A thermal-elastic analysis on laser-induced reverse bulging and plugging in circular brass foil

A new failure mode is observed in circular brass foils induced by laser beam. The new failure is based on the following experimental facts : (1) the peripheries of the circular brass foils are fixed and the surfaces of the foils are radiated by laser beam ; (2) the laser beam used is considered to be non-Gaussian spatially, actually an approximately uniform distribution limited in a certain size spot ; (3) the pulse on time of laser beam should be 250 μs, i.e. so called long duration pulse laser. The failure process consists of three stages ; i.e. thermal bulging, localized shear deformation and perforation by plugging. The word reverse in reverse bulging and plugging mode means that bulging and plugging occur in the direction of incident laser beam. To study the newly-discovered type of failure quantitatively, analytical solutions for the axisymmetric temperature field and deflection curve are derived. The calculated results show that the newly discovered failure mode is attributed to the spatial structure effect of laser beam indeed.     

激光破坏机理研究的一个新进展

当入射激光的波长、辐照时间、平均功率密度保持相同的条件下，改变激光的时。空结构会产生不同的破坏模式，在上述激光基本参数不变时，如何合理选择激光的时。空分布以便达到最佳的破坏效果，这类问题可称之为激光破坏机理研究中的反问题。迄今为止，人们对这一“反问题”的研究甚少。本文利用非高斯空间分布激光辐照黄铜薄片材料，产生了一种特殊的破坏模式──反冲塞效应，并对此进行了较系统的实验与理论分析，激光破坏反问题的提出和初步探索是研究激光破坏机理的一个新概念和新进展。     

A large-scale finite element point-connector model for self-piercing rivet connections

A new resultant-based point-connector model has been developed for use with large-scale finite element crash simulations for non-linear explicit finite element analysis. The nature of the model has been based on the observed physical failure behaviour of a self-piercing rivet connecting two aluminium sheets. The model is able to describe the complete force-deformation behaviour of the SPR connection from initial loading until failure. The paper gives an overview of the analytical background of the model and shows how the model parameters can be identified from experiments using a reverse engineering approach.     

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基于计算结构力学理论与递推公式相结合的方法，推导出随机刚架结构在退化成机构 前各阶段的内力与结构处于初始状态时的内力关系. 因此，在基于随机有限元的可靠性分 析过程中，不必反复修改刚阵和进行反向节点力的增加，在极限状态函数对设计变量求导 过程中，导数形式只用到了原结构总刚度矩阵和原结构外载向量，这对编写电算程序是有 益的. 应用所提的方法与其它基于随机有限元的可靠性分析方法所求得的结果是一致 的，且大大提高了计算效率.     

月壤样品袋整形缠绕运动分析与仿真

月壤样品袋整形是探月工程月壤采样的重要一环。传统仿真分析是按照给定的几何参数和材料参数进行动力学建模。本文运用逆向思维，在样品袋顺利缠绕条件下，建立整形缠绕系统的运动学模型；根据样品袋顺利缠绕的运动方程和受力分析，得到顺利缠绕的卷筒驱动条件和结构运动参数范围。结果表明，导向套运行速度是影响缠绕的关键因素，且需要与卷筒角速度匹配调整。当卷筒角速度为0.6 r/min时，导向套运行速度调整为11.63 mm/min，可以使样品袋重叠点和失效范围达到最小。研究结果为样品袋整形缠绕系统设计提供了参考。     

Exact transient results for pure and grazing indentation with friction

Exact transient 2D solutions are presented for pure and grazing indentation of elastic half-planes by rigid dies in the presence of friction. Slip is assumed to occur everywhere in this essentially first-step dynamic analysis, in accordance with the Coulomb model. Similarly, contact zone speeds are treated as sub-critical constants to be determined by the analysis.The results obtained for pure indentation by a wedge give an essentially linear contact zone expansion rate-indentation speed relation, and show that the region under the wedge apex is a potential site for tensile failure. The results for grazing indentation by a wedge give, on the other hand, a non-linear expansion rate-indentation speed relation.The short-time analysis of simultaneous punching and translation by a spring-loaded cylinder completes the study and, like the grazing wedge case, exhibits tangential contact zone velocities that are greater under the trailing side. These velocities, however, can reverse sign under the leading side, thereby suggesting small-scale material wrinkling as a surface wear precursor.     

