布置方式对U形管不稳定性的影响

从实验和理论两方面研究了不同布置方式对加热Ｕ型管不稳定性的影响。实验在氟利昂－１１３试验台上进行，研究了不同布置Ｕ这在三种压力工况，六种加热工况及各种流量下的流动不稳定性。     

喷管对水下爆轰气泡形态和压力特征影响的实验研究

针对具有不同类型喷管的爆轰管在水下爆轰中形成的燃气射流问题，搭建了爆轰实验平台，研究了单次爆轰过程中尾部喷管对水下气泡形态与压力特征的影响。采用数字粒子图像测速技术对高速摄影机拍摄得到的气泡脉动图片进行流场可视化分析，得到各喷管工况下的气泡速度场。为了确认爆轰管内是否形成稳定爆轰波，并观察爆轰波在气液两相界面上的透反射特性，爆轰管尾部安装有2个动态压力传感器，同时在距离喷管一定距离处设置一个水下爆炸传感器，以监测水中传播的压力波。结果表明：扩张喷管工况下的气泡脉动过程与直喷管工况基本一致，但扩张喷管提高了燃气射流速度，气泡膨胀体积更大；因为燃气射流的持续性，收敛喷管工况下的气泡脉动过程具有明显差异，气泡膨胀体积较小，但气泡二次脉动时长相较于一次脉动时长衰减更小；扩张喷管提高了气泡脉动强度，扩张喷管工况下的气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力远大于直喷管工况下的气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力；收敛喷管工况下的气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力都较小，但收敛喷管燃气射流的持续性减缓了气泡脉动压力的衰减速度。相比于直喷管，扩张喷管工况下的气泡脉动时间、气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力都更大。收敛喷管工况下的气泡...     

喷嘴结构对液氧煤油火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性的影响

为了筛选高压补燃循环液氧煤油火箭发动机的喷嘴,在喷注单元低压高频燃烧不稳定性模拟实验系统上开展实验,研究了喷嘴结构对燃烧稳定性边界的影响。实验使用气态空气与氧气的混合物作为氧化剂,加热的煤油蒸汽作为燃料;喷嘴为全尺寸气液同轴直流离心式喷嘴,模拟燃烧室与真实燃烧室的固有声学频率相等。根据测量模拟燃烧室内的脉动压力区分大幅振荡、小幅振荡和稳定工作。研究结果表明,喷嘴长度、缩进室长度和入口节流嘴直径对高频燃烧不稳定性裕量有很大影响,并存在相对最佳值。     

微型热驱动回路的脉动及位差对热性能的影响

以甲醇为工质，采用高速数据采集系统测定了微型热驱动回路在不同运行参数下的压力 及温度脉动，其脉动周期及脉动幅度随蒸发段热流密度的增加而减小. 实验发现，在蒸发段 热流密度较低的情况下，蒸气管中是泡状流或弹状流交替存在，而在蒸发段热流密度较高时， 蒸气管中为环状流. 就位差对热性能的影响进行了详细的实验研究，并在冷凝器空气自 然对流和强迫对流情况下，以加热块温度90${^\circ}$C为上限，得出微通道蒸发器和冷凝 器在不同位差下的最大蒸发段热流密度. 通过对实验现象的观察及分析，以期开发出适用于 未来电子产品高功率需求的微型化电子冷却器.     

爆炸压力积聚工况下石松子粉尘爆炸火焰传播特性

搭建了一套兼具承压和可视性能粉尘爆炸实验平台，在压力积聚工况下实验研究了石松子粉尘爆炸火焰传播特性。实验结果表明:压力积聚工况下的石松子粉尘爆炸火焰呈现空间离散的束状结构，火焰锋面呈齿状。随着粉尘浓度的提升，火焰连续性增强，锋面趋于平滑，亮度增加，并在750 g/m3达到最佳。不同浓度条件下的石松子粉尘爆炸火焰在传播过程中均呈现明显的速度脉动特征，但脉动频率随粉尘浓度的增大而减小。爆炸火焰平均传播速度随粉尘浓度的增大先增大后减小，并在750 g/m3达到最高。不同浓度条件下的石松子粉尘爆炸火焰前期传播速度均高于后期传播速度。     

柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性

锥形水中爆炸激波管是进行水中爆炸实验的一种装置,该装置能够通过较小装药量在相同距离处实现自由场水中较大装药量爆炸的冲击波峰值。为了获得柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性,本文通过数值计算的方式,对不同圆锥角和不同柱形装药质量下锥形激波管内的冲击波传播过程进行了模拟,通过对不同工况下激波管内冲击波特性进行分析,发现其初始冲击波的衰减规律符合自由场水中的指数衰减形式,并拟合得到了与自由场水中爆炸相容的冲击波峰值、比冲量和能流密度经验公式;发现其二次脉动压力周期与炸药质量呈反常规的变化规律,并引入等效静水压深度解释了这一现象;发现其二次脉动压力幅值与初始冲击波幅值之比比自由场水中更大,而二次脉动压力的比冲量与初始冲击波冲量之比与自由场水中相当。     

水下爆炸气泡脉动测量及分析

水下爆炸气泡破坏效应是水中兵器的重要毁伤模式之一。为研究水下爆炸气泡脉动现象,建立了小当量水下爆炸实验系统,并进行了爆炸当量分别为0.125g、1.0g、3.375g和8g TNT的水下爆炸实验。采用球形PETN装药并中心起爆,产生球形对称的气泡和冲击波载荷,并利用高速摄像系统记录水下爆炸气泡脉动过程,以及布置压力传感器测量水中冲击波压力。实验获得了清晰的水下爆炸气泡脉动过程图像,得到了冲击波和气泡脉动压力曲线。对数字化图像进行判读,得到气泡脉动直径和周期。另外根据冲击波曲线测量了气泡脉动周期,对比分析了气泡脉动相关参数。结果表明,高速摄像数据测量的气泡直径与经验公式较接近,高速摄像测量的气泡周期与冲击波曲线测量的气泡脉动周期以及经验公式结果具有较好的一致性。本文提出的实验技术安全、经济、可靠,气泡脉动参数判读精确,满足水下爆炸气泡脉动研究需求。     

车辆内部气流噪声计算方法

本文在风洞实验的基础上，提出了气流噪声向汽车内部传播的理论模型．采用边界元法，研究了车外脉动压力透过板壁和气流噪声通过孔隙向车内传播以及相互之间的耦合关系．给出由外部脉动压力和气流噪声计算车内声场的计算公式．     

射流扩散火焰闪烁模态及频率特性的实验研究

层流扩散火焰的闪烁是一种经典的火焰不稳定性现象,然而现阶段对其不稳定性模态及频率特性的研究尚不充分.文章利用高速摄影和粒子图像测速同步测量技术,对宽工况下准静态环境中的浮力主控和动量主控圆口射流扩散火焰的不稳定性及其频率进行了实验研究.实验发现,燃料射流流量增大会导致火焰失稳,所引起的闪烁现象可分为varicose模态和sinuous模态.流场测量结果表明,闪烁火焰的主要流动结构表现为分别位于火焰面内外的两个剪切层.火焰外剪切层卷起形成的大尺度环形涡的周期性产生、增长和脱落是导致火焰面周期性形变(即火焰闪烁)的原因.闪烁火焰具有准周期性,其流场具有统一的主频率,且该频率与火焰脉动频率一致,说明闪烁火焰在本质上是种整体流动不稳定性的体现.浮力主控火焰sinuous模态的频率比varicose模态高3 Hz左右,并且在燃料流量较大的工况下存在varicose和sinuous模态间的切换.浮力主控火焰的频率符合经典的1/2标度律,但不同模态对应着不同的标度律系数.动量主控火焰的频率显著偏离1/2标度率,且偏离程度随射流动量增加而增强.研究表明了流动不稳定性模态对于射流扩散火焰频率特性具有不可...     

脉动压力分布同步测量的探讨

动态气动力的研究是实验工作者极为关注的问题。特别对于二元模型动态气动力的测定,必须从脉动的压力分布通过面积加权积分来得到气动力的时间历程,而其先决条件为各测压点压力的时间历程必须是同步的,也就是要测得同一时刻诸多测点的压力。本文介绍了一种比较经济的多点同步测压方法,并对该方法的实施进行了探讨。分别对A/D卡采样的同步性、整套测压系统的同步性以及频响特性进行了测试和验证。经相关性分析,相关系数分别达到0. 9999和 0. 99。最后以圆柱表面脉动压力系数分布的测试为例,给出了单圆柱不同瞬间的压力向量图、按照瞬间压力沿表面积分得到的单个圆柱脉动升力的时间历程,以及升力的脉动频率,表明整套同步测压系统具有很好的实用性,能满足实验的需要。     

