风沙粒子冲击钢结构涂层力学行为的理论与有限元分析

利用接触力学理论和三维有限元分析了钢结构受到风沙粒子冲击后其涂层表面接触区应力、涂层内部应力、涂层与基体界面上应力的分布规律。分析结果表明:涂层表面径向应力在接触中心出现最大压应力,在接触区边缘出现最大拉应力,且在接触区边缘易发生环状撕裂破坏;在涂层内部,涂层对Z向应力的承受力较好;涂层内部剪应力的最大值出现在碰撞接触点的左下方和右下方,这两个位置易受到剪切破坏,在接触点和剪应力最大值之间的剪应力变化速度较大;涂层与基体界面上r/h为0~0.4时,Z向应力变化较小;在r/h为0.4~1时,Z向应力剧烈减小;r/h1时,Z向应力基本保持不变;涂层与基体界面上剪应力最大值出现在冲击点附近,且冲击点附近剪应力变化较大,易引起剪切撕裂破坏。     

回转支承构件牵引滚动接触应力解析

回转支承构件是重型机械的重要基础元件,其失效往往导致灾难性的设备事故和人身事故以及巨大的经济损失.及时、充分地了解回转支承构件牵引滚动接触应力分布特点,对于保证整机安全生产和提高企业经济效益具有非常重要的意义.本文将回转支承构件接触模型简化为轴线平行的圆柱体二维平面应变模型,从接触力学理论中McEwen关于轴线平行的圆柱体二维法向接触理论出发,重点讨论牵引滚动与常规法向接触状态的切向分布力的相同点和不同点,从而推导出牵引滚动接触状态下接触区应力场各应力分量解析式,将McEw-en法向理论公式推广到法、切向复合分布力综合作用下.在此基础上,探讨了表面拉应力与摩擦系数的关系,摩擦系数越大则表面拉应力水平越高.最后,运用材料力学二向应力状态受力分析方法,计算了接触应力场最大剪应力位置、大小和方向角与深度的关系,发现与无表面摩擦情况相比,最大主剪应力发生位置变浅,幅值反而变小.     

机械密封在干摩擦状态下的摩擦界面热力耦合分析

依据W-M分形函数建立了接触式机械密封摩擦副三维瞬态滑动接触模型，考虑了接触微凸体之间相互机械作用和摩擦的热力耦合，基于ABAQUS分析平台，首次提出了能够模拟机械密封摩擦副回转运动的计算模型，仿真分析了机械密封摩擦副在干运转条件下的摩擦特性. 研究结果表明:接触面温度分布不均匀，局部温度很高，在接触微凸体中心区域出现极值；在滑动后很短时间内温度急剧上升，随着滑动进行，接触节点温度继续升高，但是温升速率减缓；粗糙体轴向温度梯度较大，其亚表层区域存在较大的热应力，易发生热损伤失效；在接触微凸体轴向距表层较近的局部区域存在拉应力，滑动行为会使微凸体内部拉应力区域扩大，拉应力的数值也增大. 微凸体接触区轴向上的应力状态是变化的，依次为压应力-拉应力-压应力.      

拉压异性材料含受压圆孔大平板的极限分析

探讨了广义双剪应力强度理论在平面应力状态下的屈服轨迹及其方程式,并用于拉压异性材料圆孔受内压的极限分析,得到了与拉压比有关的弹性极限内压力,弹塑性区的应力、塑性内压力与弹塑性分界半径之间的关系、塑性区的最大半径和最大内压力,所得极值均高于用莫尔强度理论分析的结果。     

涂层/基体体系的界面应力分析

针对热防护涂层的承载特征,建立了涂层、基体体系的平面应变模型.以均匀应变差比拟热膨胀失配,基于最小功原理,推导了完整涂层/基体界面应力的级数解.分析结果表明,在自由端面附近,界面应力集中明显,其峰值达到了与涂层内拉应力相当的量级.涂层膨胀或收缩,界面正应力分别呈现压应力或拉应力状态,界面剪应力也发生方向交变.     