STUDY ON NONLINEAR CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF STITCHED C/SiC COMPOSITES$^{\bf 1)}$

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.     

缝合式C/SiC复合材料非线性本构关系及断裂行为研究

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.      

单轴载荷下X80钢的包申格效应研究

本文通过单轴拉伸和压缩试验研究了X80管线钢的包申格效应(BE)。采用正向与反向加载方法研究材料变形历史特性。测定了X80钢的简单拉伸试验曲线,其应力-应变关系表明,该材料具有理想弹塑性特点。为了得到X80钢的BE,在不同预变形下对几个试件分别进行加载,并当给定的预应变值分别达到0.63%,0.67%,0.95%,1.27%和1.55%时就卸载。随后再进行反向加载实验,并记录应力应变曲线。该钢材反向加载时出现加工硬化,且屈服强度比正向加载时要低。正反向加载之间的屈服强度差值随着预应变增加而增大;当预应变超过0.95%时,反向屈服强度达到恒量。实验表明,X80钢的反向加载特性可用Remberg-Osgood关系拟合。最后给出了屈服强度降和预塑性应变之间的经验公式。     

A SURFACE SUBSIDENCE MODEL OF COAL SEAM MINING IN MOUNTAIN AREA BASED ON PLATE BENDING DEFORMATION1)

分析了长壁工作面采煤上覆岩层破坏、移动的 “三带” 理论,认为地表的下沉变形受控于弯曲下沉带,且地表的最大下沉量远小于弯曲带岩层的厚度,弯曲带岩层的变形符合板的小挠度弯曲问题。在此基础上,根据山区地形地貌的特征及山体坡向与煤层倾向的关系,将地表山体简化为顺向坡、反向坡、沟槽、山岭四种情况,用薄板理论中的半逆解法分别建立了四种地貌情形下的地表下沉盆地模型。模型虽然作了一些简化假设,但体现了煤层倾角、埋深、岩层物理力学性质、地貌形状等影响开采沉陷的主要因素。     

Taking account of the martensite inelasticity in the reverse phase transformation in shape memory alloys

The model of nonlinear deformation of shape memory alloys (SMA) is generalized to the case in which the possible structural transition in the reverse martensitic transformation is taken into account. The statement of active thermomechanical processes of proportional variation in the stress deviatoric components is justified. The problem of buckling on an SMA bar due to the reverse martensitic transformation is solved. It is shown that taking account of the structural transition under buckling in the process of reverse transformation significantly changes the solution of this problem.     

聚合物驱交替注入改善吸液剖面的力学机制及效果评价方法

开发实践表明,聚合物驱采用单一段塞注入方式,暴露出了易发生剖面返转的问题。鉴于此,研究了通过交替注入方式改善吸液剖面的新型驱油方法。应用渗流力学基本定律,结合实验数据,论证了单一段塞注入剖面返转及交替注入抑制剖面返转的力学机制。结果表明,注聚合物过程中高、低渗层阻力系数表现规律不同,而交替注入方式能够使高、低渗层阻力系数表现规律趋同,是单一段塞注入方式发生剖面返转、交替注入方式抑制剖面返转的根本原因。本文建立了用低、高渗层累积阻力系数的比值作为吸液剖面改善效果的评价方法,该比值越小,低渗层吸液比例越高,吸液剖面改善效果越好。     

THE VISUAL EXPERIMENTAL TEACHING METHOD FOR MATERIAL FAILURE1)

