一种低应变率下钢纤维混凝土本构关系

采用岩石力学试验机,开展了同一低应变率下,钢纤维体积含量分别为0%、0.75%、1.5%、3%、4.5%、6%的混凝土材料的准静态力学试验,并获得了材料的应力-应变曲线,由试验结果可知:钢纤维混凝土材料的峰值应力、峰值应变随着纤维含量的增加而提高,材料达到峰值应力后呈现应力的应变软化特征。基于试验应力-应变曲线,提出了一种合理的钢纤维混凝土准静态本构关系,通过拟合试验应力-应变曲线,获得了相应的材料参数,拟合结果表明采用该形式的本构关系方程能很好地拟合试验曲线。     

中应变率下钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程实验研究

在简要评述有关中应变速率下钢纤维混凝土动态力学性能的实验研究现状后,详细介绍了在Instron1342材料实验机的基础上经自行改装设计的钢纤维混凝土动态测试系统,并对实验方案、试件制作与加载及量测过程进行了阐述。利用该系统,成功完成了应变率由1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1三个数量级范围内的钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程试验(四点弯拉),得到了中应变率下钢纤维混凝土的应力、应变全过程曲线。同时,对实验结果进行了综合分析,实验结果表明:中应变率下,应变率不同时钢纤维混凝土的应力应变全曲线具有很好的相似性,而峰值应力、峰值应变与弹性模量(割线模量)随应变率的增加均有不同程度的提高。当应变速率从1.38×10-4s-1增大到0.532×10-1s-1时,SFRC的抗拉强度提高30%左右,峰值应力对应的应变提高10%左右,动态拉伸弹性模量提高20%左右。中应变率(1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1)下,当钢纤维掺量从0%增加到4%时,钢纤维混凝土的抗拉强度提高1.3倍左右。     

混凝土高温动态力学特性与本构方程

混凝土材料是多相复合材料,高温动荷载作用下其力学行为非常复杂。为此,对混凝土在爆炸、火灾等高温环境中力学特性的研究,有利于减小混凝土结构在爆炸及火灾事故中的损失。文中首先利用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置(SHPB)设计出一套混凝土高温试验方案,然后基于15组试验工况对混凝土在温度为16℃至650℃范围内,加载撞击速度分别为5m/s、7m/s和12m/s时进行了SHPB试验,获得了与之对应的应力应变曲线。试验结果表明,混凝土应变率增强效应与高温弱化效应相互耦合,致使混凝土受温度的影响显著大于其应变率。最后,由试验结果以经典损伤理论模型为基础,根据混凝土高温动态力学特性,构建了一个统一的方程来描述混凝土高温动态应力应变关系的全过程,并且该本构方程计算结果与试验数据吻合良好。     

高强钢纤维混凝土冲击压缩特性试验研究

采用大尺寸SHPB装置 ,对钢纤维体积分数在 0～ 6 %的高强钢纤维混凝土进行冲击压缩试验 ,得到应变率约 10 0s-1下的应力 应变全曲线及方程 ,给出抗压强度与应变率的关系 ,讨论了钢纤维含量对冲击强度的影响。     

钢纤维高强混凝土冲击压缩的试验研究

介绍了利用100 mm SHPB装置获得钢纤维高强混凝土冲击压缩应力-应变曲线的试验研究。同一类试样在静态和动态共4个不同应变率下的试验结果揭示混凝土是应变率敏感材料，其破坏应变、峰值应变和弹性模量表现出显著的应变率强化效应。从静态和动态压缩下混凝土损伤演化的不同形式对这种应变率强化效应进行了详细讨论。从相近应变率下不同钢纤维含量试样的试验结果中，发现冲击压缩下钢纤维对混凝土的增强效应随应变率的增大而减弱。从钢纤维对混凝土静态和动态压缩下损伤演化形式的影响，讨论了钢纤维对混凝土的这种增强效应。     

一种新形式的钢纤维混凝土冲击动态本构关系及材料参数的确定

采用?75 mm大口径SHPB系统进行了钢纤维体积率为0%、0.75%、1.5%三种混凝土材料动态性能实验，得出了不同钢纤维含量、不同应变率下的材料应力-应变关系曲线，实验结果表明:随着纤维含量及应变率的增加，钢纤维混凝土材料的峰值应变、峰值应力都随之提高，并在峰值应力之后出现应力的应变软化现象。以此实验结果为基础，提出了一种依赖于应变和应变率相关函数的新型非线性黏塑性动态本构关系，并通过对实验曲线的三步逐次最小二乘优选模拟，得到了相应的材料参数。结果表明，该本构关系对实验数据的模拟效果较好。     

基于分形理论的高强混凝土动态损伤本构关系

基于高强混凝土（HSC）试块在SHPB冲击实验中的分形损伤演化规律，推导了HSC的分形损伤变量表达式，标定了HSC裂纹的分形维数范围。然后参考ZWT模型，并结合HSC实验过程中的应变率相关性、动态损伤特性及近似恒应变率，推导了分形损伤演化的HSC动态损伤本构方程。采用4组应变率工况下的C60、C80混凝土应力-应变曲线对本构方程进行验证，理论曲线和实验曲线吻合较好。     

纯钽动态本构关系的实验研究

利用材料试验机和分离式霍布金森压杆实验装置测量了纯钽在较宽温度(-100～550℃)和应变率(10-5～103s-1)范围内的应力 应变曲线,该曲线表明钽的流动应力对温度和应变率都很敏感。利用所测得的应力 应变曲线拟合了钽在不同应变率和不同温度下的Johnson Cook与Zerilli Armstrong本构方程,Zeril li Armstrong本构方程与实验数据基本吻合,Johnson Cook本构方程与实验数据吻合得不太好。对Johnson Cook本构方程中的应变率强化项作了修正,修正后的Johnson Cook本构方程与实验数据吻合比修正前的好。     

PP/PA共混高聚物在高应变率下的热粘弹性本构关系和时温等效性

采用Instron1342电液伺服试验机和改进的SHPB技术对以113材料为例的PP/PA共混高聚物进行了应变率在10-4~103 s-1宽广范围,温度为25、40、60、80 ℃下的一维应力力学性能试验。结果表明,这类共混高聚物的力学响应对温度和应变率都是敏感的。以朱-王-唐非线性粘弹性本构方程来描述这类PP/PA共混高聚物的力学响应,并拟合得到了其热粘弹性本构参数,理论预言与试验结果在应变小于7%时吻合良好。对113材料20~80 ℃温度范围内不同应变率下的试验结果进行分析,证明PP/PA共混高聚物存在率温等效关系,提高温度和增加作用时间（减小应变率）的效果相当,反之,降低温度与减少作用时间（提高应变率）的效果相当。通过引入量纲一参量Z,使应变率d/dt、温度T这2个参量归结为统一的Z参量,从而得到了体现时温等效性的统一曲线。     

淬硬45钢在高温、高应变率下的动态力学性能及本构关系

在20℃~800℃的温度范围和10-3~104s-1的应变率范围内,采用电子万能试验机和分离式霍 普金森压杆,对淬硬45钢(45HRC)分别进行准静态实验和动态压缩力学性能实验,得到应力应变曲线。结 果表明:淬硬45钢的流动应力对应变率敏感性一般,但表现出较强的温度敏感性,随着应变率的增大而增大, 随着温度的升高而降低。采用以高斯函数表示温度效应的改进Johnson-Cook本构方程拟合了淬硬45钢在 高应变率和高温条件下的本构关系,拟合曲线与实验数据吻合较好。     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.