The effect of internal surface modification on flow instabilities in forced convection boiling in a horizontal tube

This paper presents the experimental result of a study on the effects of heat transfer enhancement on two-phase flow instabilities in a horizontal in-tube flow boiling system. Five different heat transfer surface configurations and five different inlet temperatures are used to observe the effect of heat transfer enhancement and inlet subcooling. All experiments are carried out at constant heat input, system pressure and exit restriction. Dynamic instabilities, namely pressure-drop type, density-wave type and thermal oscillations are found to occur for all the investigated temperatures and enhancement configurations, and the boundaries for the appearance of these oscillations are found. The effect of the enhancement configurations on the characteristics of the boiling flow dynamic instabilities is studied in detail. The comparison between the bare tube and the enhanced tube configurations are made on the basis of boiling flow instabilities. Differences among the enhanced configurations are also determined to observe which of them is the most stable and unstable one. The amplitudes and periods of pressure-drop type oscillations and density-wave type oscillations for tubes with enhanced surfaces are found to be higher than those of the bare tube. The bare tube is found to be the most stable configuration, while tube with internal springs having bigger pitch is found to be the most unstable one among the tested tubes. It is found that system stability increases with decreasing equivalent diameter for the same type heater tube configurations; however, on the basis of effective diameter there is no single result such as stability increase/decrease with increasing/decreasing effective diameter.     

Two-phase flow instabilities in a silicon microchannels heat sink

Two-phase flow instabilities are highly undesirable in microchannels-based heat sinks as they can lead to temperature oscillations with high amplitudes, premature critical heat flux and mechanical vibrations. This work is an experimental study of boiling instabilities in a microchannel silicon heat sink with 40 parallel rectangular microchannels, having a length of 15 mm and a hydraulic diameter of 194 μm. A series of experiments have been carried out to investigate pressure and temperature oscillations during the flow boiling instabilities under uniform heating, using water as a cooling liquid. Thin nickel film thermometers, integrated on the back side of a heat sink with microchannels, were used in order to obtain a better insight related to temperature fluctuations caused by two-phase flow instabilities. Flow regime maps are presented for two inlet water temperatures, showing stable and unstable flow regimes. It was observed that boiling leads to asymmetrical flow distribution within microchannels that result in high temperature non-uniformity and the simultaneously existence of different flow regimes along the transverse direction. Two types of two-phase flow instabilities with appreciable pressure and temperature fluctuations were observed, that depended on the heat to mass flux ratio and inlet water temperature. These were high amplitude/low frequency and low amplitude/high frequency instabilities. High speed camera imaging, performed simultaneously with pressure and temperature measurements, showed that inlet/outlet pressure and the temperature fluctuations existed due to alternation between liquid/two-phase/vapour flows. It was also determined that the inlet water subcooling condition affects the magnitudes of the temperature oscillations in two-phase flow instabilities and flow distribution within the microchannels.     

Instability and failure of internally pressurized ductile metal cylinders

Forlong, ductile, thick-walled tubes under internal pressure instabilities and final failure modes are studied experimentally and theoretically. The test specimens are closed-end cylinders made of an aluminum alloy and of pure copper and the experiments have been carried out for a number of different initial external radius to internal radius ratios. The experiments show necking on one side of the tubes at a stage somewhat beyond the maximum internal pressure. All tubes, except for one aluminum alloy tube, failed by shear fracture under decreasing pressure. The aluminum alloy tubes exhibited localized shear deformations in the neck region prior to fracture and also occasionally surface wave instabilities. The numerical investigation is based on an elastic-plastic material model for a solid that develops a vertex on the yield surface, using representations of the uniaxial stress-strain curves found experimentally. In contrast to the simplest flow theory of plasticity this material model predicts shear band instabilities at a realistic level of strain. A rather sharp vertex is used in the material model for the aluminum alloy, while a more blunt vertex is used to characterize copper. The theoretically predicted bifurcation into a necking mode, the cross-sectional shape of the neck, and finally the initiation and growth of shear bands from the highly strained internal surface in the neck region are in good agreement with the experimental observations.     

