冯卡门几何非线性理论，综合考虑静电力和分子间作用力的影响，考虑尺寸效应，基于修正偶应力理论，建立两端固定的功能梯度形状记忆合金微梁模型，对功能梯度形状记忆合金微梁相变前后的机电耦合非线性自由振动问题进行深入研究，分析了尺寸效应参数、几何结构参数和相变参数等对功能梯度形状记忆合金微梁自由振动特性的影响。     

Interplay between phononic bandgaps and piezoelectric microstructures for energy harvesting

The paper introduces a multifunctional structural design combining superior mechanical wave filtering properties and energy harvesting capabilities. The proposed concept is based on the ability of most periodic structures to forbid elastic waves from propagating within specific frequency ranges known as phononic bandgaps. The bandgap density and the resulting filtering effect are dramatically enhanced through the introduction of a microstructure consisting of stiff inclusions which resonate at specific frequencies and produce significant strain and energy localization. Energy harvesting is achieved as a result of the conversion of the localized kinetic energy into electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect featured by the material in the microstructure. The idea is illustrated through the application to hexagonal truss-core honeycombs featuring periodically distributed stiff cantilever beams provided with piezoelectric electrodes. The multifunctional capability results from the localized oscillatory phenomena exhibited by the cantilevers for excitations falling in the neighborhood of the bending fundamental frequencies of the beams. This application is of particular interest for advanced aerospace and mechanical engineering applications where distinct capabilities are simultaneously pursued and weight containment represents a critical design constraint. The scalability of the analysis suggests the possibility to miniaturize the design to the microscale for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications such as self-powered microsystems and wireless sensors.     

Application of homotopy analysis method in studying dynamic pull-in instability of microsystems

In this study, homotopy analysis method is used to derive analytic solutions to predict dynamic pull-in instability of electrostatically-actuated microsystems. The model considers midplane stretching, initial stress, distributed electrostatic force and fringing fields effect. Influences of different parameters on dynamic pull-in instability are investigated. Results are in good agreement with numerical and experimental findings.     

基于局域共振声子晶体结构的低频振动能量回收研究

通过对局域共振型声子晶体的带隙机理及其对能量的局域化作用的分析，提出了一种用于回收环境低频振动能量的新型局域共振结构，并结合有限元方法对此新型结构的振动特性和能量回收能力进行了分析和研究。根据结构的共振模态和“质量-弹簧”系统简化模型，改变结构的材料和几何尺寸可以使结构的前7阶共振频率降到50~250Hz的低频范围。在此基础上发展了一种低频宽带多核结构，在250Hz以下拥有几十甚至更多的共振频率，最低频率低至20Hz，进一步优化了结构的低频宽带共振特性。利用有限元软件对有限结构的频率响应和压电特性进行分析，证实了新型局域共振结构的对环境中低频振动能量的回收能力，并满足了环境振动能量回收的宽带要求。该结构可以应用于各种便携式设备、无线传感器和微机电等自供电系统中，从低频振动环境中的获取能量为自身供电。     

On-Chip Electrostatically Actuated Bending Tests for the Mechanical Characterization of Polysilicon at the Micro Scale

The issue of mechanical characterization of polysilicon used in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) is discussed in this paper. An innovative approach based on a fully on-chip testing procedure is described; two ad hoc designed electrostatically actuated microsystems are here used in order to determine experimentally the Young’s modulus and the rupture strength of polysilicon. The first device is based on a rotational test structure actuated by a system of comb-finger capacitors which load up to rupture a couple of tapered beams under bending in the plane parallel to the substrate. The second microsystem is based on a large plate with holes. It constitutes with the substrate a parallel plate capacitor moving in the direction orthogonal to the substrate itself. A couple of tapered beams placed at the centre of the plate is loaded up to rupture in bending in the plane orthogonal to the substrate. By means of the two devices, experimental data are obtained: they allow for a careful determination of Young’s modulus and rupture strength. The rupture values are interpreted by means of the Weibull approach; statistical size effects and stress gradient effect are taken into account thus allowing for a direct comparison between the data obtained from the two test structures.     

Experimental modal analysis for microelectromechanical systems

The structural dynamics behavior of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which include moving, overhung, and compliant subcomponents, plays a pivotal role in determining their performance and reliability. Traditionally, experimental modal analysis is used to characterize the dynamic behavior of structures, as well as to derive, validate, update, and correct analytical and numerical models. Due to their small size, however, conventional modal testing methods cannot be directly applied to microstructures. In this paper we provide an overview of modal testing techniques for microsystems. A particular experimental modal analysis methodology that includes base excitation via a piezoelectric shaker and measurement through a laser interferometer is then described and evaluated. A distinguishing characteristic of the methodology is its simplicity, including its simple setup and off-the-shelf components. The modal model is derived for the base excitation of microcantilever beams. The effectiveness of the methodology is illustrated through various experiments on polysilicon microcantilevers for different geometries and ambient pressures. Analysis of the damping data for different pressures has confirmed the well-documented fact that the structural damping in microsystems can be considerably less than damping arising from interaction with the ambient gases.     

