基于菱形压电作动器和内模控制策略的微振动隔振研究

提出了一种以菱形压电作动器为隔振元件,并结合内模控制策略的微振动主动隔振方法。首先设计并分析了菱形压电作动器,分析其力电耦合特性;以单自由度主动隔振系统为例,建立了隔振系统的动力学模型。在此基础上,设计了基于内模控制的主动隔振策略,进行了含有模型误差、迟滞等多工况的数值仿真分析。仿真结果表明,隔振位移传递率最大可达94%。菱形压电作动器结合内模控制策略的振动主动控制技术具有较好的隔振能力,为进一步微振动平台的主动隔振设计与实验研究奠定了基础。     

压电智能梁的阻抗分析与损伤识别

压电陶瓷具有正、逆压电效应，可以用作自驱动传感器．该文对表面粘贴有单片压电陶瓷的压电智能钢梁进行了阻抗分析．讨论了单压电片驱动下钢粱的纵向振动和弯曲振动，得到了压电智能梁的机械阻抗．介绍了压电片与基梁的机电耦合作用及基于压电阻抗技术的结构损伤识别机理．以两端自由钢梁为例对压电智能梁的压电阻抗进行了数值与实验验证，结果表明数值计算结果与实验结果基本相符．利用压电阻抗技术对两端自由的裂纹钢梁进行了损伤识别实验研究，实验结果发现，裂纹的出现引起高频段压电阻抗实部和虚部曲线出现了明显的变化；随着裂纹尺寸的增大，曲线谐振频率和反谐振频率逐渐减小．由此可见，通过测量钢梁损伤前后压电陶瓷片的电阻抗变化能够识别梁中的裂纹损伤．     

基于LQG最优控制法的压电智能结构独立模态空间控制

采用压电材料作为传感器和驱动器对智能结构振动主动控制进行研究,基于机电耦合的压电智能结构传感和驱动方程,将振动控制动力学方程变换到模态空间对方程进行解耦。通过计算结构最大应变,确定压电元件的最佳粘贴位置。考虑到系统过程噪声和量测噪声的影响,设计Kalman滤波器,采用基于线性二次型高斯(LQG)最优控制的独立模态空间控制方法对压电智能结构的振动进行控制。最后以压电智能悬臂梁为例进行控制仿真,验证了此方法的有效性。     

复合材料层板构件气弹振动控制实验研究

飞机局部复合材料构件存在着因涡流作用诱发的弹性振动问题。本文首先研究了表面粘贴型压电元件对复合材料构件的传感和驱动原理;针对结构待控模态的要求,采用了D-准则优化确定同位压电传感/驱动器在构件中的布置方案;应用自适应振动前馈控制原理和方法,构造了闭环控制系统;分别利用正弦和方波信号激发气动声场,对玻纤/环氧圆筒构件进行激振和振动控制实验;结果表明：构件主要待控模态的振动得到了有效抑制,但也出现了高阶模态被激发的问题,导致结构辐射噪声上升。     

基于外贴压电陶瓷的钢管砼界面剥离检测机理的数值模拟研究

界面剥离的存在会给钢管混凝土构件的力学性能带来负面影响,本文提出了一种利用外贴式压电陶瓷的应力波测量小波包分析的钢管混凝土构件界面剥离检测的方法。考虑压电陶瓷片的压电效应及与钢管混凝土构件的耦合效应,建立了二维多物理场耦合有限元模型;采用外贴压电陶瓷片作为驱动器和传感器,通过数值模拟研究了在简谐激励下不同缺陷试件压电传感器电压信号幅值及扫频信号激励下,不同缺陷试件传感器测量信号的小波包能量评价指标的变化规律。结果表明,界面剥离引起外贴压电陶瓷传感器电压信号幅值和测量信号的小波包能量下降,界面剥离越大,二者下降得越多。     

具有弱界面特性叠层压电球壳的自由振动

针对具有弱界面的叠层压电球壳自由振动,引入两个位移和应力函数,从三维压电弹性理论基本方程出发建立了分别对应于两类振动形式的独立状态方程,并通过球面谐函数展开技术以及近似层合模型将其化为关于径向坐标的常系数状态方程.采用弱界面模型建立状态向量的界面传递关系,与层内传递关系得到球壳内外状态变量的整体传递关系.最后考虑球壳内...     

纳米尺度压电球壳的径向自由振动分析

基于非局域弹性理论研究了纳米尺度压电球壳的径向自由振动,为了得到控制方程的解析解忽略了非局域效应对电位移的影响.假设球壳沿径向极化,推导了用径向位移表达的非局域微分控制方程.考虑到尺度效应,应用边界条件得到了球壳径向自由振动的频率方程.利用频率方程本文讨论了自然频率与非局域参数以及半径比之间的关系.根据计算结果,径向振动频率受到非局域效应的显著影响.     

