血管的应力和零应力位形

针对切开血管段得到的零应力位形，引入包括张开角在内的四个几何参数表示从零应力位形到完整血管的几何变换，按弹性物体有限变形的原理，采用Mooney—Rivlin物质模型，讨论所引入参数与血管中应力，压力和轴向力的定量关系。     

一种近场动力学非普通状态理论零能模式控制方法

近场动力学非普通状态理论在采用节点积分时将引起零能模式,造成位移场、应力应变场的数值不稳定性,影响计算精度甚至会导致完全错误的结果,因此必须对其进行控制.目前国际上还没有十分有效的零能模式控制方法.本文针对零能模式问题,提出了一种通用的、高效的控制方法.根据近场动力学线性键理论,确定非均匀变形对应弹性张量的具体形式,考虑了微模量随不同作用键的变化.通过最小位能原理推导出非均匀变形引起的力状态,结合近场动力学力状态,得到稳定力状态表达式.从而建立起基于线性键理论的稳定关联材料模型,并应用于含圆孔平板、三点弯试件线弹性变形和损伤破坏过程模拟.数值结果表明,本文模型能有效抑制近场动力学非普通状态理论中的零能模式现象.与已有零能模式控制方法相比,其物理意义明确,不包含控制参数,避免了复杂的零能模式参数调节过程,提高了计算效率.      

一种近场动力学非普通状态理论零能模式控制方法

近场动力学非普通状态理论在采用节点积分时将引起零能模式,造成位移场、应力应变场的数值不稳定性,影响计算精度甚至会导致完全错误的结果,因此必须对其进行控制.目前国际上还没有十分有效的零能模式控制方法.本文针对零能模式问题,提出了一种通用的、高效的控制方法.根据近场动力学线性键理论,确定非均匀变形对应弹性张量的具体形式,考虑了微模量随不同作用键的变化.通过最小位能原理推导出非均匀变形引起的力状态,结合近场动力学力状态,得到稳定力状态表达式.从而建立起基于线性键理论的稳定关联材料模型,并应用于含圆孔平板、三点弯试件线弹性变形和损伤破坏过程模拟.数值结果表明,本文模型能有效抑制近场动力学非普通状态理论中的零能模式现象.与已有零能模式控制方法相比,其物理意义明确,不包含控制参数,避免了复杂的零能模式参数调节过程,提高了计算效率.     

含水平非线性弹簧的准零刚度隔振系统的力传递率研究

提出了一种含凸轮-滚轮-非线性弹簧机构作为负刚度结构的准零刚度隔振器,负刚度结构中对称设计了两个水平阻尼器。通过静力学分析,确定了系统的零刚度条件;建立了系统的动力学方程,利用谐波平衡法进行了幅频响应分析,数值分析了水平弹簧的非线性、激励幅值、竖直阻尼比和水平阻尼比对力传递率特性的影响规律,并与等效的线性系统进行了比较。结果表明:系统引入刚度渐减型弹簧比引入刚度渐增型弹簧所获得的低频隔振性能更好;增大竖直阻尼比和水平阻尼比都可进一步降低传递率峰值,但竖直阻尼比越大,整个高频区的力传递率越大,而较大的水平阻尼比只增大较窄频域内的力传递率,且对高频区的隔振性能无影响。此外,准零刚度系统的隔振性能还与激励幅值有关。与线性系统相比,该准零刚度系统具有较低的起始隔振频率,有效隔振频带宽更宽;在线性系统共振频率附近区域内,准零刚度系统隔振效果比线性系统更加优越;在高频区,两系统的隔振效果趋于一致。     

SHPB试验中粘弹性材料的应力均匀性分析

采用特征线解法，对满足ZWT方程的粘弹性材料在高应变率SHPB试验中的应力均匀性进行了数值研究。着重分析了不同的材料本构粘性(松弛时间)、瞬态波阻抗比和入射波升时对于试样中应力均匀性、应变均匀性和平均应变率等的影响。为今后动态试验的试样设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

藏东南波密地区岩石风化速率及其影响因素分析

根据解剖学发现的人体小腿骨间膜血管和胶原纤维有序排列的特点,建立三维组织间隙液渗 流模型,控制方程用Brinkman方程和连续性方程,使用Fluent软件进行数值模拟. 计算结 果显示,组织液在组织间隙中流动的方向总体是与平行毛细血管的方向相一致的;组织间隙 多孔率会影响速度的分布,当多孔率增加时,空间的速度趋于均匀,从而使得最大速度变小, 正常生理范围内多孔率的改变对于组织液流动的影响较小. 但当多孔率很小时(组织纤维化), 会大大影响组织液流动的均匀性;组织间隙平行胶原的存在,会使得组织间隙速度在空间上 的分布趋于均匀;另外,间隙流场随血压的增加而增加,随组织压的增加而降低,这与临床 和经络研究的发现相一致.     