基于数字图像相关技术,提出材料破坏过程可视化的实验教学方法,并以混凝土材料为例,介绍该方法在劈拉与单轴压缩实验中的应用及其效果。通过监测混凝土劈拉与压缩破坏过程,分析了该材料破坏模式,揭示了混凝土材料劈拉与压缩破坏机理。应用数字图像相关方法获得试件表面应变场分布,验证了材料破坏机理,并提出适用的破坏强度理论。     

Failure of spot welds under in-plane static loading

Under in-plane loading conditions, two independent modes contribute to the failure of a spot weld: the in-plane shear mode and the in-plane rotational mode. In this work, the failures of both modes under large static load are examined individually. To study the combined failure of these two modes, two special test coupons are designed. The first coupon contains one spot weld. The second coupon contains five spot welds. Tests conducted in this work show that a very simple force-based failure criterion can be used to predict the failure of a spot weld under large in-plane combined static loads. Current multiaxial failure theory cannot explain this combined failure. This force-based spot weld failure criterion fits current automotive industry needs for body shell finite element application very well.     

冗余桁架结构系统可靠性分析理论与算法

在阶段临界强度分枝-约界准则的基础上结合网络分析技术,提出了适用于大中型结构自动化可靠性分析的全局临界强度分枝-约界准则和相应的算法。该算法在一级和多级搜索纵深的条件下,可严格确保不遗漏结构系统的主要失效模式,数值计算结果表明,该算法具有良好的收敛效率。     

结构系统静强度与断裂的综合可靠性分析

基于疲劳载荷作用下裂纹扩展的随机性,建立了结构系统综合考虑静强度和断裂的可靠性分析方法,该方法给出了元件静强度失效时所对应的当量寿命,并建立了元件综合失效判别准则,分析了元件静强度失效和断裂失效之间的相关性.算例表明,随使用年限的增加,元件静强度失效和断裂失效之间的相关性也在增加;在不同的使用年限内,结构系统主要失效路径是不同的,并且在结构系统主要失效路径中既有元件静强度失效又有元件断裂失效;若只考虑静强度或断裂的结构可靠性分析,分析结果偏于危险.     

Deformation rate effects on failure modes of open-cell Al foams and textile cellular materials

The compressive behavior of open-cell aluminum alloy foam and stainless steel woven textile core materials have been investigated at three different deformation rate regimes. Quasi-static compressive tests were performed using a miniature loading frame, intermediate rates were achieved using a stored energy Kolsky bar, and high strain rate tests were performed using a light gas gun.In agreement with previous studies on foam materials, the strain rate was not found to have a significant effect on the plateau stress of metallic foams. For all the tests, real time imaging of the specimen combined with digital image correlation analysis allowed the determination of local deformation fields and failure modes. For the Kolsky bar tests, the deformations in the foam specimen were found to be more distributed than for the quasi-static test, which is attributed to moderate inertia effects. The differences in failure mode are more dramatic for the gas gun experiments, where a full compaction shock wave is generated at the impact surface. The stresses in front and behind the shock wave front were determined by means of direct and reverse gas gun impact tests, i.e., stationary and launched specimen, respectively. A one-dimensional shock wave model based on an idealized foam behavior is employed to gain insight into the stress history measurements. We show that the predictions of the model are consistent with the experimental observations. Woven textile materials exhibited moderate dependence of strength on the deformation rate in comparison with open-cell foam materials.     

多个模式联合失效的设计点及概率的计算

提出了多个模式联合失效设计点的概念，并以此设计点作为计算联合失效概率的重要抽样函数的密度中心，算例表明本文方法可大大提高求多阶失效概率重要抽样法的投点效率和收敛速度，从而提高系统失效概率的计算精度。     

结构可靠度的虚拟变量算法

从与结构失效函数有关随机变量均值和协方差的确定性特征出发 ,提出了准确计算结构可靠度的一种虚拟变量算法。使用虚拟变量算法时 ,只需给出失效函数就能正确算出结构的可靠度。由于无需人工确定失效函数的偏导数 ,计算较为简单 ,当失效函数形式复杂、与失效函数有关随机变量较多时 ,可使计算效率得到显著提高