基于压电智能结构的垂尾减振系统

以垂尾为研究对象，根据模态分析结果，将压电驱动和传感元件分为两 组，并以对称方式嵌入到垂尾中，为了解决驱动器的输出与参考信号相耦合导致的不稳定 问题，提出一种解耦的自适应前馈控制算法，设计了能够主动减振的垂尾系统，进而降低了 垂尾振动引起的疲劳损伤. 实验结果表明，该垂尾能够较好地抑制飞行过程中的振动.     

压电/纤维复合材料耦合旋转驱动器力学设计模型

本文在经典层合板理论和三维压电材料本构方程的基础上,依据压电材料与纤维复合材料之间的相互作用、位移连续条件,建立了压电—纤维复合材料旋转耦合驱动器力学模型,并推导出电耦合方程。计算和初步实验说明,这种新型结构的压电伸缩变形—离轴纤维复合层扭转变形耦合旋转驱动器比同类型驱动器能量密度高、转矩大,且这种旋转电机结构简单紧凑、工作稳定、寿命长、预计随着研究的进一步深入,可望成为一种新型的微致驱动器而广泛应用于微型机械、精密测量和自动控制等领域。     

生物芯片压电微流体泵液-固耦合系统模态分析

对压电微流体泵粘性流体周期流动进行厚度积分平均近似,得到包含粘性的,非线性浅水波动方程,并采用有限元法得到微泵液体压强矩阵方程．液体压强矩阵方程和压电硅片振动有限元方程耦合,得到一个包含微泵进出口扩散管的液-固耦合系统振动方程．液-固耦合系统的模态分析结果表明,做泵液-固耦合系统的自然频率比不耦合的硅片振动自然频率低很多．随着微泵厚度的减少,液体附加质量和粘性阻尼对耦合系统自然频率的影响更加明显．同时发现,对应的压电片振型函数在液-固耦合前后没有明显变化,还给出硅片-阶模态的振幅-频率特征曲线,对薄型无阀压电微流体泵,浅水波模型合理地表达了微泵液体流动和压电硅片振动的相互作用,以及液体附加质量和粘性阻尼对微泵液-固耦合系统动力特征的影响。     

厚度振动模式下背衬结构PZT的声能特性

为了充分利用埋入混凝土中压电陶瓷所激励的声能,采用了一种在压电陶瓷圆片结构的一面设置金属背衬的方法将压电陶瓷双侧的声能集中到一侧,提高了声指向性和声能。实验表明:该方法能使同距离下压电陶瓷圆片轴向声能提高10倍以上,并且得到了声能的相对增量随背衬厚度和声激励频率之积变化的特性曲线。声信号的谱分析还表明:背衬没有改变声信号的主频和主峰区间的频率带宽;当声激励频率为谐振频率79kHz时,最优背衬厚度为2.4mm;当声激励频率f为60kHz～100kHz时,接收端声能相对较大,适合用于实际的压电埋入式超声无损检测。     

Effects of electric field on crack growth for a penny-shaped dielectric crack in a piezoelectric layer

The assumptions of impermeable and permeable cracks give rise to significant errors in determining electro-elastic behavior of a cracked piezoelectric material. The former simply imposes that the permittivity or electric displacement of the crack interior vanishes, and the latter neglects also the effects of the dielectric of an opening crack interior. Considering the presence of the dielectric of an opening crack interior and the permeability of the crack surfaces for electric field, this paper analyzes electro-elastic behavior induced by a penny-shaped dielectric crack in a piezoelectric ceramic layer. In the cases of prescribed displacement or prescribed stress at the layer surfaces, the Hankel transform technique is employed to reduce the problem to Fredholm integral equations with a parameter dependent nonlinearly on the unknown functions. For an infinite piezoelectric space, a closed-form solution can be derived explicitly, while for a piezoelectric layer, an iterative technique is suggested to solve the resulting nonlinear equations. Field intensity factors are obtained in terms of the solution of the equations. Numerical results of the crack opening displacement intensity factors are presented for a cracked PZT-5H layer and the effect of applied electric field on crack growth are examined for both cases. The results indicate that the fracture toughness of a piezoelectric ceramic is affected by the direction of applied electric fields, dependent on the elastic boundary conditions.     

Electromechanical behaviour of a finite piezoelectric layer under a flat punch

This paper solves the problem of a smooth and frictionless punch on a piezoelectric ceramic layer. Different electrical boundary conditions that employ conducting or insulating punches are presented. The stress and electric displacement intensity factors are used to characterize the electromechanical fields at the punch tip. The field intensity factors are obtained numerically for finite layer thickness. Effects of the thickness of the piezoelectric layer on the stress and electric displacement, and the stress and electric displacement intensity factors at the punch tip are discussed. Solution technique for two identical and collinear surface punches on the piezoelectric layer is also provided and the effect of relative distance between the punches is investigated. Numerical results for some interesting special cases, such as conducting punch and insulating punch, and infinite piezoelectric layer thickness, are presented.     