Theoretical analysis of pressure-drop type instabilities in an upflow boiling system with an exit restriction

 In this work, two-phase flow pressure-drop type instabilities in an upflow boiling system are studied theoretically. Dynamic simulations of the pressure-drop type instabilities require the knowledge of the steady state characteristics of the system in terms of the pressure drop versus the mass flow rate. In a boiling system with an exit restriction at the outlet of the boiling channel, the pressure drop through the system concentrates at the exit restriction. Therefore, the correlation of the pressure drop of the two-phase mixture flowing through the exit restriction (i.e. a sharp-edged orifice) is essential in the calculation of the total pressure drop of the system. A model for the exit restriction is developed and compared with the experimental results covering a wide range of vapor quality with different heat inputs and inlet subcoolings. The drift-flux model is adopted to predict the steady state characteristics of the boiling system. The dynamic oscillations of the quasi-static pressure-drop type instabilities in the boiling system are simulated and good predictions of the system stability boundary and oscillatory characteristics are obtained when compared with the experimental results. Received on 4 May 2000     

Response of critical tube diameter phenomenon to small perturbations for gaseous detonations

In this experimental study, the critical tube diameter phenomenon of gaseous detonations is investigated in both stable and unstable mixtures with focus on the failure mechanism. It was previously postulated that in unstable mixtures, where the cellular detonation front is highly irregular, the failure is caused by the suppression of local re-initiation centers linked to the dynamics of instabilities. In stable mixtures, typically with high argon dilution, the detonation structure is very regular and the failure mode is attributed to the excessive curvature of the global front. In order to differentiate between these two failure mechanisms, flow perturbations are introduced by placing an obstacle resulting in a minimal blockage ratio of approximately 8 %. The obstacle is placed at the tube exit, before the detonation diffraction. Results show that the perturbations caused by the obstacle only have an effect on undiluted (i.e., unstable) mixtures, causing a decrease in the minimum initial pressure required for successful detonation transmission. This thus demonstrates that local hydrodynamic instabilities play an important role for the critical tube diameter phenomenon in undiluted, unstable mixtures. In contrast, the results for the stable, argon-diluted mixture exhibit little variation in critical initial pressure between the perturbed and unperturbed cases. This can be attributed to the minimal effect of the perturbations on global curvature for the emergent detonation wave. The geometry of the perturbation is also tested, while holding the blockage area constant, by varying the number and position of the obstacle(s). The results demonstrate that the transmission of a detonation is independent of the blockage geometry and is only a function of its imposed blockage area. Consequently, the change in required minimum pressure for transmission shows an identical behavior in unstable mixtures for different perturbation geometries while the transmission characteristics of the stable mixture remain unaffected.     

Experimental and numerical investigations on flashing-induced instabilities in a single channel

During the start-up phase, natural circulation BWRs (NC-BWRs) need to be operated at low pressure conditions. Such conditions favor flashing-induced instabilities due to the large hydrostatic pressure drop induced by the tall chimney. Moreover, in novel NC-BWR designs the steam separation is performed in the steam separators which create large pressure drops at the chimney outlet, which effect on stability has not been investigated yet.In this work, flashing-induced oscillations occurring in a tall, bottom heated channel are numerically investigated by using a simple linear model with three regions and an accurate implementation for estimating the water properties. The model is used to investigate flashing-induced instabilities in a channel for different values of the core inlet friction value. The results are compared with experiments obtained by using the CIRCUS facility at the same conditions, showing a good agreement. In addition, the experiments on flashing-induced instabilities are presented in a novel manner allowing visualizing new details of the phenomenon numerical stability investigations on the effect of the friction distribution are also done. It is found that by increasing the total restriction in the channel the system is destabilized. In addition, the chimney outlet restriction has a stronger destabilizing effect than the core inlet restriction. A stable two-phase region is observed prior to the instabilities in the experiments and the numerical simulations which may help to pressurize the vessel of NC-BWRs and thus reducing the effects of flashing instabilities during start-up.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer comparison for both microfin tube and twisted-tape inserts in laminar flow