高速轧机工作界面非稳态混合润滑过程多因素耦合辊缝力学特性研究

综合运用摩擦润滑理论、流体力学理论、轧制理论,建立了考虑动态辊缝非稳态润滑过程多因素耦合轧制界面力学模型.该模型综合运用了基于非稳态润滑过程的界面摩擦模型、工作辊运动模型、辊缝应力分布模型构成的界面薄膜约束多因素耦合模型.系统分析了非稳态混合润滑状态下,当压下率和表面粗糙度为定值时不同时刻工作区压应力和摩擦应力的分布情况,以及压下率为定值时工作区压应力、摩擦应力随表面粗糙度和后张应力变化的情况.结果表明:在压下率和表面粗糙度为定值时,当具有较大的后张应力时,工作区压应力和摩擦应力却较低,同时压应力梯度和摩擦应力梯度也相当小,摩擦应力在入口和出口边缘处达到最大,当后张应力减小时,辊缝间压应力和摩擦应力增加,压应力梯度和摩擦应力梯度较大;在压下率为定值而表面粗糙度为变量时,当后张应力较大时,表面粗糙度对工作区中的压应力和摩擦应力影响非常大,辊缝间压应力和摩擦应力随着表面粗糙度的增加而增加,当后张应力较小时,表面粗糙度对工作区中的压应力和摩擦应力影响不太明显.     

扭动微动下亚表面接触应力分布规律

求解螺栓连接结构在扭动微动下的应力分布时,通常接触体的亚表面应力是由表面应力推导而得。而扭矩卸载时,由于接触表面切向力的表达式非常复杂,很难获得亚表面应力分布规律,为此引入半解析法求解亚表面应力分布特征。首先,根据加、卸载时的切向力和扭矩方程,获得加、卸载时的表面切向应力分布规律;然后,利用半解析法计算出加载时的亚表面应力,并与解析法的结果进行对比,验证半解析法的正确性,再用半解析法计算出卸载时的亚表面应力;最后,探讨了扭矩和摩擦系数对卸载时应力分布的影响规律。研究表明:卸载时,最大应力出现在接触表面或接触中心的正下方;随着扭矩的减小,整体应力减小,而最大应力先减小后不变;随着摩擦系数的增大,整体应力、最大应力值增大;应力值相对较小时,最大应力点出现在亚表面上。     

铁路车轴过盈配合面微动损伤分析及有限元仿真

基于全尺寸铁路车轴疲劳试验，观察并分析了微动区损伤形貌及损伤机理. 基于测量的磨损轮廓建立有限元模型，计算分析了微动磨损对过盈配合面微动参量及轴向应力的影响. 结果表明:轮座近加载侧存在1个宽度约为20 mm的微动损伤区，根据形貌特征可以分为3个区域. 仿真得到的微动滑移区宽度与损伤区宽度基本一致，张开区宽度略小于磨损区. 未磨损时，接触压应力、摩擦剪应力及轴向应力峰值均出现在接触最边缘；在微动磨损作用下，接触压应力、摩擦剪应力、轴向应力峰值出现在磨损-未磨损边界，且轴向应力数值在磨损区由负变正. 磨屑的存在为接触面提供承载平台，在一定程度上抑制应力集中向内部转移.      

高应力比循环下微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置的预测分析

对于微动疲劳问题,循环应力比的大小会影响试件应力状态及分布,从而影响疲劳裂纹的萌生位置.本文通过对一类微动疲劳问题进行有限元法分析,模拟疲劳实验过程,并采用最大应力变化幅△σθmax作为指标预测了不同应力比下疲劳裂纹的萌生位置.数值分析显示,在应力比不是很大时,试件与微动接触头的边缘存在接触,并在此处产生较大的应力集中,容易萌生裂纹；而在应力比足够高时,微动接触头端部与试件呈恒张开状态,△σθmax及裂纹萌生发生在距初始接触区边缘一定距离处.疲劳裂纹萌生位置的理论预测结果与相关试验的疲劳裂纹发生位置比较一致.     

拉压不同弹性模量薄板上圆孔的应力分析

采用弹性理论研究了拉压不同弹性模量薄板上圆孔的孔边应力集中问题.采用广义虎克定律推导出了拉压不同弹性模量薄板上圆孔边的应力平衡方程,并联合利用应力函数及边界条件得到了拉压不同弹性模量薄板上圆孔边的应力表达式.算例分析表明,当薄板材料的拉压弹性模量相差较大时,采用经典弹性理论研究薄板上圆孔的孔边应力是不合适的,当经典弹性理论与拉压不同弹性模量弹性理论的计算结果间的差别超过工程允许误差5%时,应该采用拉压不同弹性模量弹性理论进行计算.     