变分原理分析开裂简支箱梁剪力滞效应

变分原理通常应用于箱形截面梁剪力滞效应弹性分析,本文基于换算截面法,运用变分原理推导了预应力混凝土简支箱梁均布荷载作用、钢筋混凝土简支箱梁集中荷载作用的剪力滞系数计算公式,考虑了混凝土开裂对箱梁剪力滞效应的影响,并与试验结果和规范方法进行了对比分析。变分原理分析开裂混凝土箱梁剪力滞效应方法力学概念明确,是其弹性分析适用范围的拓展,亦可推广应用到混凝土连续箱梁开裂后的剪力滞效应分析,具有广阔的应用前景。     

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分析了机械通风房间气流分岔的原因和主要影响参数. 首先根据射流理论，结 合数值模拟结果，通过分析Coanda效应在平面射流和集中射流中的作用，解释了平面射流相 对出射时可能出现分岔、而集中射流一般不出现分岔的原因，得出Coanda效应是引起分岔的 主要机理. 然后采用正交试验理论和方差分析法分析了影响分岔的参数，找到显著性因子， 并得出分岔强度和主要影响因子之间的关系.     

Non-trivial effects of high-frequency excitation for strongly damped mechanical systems

Some non-trivial effects are investigated, which can occur if strongly damped mechanical systems are subjected to strong high-frequency (HF) excitation. The main result is a theoretical prediction, supported by numerical simulation, that for such systems the (quasi-) equilibrium states can change substantially with the level of damping. For example, a strongly damped pendulum, with a hinge vibrated at high frequency along an elliptical path with horizontal or vertical axis, will line up along a line offset from the vertical; the offset vanishes for very light or very strong damping, attaining a maximum that can be substantial (depending on the strength of the HF excitation) for finite values of the damping. The analysis is focused on the differences between the classic results for weakly damped systems, and new effects for which the strong damping terms are responsible. The analysis is based on a slightly modified averaging technique, and includes an elementary example of an elliptically excited pendulum for illustration, alongside with a generalization to a broader class of strongly damped dynamical systems with HF excitation. As an application example, the non-trivial behavior of a classical optimally controlled non-linear system is investigated, illustrating how HF excitation may cause the controller to leave the system in an unexpected equilibrium state, quite different from the setpoint. The effects can be interesting for specialists in control of mechanical systems and structures. However the obtained results are more general. Similar effects could be expected first of all for microsystems where damping forces are typically dominating over inertia forces.     

双肋式T形梁力学性能的理论分析

以能量变分原理为基础,考虑了剪滞翘曲应力自平衡条件、剪力滞后和剪切变形等因素,建立了双肋式T形梁广义位移的控制微分方程和自然边界条件,获得了相应广义位移的闭合解.进而以算例为基础讨论了自平衡条件、剪力滞后和剪切变形等因素对双肋式T形梁正应力和挠度的贡献.解析解与有限元数值解吻合更好,说明了本文方法的有效性.     

基于微结构指标主成分分析的沉桩挤土效应研究

前期研究已认识到,土的宏观力学性质及其表现从本质上应取决于土的微观结构。在结构性较强的软土中沉桩,桩周土体内部结构会发生显著变化,土体的强度与变形性质是这种内在变化的宏观表现,研究土体微观结构与宏观力学行为变化之间的关系,对认知土体的力学性质,从微观出发去认识沉桩挤土效应的机理,指导工程实践具有重要地理论和现实意义。本文基于天津滨海地基土实际静压桩工程,在沉桩的不同时刻、沿桩身的不同位置取桩周土体原状土样进行室内三轴固结不排水剪切试验,得到土体强度指标参数,同时进行对应的微观结构试验,得到垂直与水平方向的10个微结构指标。采用主成分分析方法,在微结构指标中提取3个主成分,较好地分析了土体微结构特征。研究表明: 3个主成分与黏聚力之间存在较好的相关关系,而与内摩擦角之间的相关性相对较弱; 第一主成分对各微结构信息的提取比较充分,第二、第三主成分是对第一主成分未反映信息的进一步补充。同时主成分分析表明,土体微结构性质对强度性质起控制作用,在沉桩过程中,近地表和下部土层宏观力学指标表现出了相反的变化规律。主成分分析方法较好地表述了土体的微结构性质,为进一步从微观入手解释沉桩挤土效应机理提供了有力依据。