Experiments were carried out to compare pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients for a plain, microfin, and twisted-tape insert-tubes. The twisted-tape experiments include three different twist ratios each with two different widths. The data were taken at Reynolds numbers well in the laminar region. The heat transfer data were obtained in a single shell-and-tube heat exchanger where steam is used as a heat source to obtain a uniform wall temperature and the working fluid in the tube is oil. The twist ratio and the width of the tape seem to have a large effect on the performance of the twisted-tape insert. The results demonstrate that as the twist ratio decreases, the twisted-tape will give better heat transfer enhancement. The loose-fit (W=10.8 mm) is recommended to be used in the design of heat exchanger where low twist ratios (Y=5.4, and Y=3.6) and high pressure drop situations are expected since it is easier to install and remove for cleaning purposes. Other than these situations, the tight-fit tape gives a better performance over the loose-fit tape. For the microfin tube tested in this paper, the data shows a small increase in both heat transfer and pressure drop. This type of microfin tube is not recommended to be used in laminar flow conditions.     

On the effect of temperature gradient on the stability of circular tubes made of hyperelastic entropic material

Rubber-like materials are very applicable in almost all fields of industries, but due to their large deformation characteristic, they can exhibit a variety of instabilities. Accordingly, many researchers have been motivated to investigate the effects of different parameters on the stability of hyperelastic cylindrical tubes under finite deformation, while the effects of temperature gradient have not been considered. In this paper, the effects of temperature variation on the stability and thermo-mechanical behavior of the cylindrical tubes made of the entropic materials such as rubber-like materials and elastomers are investigated via an effective strain energy density function. To this purpose, an Ogden-type strain energy density with only integer powers is applied in order to determine an analytical solution, not involving the integral form, for the stress distribution through the wall thickness of cylindrical tubes at finite deformation thermoelasticity. This problem is examined in two cases including (i) a thick-walled cylindrical tube under internal pressure and uniform variation of temperature and (ii) a thick-walled cylindrical tube under internal pressure and temperature gradient, simultaneously. It was observed that the positive temperature gradients in comparison with environment temperatures improve the stability of the circular tubes made of the entropic materials.     

FLOW LIMITATION IN UNIFORM THICK-WALLED COLLAPSIBLE TUBES

To investigate the flow-rate limitation behaviour of the same thick-walled silicone-rubber tubes with aqueous flow as have previously been characterized by this laboratory in terms of their pressure-drop limitation behaviour, we measured how the pressure drop along the tube varied with flow rate, when both the upstream head and the external pressure were varied in such a way as to keep the transmural pressure at the upstream end to the tube at a series of constant values. Flow limitation with ‘negative effort dependence’ occurred, and it was found that the flow rate depended not just on the upstream transmural pressure but also on its history, in a hysteretic manner. Furthermore, when external pressure was being reduced to the required point, either flow limitation or absence of collapse could be obtained for the same values of upstream transmural pressure. The reductions in flow rate when flow limitation came into effect were typically much greater, relative to the flow-limited flow rates themselves, than has been reported by others using thinner tubes and lower flow rates. Large-amplitude self-excited oscillation was confined to this reducing-flow-rate transition when external pressure was being increased to set the required point, and largely confined to this transition when it was being reduced. Flow limitation was mostly associated with only small-amplitude noise-like fluctuations of the downstream pressure. The transition was analysed and explained by reference to modified control-space diagrams, which show explicitly all oscillatory and divergent instabilities as closed regions. The prominence of the transition in these results forced consideration of whether flow limitation occurs when the flow rate ceases to increase or when it becomes substantially independent of the pressure drop. In adopting the latter definition, we were led to hypothesize that the initial collapse-inducing instability is not the result of choking.     

Local heat transfer coefficients on the circumference of a tube in a gas fluidized bed

A heated horizontal heat transfer tube was installed 14.8 cm above the distributor plate in a square fluid bed measuring 30.5 × 30.5 cm. Four different Geldart B sized particle beds were used (sand of two different distributions, an abrasive and glass beads) and the bed was fluidized with cold air. The tube was instrumented with surface thermocouples around half of the tube circumference and with differential pressure ports that can be used to infer bubble presence. Numerical execution of the transient conduction equation for the tube allowed the local time-varying heat transfer coefficient to be extracted. Data confirm the presence of the stagnant zone on top of the tube associated with low superficial velocities. Auto-correlation of thermocouple data revealed bubble frequencies and the cross-correlation of thermal and pressure events confirmed the relationship between the bubbles and the heat transfer events. In keeping with the notion of a “Packet renewal” heat transfer model, the average heat transfer coefficient was found to vary in sympathy with the root-mean square amplitude of the transient heat transfer coefficient.