多簇压裂干扰应力变化规律及对裂纹扩展的影响

为研究水平井分段多簇压裂缝间的干扰应力及其对裂纹扩展的影响，在现有二维未考虑地应力的单裂缝干扰应力解析解的基础上，利用双平面复变函数保角变换得到了包含地应力项的三维干扰应力解析解。基于扩展有限元法建立三维多裂缝扩展力学模型，利用Python脚本二次开发平台实现了三维多裂缝水力压裂参数化建模，通过解析解与数值计算对比分析，得到如下结论。裂纹两侧裂纹面法向和走向干扰正应力分别为压应力和拉应力，均呈纺锤形，法向干扰应力影响范围大约为走向干扰应力的5倍；裂纹尖端裂纹面法向和走向干扰正应力分别为拉应力和压应力；裂纹尖端两侧存在干扰剪应力；考虑初始地应力对干扰应力解析解进行修正后的干扰应力值均变小；多簇压裂中裂缝间的干扰应力叠加，簇间距越小，叠加效果越强；多簇压裂的干扰应力使裂缝间裂纹面法向压应力增大，走向压应力减小，导致裂纹扩展注水压力升高，裂缝张开的宽度降低，不利于单裂缝的扩展；干扰应力使裂缝间应力差降低，甚至局部最小地应力方向发生改变，有利于形成复杂缝网。     

侧向受拉脆性岩石压缩本构及蠕变失效研究

轴向压缩作用下,脆性岩石侧向应力严重影响岩石力学特性。侧向压应力影响下的轴向压缩岩石力学行为已经得到广泛研究,然而侧向拉应力对轴向压缩岩石力学行为影响研究很少。本文基于脆性岩石翼型裂纹扩展模型中,初始裂纹面法向应力与剪切应力的正负方向为判断依据,研究了侧向拉应力对轴向压缩力学行为的影响。发现恒定的侧向拉应力作用下,轴向压缩应力渐进变化过程中,脆性岩石内部细观初始裂纹面的法向应力只能为压缩应力,不存在拉应力情况。分析了从侧向压应力到拉应力转化过程中,脆性岩石轴向压应力与细观裂纹扩展长度关系、轴向压应力与轴向应变关系、岩石峰值强度、裂纹启裂应力及初始弹性模量的变化规律。并分析了侧向拉应力对岩石蠕变裂纹长度、裂纹速率、轴向应变及应变率演化曲线,以及对蠕变失效时间及稳态蠕变应变率的影响。讨论了侧向拉压应力突变转化以及侧向拉应力分级增大对轴向压缩岩石蠕变演化行为影响。该研究为深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了一定理论依据。     

初始应力对碳纳米管横波传播的影响

本文研究初始应力对碳纳米管在极高频率（大于1THz）下横波传播的影响。计算结果表明：轴向初始应力的存在除了改变碳纳米管的横向波速和管间振幅比的大小（压应力时横向波速降低，管间振幅比增加，拉应力时结论相反）外，还会影响其横向波速的数目。双层碳纳米管受轴向初始压应力时，在某个频率区域存在最多三个横向波速，与受轴向初始拉应力和未受轴向应力时最多只存在两个横向波速有所不同。     

对称表面动载下有限块体的破裂过程

实验表明,受对称布置的表面爆炸载荷的脆性块体,会在通过载荷作用点连线的某一平面上破裂。为解释这一现象并进一步探讨利用类似方法破碎岩块的可能性,本文介绍了应用弹性动力学理论建立的计算模型以及所进行的动光弹和混凝土块模型试验。研究结果表明:在所述载荷条件下,应力波特别是自由界面反射的拉伸波对块体的破碎起重要作用;由于多向拉应力集中,在块体加载端面梭边中部最易产生径向裂隙,此后在侧面反射波的作用下裂隙延伸,与中部可能存在的裂纹贯通,从而将块体破开;对称加载使应力波在块体内多次叠加有利于块体充分破碎。     

Surface Residual Stress Measurement Using Curvature Interferometry

Surface roughness plays an important role in the delamination wear caused by rough surface contact. A recent dislocation model analysis predicts that nano-scale contacts of surface steps induce nucleation of dislocations leading to pro-load and anti-load dislocation segregation near the contact surface. Such dislocation segregation generates a sub-layer of tensile residual stress in a much thicker layer of compressive residual stress near the surface. The tensile sub-layer thickness is expected to be about 50 to 100 times the step height. In order to verify the predictions of the model analysis, contact experiments are carried out on polycrystalline aluminum surface to determine the existence of the tensile sub-layer. The variation of the residual stress along the thickness direction is measured using a newly developed high sensitivity curvature-measurement interferometer. The residual stress distribution measured with sub-nanometer spatial resolution indicates that contact loading leads to formation of a highly stressed sub-layer of tensile residual stress within a much thicker layer of compressive residual stress. Implications of tensile residual stress for delamination wear are discussed.     

