双层碳纳米管中的周向导波

考虑双层碳纳米管的层间范德华力,采用连续介质力学的波动理论,建立了双层碳纳米管中周向导波传播模型,研究周向导波的频散现象.通过与单层碳纳米管结果的比较表明,双层碳纳米管中周向导波的传播表现出更为明显的频散特性,出现更多的模态干涉现象,并发现在某些特殊频率处出现成对模态的消失与新启现象.     

周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟研究

在石油、化工、食品和城市供水等行业,由于腐蚀等原因而引起泄漏事故,造成巨大的经济损失和资源浪费.因此,能够预先检测到管道缺陷避免事故发生显得十分重要.基于弹性动力学理论,利用Matlab编程实现周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟.利用特征函数展开法计算出周向导波的频散曲线及0.6MHz和1MHz各个模态的时域波形图并据此分析激励方式同周向导波传播的关系,频率为1MHz或0.6MHz时,1和2模态在空心圆柱壳中传播的周向导波中处于主导地位:各模态的径向或周向位移幅度会受到激励入射角的影响而变化并且周向导波的位移幅度随着激励入射角的增加而增加:得到特定频率下,周向导波各模态径向、周向位移的变化关系.本文结果为进一步利用实验方法研究周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播特性和缺陷检测奠定了基础.     

厚壁管道周向超声导波缺陷检测研究

厚壁管道在特种承压设备领域中广泛使用,常规无损检测技术难以实现其快速有效地检测。本文采用数值模拟与实验相结合来研究周向导波快速检测厚壁管道的方法。首先,利用有限差分软件研究了不同角度激励下外径269mm、壁厚32mm的厚壁管道中周向导波的传播特性,优化了探头激励角度范围;然后分别制作了55°和45°的斜楔,并搭建了实验系统,研究了周向导波与厚壁管道壁厚方向不同位置缺陷的相互作用规律。研究结果表明,周向导波适用于厚壁管道快速检测。检测时需选择角度适中的探头。激发角度过小时,厚壁管中形成的周向导波模式较多,使得波包宽度较大,影响检测分辨率;而角度过大时,会使得盲区增大,导致靠近内壁区域缺陷漏检。本文的研究结论为厚壁管道缺陷周向导波的实际检测应用提供了指导。     

功能梯度空心圆柱体中的周向超声导波

为了更有效地使用超声技术检测功能梯度管道中纵向缺陷,基于3维弹性理论,采用一种正交多项式法研究无限长功能梯度材料管道中的周向导波。为验证方法的正确性与适用性,首先采用该方法计算均匀各向异性管道中的周向导波,并与已有数据相比较。其次,计算了不同梯度函数下管道周向导波的频散曲线,并与均匀管道进行了比较,说明了梯度材料管道中周向导波的特点以及梯度函数变化对频散曲线的影响。最后,求解了不同径厚比下功能梯度材料圆柱壳周向导波的频散曲线,分析了径厚比的变化对频散曲线的影响。     

薄壁管预扭冲击拉伸实验装置的研制

材料在复合应力下的拉压或扭转行为常常与单轴拉压或者单轴扭转应力下不同,拉压以及扭转常体现出相互影响的特点。而复合应力下的塑性波可以有效地反映材料在复合应力下的本构行为特点。本文通过对霍普金森压杆进行改造,建立了一套薄壁管预扭冲击拉伸的实验装置,可以在薄壁管内产生拉扭耦合塑性波,并对率相关材料304不锈钢进行了薄壁管预扭拉伸实验研究,得到了该材料的拉扭耦合塑性波。结果表明,304不锈钢薄壁管的拉扭耦合塑性波具有明显的耦合快波和耦合慢波的双波结构,并且快波慢波之间没有恒值区间隔。同时也表明,该装置可以实现预期效果,并且可以有效避免薄壁管屈曲的产生。     

梯度半空间梯度覆层中的Love波

对功能梯度弹性半空间上覆盖一层功能梯度材料中的Love波的频散问题进行了研究，给出 了Love波频散方程的一般形式. 对功能梯度弹性半空间和功能梯度覆层的反平面剪切波的运 动控制方程进行了求解，给出了半空间和覆盖层的位移、应力解析解，给出了Love波在该解析 解下的频散方程. 以覆盖层的剪切弹性模量和质量密度均呈指数函数变化，半空间的剪切弹 性模量和质量密度均呈抛物线变化为例，利用迭代方法对频散方程进行了求解，给出了频散 曲线. 结果显示：在最低阶振型频散曲线中出现截止频率.     

去除Lamb波频散的线性映射法

Lamb波常被用于板壳结构的无损检测,然而Lamb波的频散效应会导致板中损伤反射信号的渡越时间信息无法准确提取,因而影响损伤定位及成像的精度。本文引入线性映射方法,用线性频率-波数关系取代原有非线性的频散关系,从而去除激励中心频率附近的频散效应。分别采用数值模拟和实验的方法分析了频散去除的效果,进而结合相控阵成像算法对金属板中的损伤进行成像研究。结果表明,利用线性映射法去除频散可以显著提高含损伤散射信号的信噪比,提升相控阵损伤成像方法对损伤定位的准确性。     

基于谱元法考虑层间接触状态的Rayleigh波频散特征正演计算

为了提升Rayleigh波应用于成层土基勘探的精细化水平，本文基于谱元法原理，通过Goodman模型和Matsui层间滑移系数建立了可考虑层间不同接触状态的Rayleigh波理论频散方程。针对典型土基成层结构，运用谱元法和快速矢量传递解析法对比计算了层间完全连续状态下土基的Rayleigh波多阶模态频散曲线，结果显示谱元法计算结果与解析法相应结果之间的平均相对误差在0.3%以下，具有较高的计算精度。在此基础上，通过改变层间接触状态和敏感性分析，揭示了层间接触状态对Rayleigh波基阶频散特征的影响。最后，结合速度-应力有限差分数值计算，验证了谱元法计算层间不同接触状态下R波频散特征的可靠性。     

Boussinesq方程的发展形式与Airy波理论差异性研究

应用势流理论，采用递推函数方法推导出一个新形式的Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程。通过对新方程的参数设置，可以讨论出Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程发展趋势和不同的发展形式。对浅水波动的描述方程，Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程的发展趋势为适用水深范围的拓展。拓展应用范围的大小则由其方程频散特征向Ａｉｒｙ波频散解逼近程度来决定。而Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｑ方程又不同于Ａｉｒｙ波，主要原因是Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程中含有线性频散项，Ａｉｒｙ波则只是长波首项近似，无线性频散项。其频散特征为精确的线性频散解。对实际水波传播而言，Ａｉｒｙ波理论的局限性是不言而喻的。     

压电空心圆柱中波的传播

应用三维压电弹性体轴对称模型对压电空心圆柱中波的传播进行了研究. 发现在 圆柱中是否具有压电性质会对波的传播带来显著的差异. 当波长趋向于零时，在压电圆柱中 拟P波的波速渐进趋向于横观各向同性弹性体的准P波波速，而非压电圆柱中拟P波的波速 渐进趋向于一维杆模型中的P波波速；在压电圆柱中拟SV波存在驻波现象. 圆柱中的SH波 同电场无关，所以在压电圆柱和非压电圆柱中SH波具有相同的频散曲线. 应用积分变 换方法将圆柱的控制方程同其侧边界条件相结合，得到了一组动力学方程. 针对具体的侧边 界条件，得到相对应的波导条件和频散方程. 在此基础上通过数值计算模拟了圆柱受到端部 应力脉冲激励后的瞬态响应. 同时讨论了空心圆柱的半径比对轴向波传播的影响.     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.