Bending of a radially prestressed annular plate by tilting a central rigid inclusion

A thin annular plate contains a rigid, circular, central inclusion. The plate is subjected to a large axisymmetric radial load at its outer edge, where it is also restrained against transverse displacement and rotation. A couple applied to the rigid inclusion causes it to rotate about its diameter out of the plane of the plate. We use the method of matched asymptotic expansions to find an approximate expression for the applied couple as a function of the angle of rotation of the rigid inclusion. If the outer radius of the annulus is very large compared to the inner radius, then the couple required to rotate a truly rigid inclusion is 25% higher than the couple required to rotate an inclusion whose membrane strain stiffness is the same as that of the plate (cf. ref. [3]) through the same small angle.     

Charged dislocations in piezoelectric bimaterials

In some piezoelectric semiconductors and ceramic materials, dislocations can be electrically active and could be even highly charged. However, the impact of dislocation charges on the strain and electric fields in piezoelectric and layered structures has not been presently understood. Thus, in this paper, we develop, for the first time, a charged three-dimensional dislocation loop model in an anisotropic piezoelectric bimaterial space to study the physical and mechanical characteristics which are essential to the design of novel layered structures. We first develop the analytical model based on which a line-integral solution can be derived for the coupled elastic and electric fields induced by an arbitrarily shaped and charged three-dimensional dislocation loop. As numerical examples, we apply our solutions to the typical piezoelectric AlGaN/GaN bimaterial to analyze the fields induced by charged square and elliptic dislocation loops. Our numerical results show that, except for the induced elastic (mechanical) displacement, charges along the dislocation loop could substantially perturb other induced fields. In other words, charges on the dislocation loop could significantly affect the traditional dislocation-induced stress/strain, electric displacement, and polarization fields in piezoelectric bimaterials.     

Acoustic model of ceramic angular contact ball bearing based on multi-sound source method

This study focuses on the radiation noise of ceramic angular contact ball bearings for motorised spindles. The differential equations of the vibrations for each bearing component are established, and the characteristics of various sound sources are analysed. Then, a multi-sound source method for calculating the radiation noise of a ceramic angular contact ball bearing is developed. The accuracy and validity of the proposed method are verified through numerical calculations and a corresponding experiment. Subsequently, the frequency spectrum characteristics of the radiation noise of the bearing components are discussed in detail according to the multi-sound source method. The radiation noise of each bearing component varies nonlinearly with the rotation speed, and the variation is consistent with the total radiation noise of the bearing. The eigenfrequency noise of each component appears clearly in the noise frequency spectrum. The results show that the proposed method can well predict the radiation noise of a ceramic angular contact ball bearing and provide a theoretical reference for the study of silent ceramic angular contact ball bearings for motorised spindles.     

层合结构压电器件的机电耦合响应

压电传感嚣和致动器都可以看成是由压电材料层和非压电(弹性)材料层交替铺设而成。对于这类任意铺设的层合板悬臂梁结构，推导出了表示力学变形与外加电场之间耦合效应的解析表达式。进而，又推导出了两类(一类为单层压电-弹性层。另一类为双层压电-弹性层)层合型悬臂梁结构机电耦合性能的解析公式。在该机电耦合模型中，包括了两个压电常数d211和d222。最后。通过比较解析解、实验值以及有限元计算结果，发现它们吻合得很好。     

压电弹性层合板静力机耦合特性的解析解

应用经典权壳理论和压电理论对层合板结构进行简化。对四边简支压电层合板在不同电学边界条件下,包括四边电学开路和电学短路。上下表面受外电压及无外加电压作用,进行分析,求得了电势和挠度的解析表达式,给出了压电层和基体的挠度、电势分布图。     

Damage initiation and growth in metals. Comparison between modelling and tomography experiments

Damage in heterogeneous model materials was measured using high-resolution X-ray absorption tomography. The material consisted of an aluminium matrix containing 1% and 4% of spherical ceramic particles acting as nucleation sites for an interface decohesion mechanism of damage. The damage initiation stage was quantified using the global population of particles in the 4% material. A strain path change experiment was then applied to the 1% material. The sample was first deformed in tension in order to create elongated cavities and then compressed at 45^° to rotate and close these cavities. The results of a model based on the Rice and Tracey approach accounting for the presence of particles inside the cavities and calculating their rotation with assuming a linear hardening plastic behaviour of the matrix were compared with the observations. The model was modified to account for the damage initiation phase. It was shown to give a good global prediction of the void volume fraction provided that the physical, mechanical and morphological information are corresponding in the experimental and the model cases. The cavity rotation experiment was also shown to compare well with the calculation although only one cavity was sufficiently opened after compression to allow the comparison.