Effect of stress-state and spacing on voids in a shear-field

Unit cell model analyses are carried out for a material with a periodic array of voids, subject to shear loading. Thus the focus is on ductile fracture in conditions of low stress triaxiality. It has been shown recently that voids in shear are flattened out to micro-cracks, which rotate and elongate until interaction with neighboring micro-cracks gives coalescence, so that the failure mechanism is very different from that under tensile loading. In the present studies the plane strain unit cell has fully periodic boundary conditions, so that any combination of the stress components in the overall average stress state can be prescribed. This also allows for studies of the effect of different initial void spacing in the two in-plane coordinate directions. The stress states considered are essentially simple shear, with various levels of tensile stresses or compressive stresses superposed, i.e. low positive stress triaxiality or even negative stress triaxiality. For high aspect ratio unit cells a clear localization band is found inside the cell, which actually represents several parallel bands, due to periodicity. In the materials represented by a low aspect ratio unit cell localization would also occur after that the maximum shear stress has been passed, but this is not shown when periodicity is enforced. The effect of superposed tensile or compressive stresses is found to be bigger for high aspect ratio unit cells than for low aspect ratios.     

The dynamic behaviour of sharp V-notches under impact loading

The dynamic behaviour of sharp V-notches which are either symmetric or oblique to the longitudinal boundary of a homogeneous elastic and isotropic strip subjected to an impact plane pulse was studied by the method of caustics. The stress pulse impinging on the flanks of the notch reflects and diffracts in different ways depending on the geometry of the notch relative to the coming pulse. For compressive stress pulses a stress concentration at the bottom of the notch does not create a crack propagation phenomenon, whereas for tensile pulses there is a possibility for an incubation, nucleation and eventual propagation of a crack. A complete experimental study of the incubation nucleation and propagation of cracks from the bottoms of notches in thin strips under tensile stress pulses was undertaken, whereas for compressive stress pulses the stress concentration at the bottom of the notch was evaluated. Interesting results were disclosed concerning the reinforcement of pulses by reflection and caging in, the evolution of stress concentration at the notch and the mode of crack propagation inside the plate. Dynamic stress intensity factors were evaluated all over the paths of crack propagation indicating a close intimacy between crack velocity and values of SIFs.     

On the sign of the internal stresses in a problem of plane elasticity

An elastic plane body, shaped like a circular ring or a disk, is subjected to radial surface forces varying according to a sinusoidal law. The existence of a tensile region included in a purely compressive one is proven and its asymptotic behaviour studied when the surface forces converge to two concentrated loads acting along the same diameter. The results show that any maximum principle for the principal stress components would require conditions stronger than the simple negativity of both on the boundary of the domain.     

端部切向载荷作用下的压杆失稳分析及其应用

细直杆件在压应力作用下会产生横向屈曲即失稳．直杆撞击刚性平面或拉断卸载后将形成压缩波，因承载压缩载荷的长度增加可以引起失稳．冲击速度转换的压应力沿着杆件切线方向，该处弯矩和剪力为零；而众多文献设定的失稳段固支边界条件并不准确．基于精确的杆件变形曲率方程得到端部载荷指向杆件中固定点时的受压失稳条件，得到其极限状态即载荷沿杆端切向作用时失稳长度相当于两端简支的1.5 倍．对于钢丝绳拉断形成的冲击失稳，载荷恒定而长度增加，可以产生高阶屈曲即在侧向出现多次曲折，并基于尼龙-橡胶带的模拟试验给出了定性说明．     

Photoelasto-plastic studies on brittle fracture of high-polymer solids

The mechanism of brittle fracture of high-polymer solids is experimentally investigated under one-or two-dimensional stress states by a new photoelastoplastic method suggested by the author. The application of the photoelasto-plastic method on the brittle-fracture problem is based on the principle that breaking stress can be computed in brittle fracture by the measurement of the fringe orderN _B of isochromatic lines at fracture point. Bending under three-point and four-point loads, and the plane problems, some having stress concentration and others being under contacting load, are examined by using rigid polyester cast resin containing styrol as a model specimen; and, in conclusion, the brittle fracture of high-polymer solids under one- or two-dimensional stress states is decided by the constant tensile stress, whose magnitude depends only upon the material used as a model specimen, and is larger than its ultimate tensile strength. Many kinds of factors in fracture are defined, and stress-concentration factors in fracture are compared with stress-concentration factors in elasticity. A new photoelasto-plastic simple method for the determination of stress-concentration factors in elasticity is suggested by utilization of the experimental results on this brittle fracture of high-polymer solids and is examined on the perforated plane problem having finite width under tension in comparison with theoretical analysis and the experimental results by other measuring methods.