骨间膜组织间隙流场的三维数值模拟

根据解剖学发现的人体小腿骨间膜血管和胶原纤维有序排列的特点,建立三维组织间隙液渗流模型,控制方程用Brinkman方程和连续性方程,使用Fluent软件进行数值模拟. 计算结果显示,组织液在组织间隙中流动的方向总体是与平行毛细血管的方向相一致的;组织间隙多孔率会影响速度的分布,当多孔率增加时,空间的速度趋于均匀,从而使得最大速度变小,正常生理范围内多孔率的改变对于组织液流动的影响较小. 但当多孔率很小时(组织纤维化),会大大影响组织液流动的均匀性;组织间隙平行胶原的存在,会使得组织间隙速度在空间上的分布趋于均匀;另外,间隙流场随血压的增加而增加,随组织压的增加而降低,这与临床和经络研究的发现相一致.      

用p-V指数关系确定血管壁的周向应力

通过检测，得到在体轴向伸长比条件下血管段的压力－容积（p-V)数据，利用指数函数关系，求得在一定内压作用下血管壁周向应力沿壁厚的分布。并以正常大鼠腹主动脉为例进行计算，结果表明，在生理压力作用下，残余应力对血管壁周向应力的分布有很大影响，不考虑残余应力将使血管内壁处出现明显的周向应力集中，当考虑存在于血管壁内的残余应力后，周向应力沿壁厚的分布将变得较均匀，例如当内压p=10kPa时，血管内、外壁周向应力值之比，对前者将达10以上，而对后者差不多只有2左右。所得结果与用Fung提出的应变能密度函数的计算结果作比较，发现二者符合得相当好。     

生物组织中的残余应变

本文综述了生物组织中残余应力和残余应变的研究历史和现状,着重分析了心血管系统的残余应变和零应力状态,讨论了残余应变对血管和心脏等器官的力学分析和组织改造的重要意义,并提出了一些有待研究的问题．      

基于人工神经网络的非均匀固相应力模型

最小多尺度理论EMMS已经被引入多相质点网格法MP-PIC中,建立了非均匀EMMS固相应力模型.但现有的非均匀固相应力模型计算中,中间步骤繁琐且花费时间长.采用人工拟合的方式能获得非均匀固相应力表达式,但需要人为确定拟合变量和拟合函数,且针对于非均匀固相应力这种高度非线性函数所得到的拟合精度不高、用于MP-PIC模拟的结果相比原EMMS固相应力模型结果存在偏差.针对上述问题,本文提出通过机器学习的方法,规避对固相体积分数的局部分布情况的表征,并提出和建立能考虑颗粒浓度详细分布的人工神经网络ANN固相应力模型.首先,基于局部颗粒浓度和颗粒非均匀分布指数建立了双变量的ANN固相应力模型;进一步将当前网格及其周边网格颗粒浓度组成的序列来详细表征颗粒浓度分布,并建立相应的ANN固相应力模型.然后,将两种模型与EMMS固相应力模型进行了对比并测试了网格分辨率和粗化率对模型的影响.研究表明:基于ANN固相应力模型的模拟结果对EMMS固相应力模型结果有较高的还原度,同时具有一定的网格分辨率无关性和粗化率无关性.     

外支架对移植静脉力学特性的影响

自体静脉移植是动脉粥样硬化等血管阻塞疾病的主要治疗手段之一,但移植静脉重建引起的再狭窄严重影响通畅率。研究表明,静脉和动脉之间几何尺寸与力学性质的不同以及力学环境的差异是吻合口再狭窄的主要原因。在动脉环境下,静脉桥路被严重扩张,桥路的内半径要比宿主动脉的大很多,这不仅大大提高了桥路管壁中的应力水平,而且也促使吻合口附近涡流的形成。管壁中增高的周向应力和由于涡流引起的紊乱的切应力是静脉桥路再狭窄的主要原因。为了提高静脉桥路的通畅率,外支架的技术日益引起人们的重视。外支架除了可以加强静脉桥路壁强度,降低管壁中的周向应力外,还可以消除吻合口附近的涡流,从而起到保护作用。本文将综述外支架保护静脉桥路的研究历史以及目前现状。     

A theoretical model for surface bone remodeling under electromagnetic loads

A theoretical model for surface bone remodeling under electromagnetic loads is proposed in this paper. In the model, surface bone remodeling is assumed to be related to growth factors. Growth factors in latent form in osteocytes are released to the bone fluid after the osteocytes are absorbed by osteoclasts, and then regulate the bone formation process. At the same time, environmental loadings can influence the generation of growth factors. This paper shows how surface bone remodeling is triggered under the influence of growth factors. Based on this hypothesis, a computational model is established that simulates the bone coupling remodeling process, including internal and surface bone remodeling. The effects of various loadings, including electrical and magnetic loadings, are simulated and compared. The interactions between internal and surface bone remodeling are investigated via the numerical method. The results indicate that an electromagnetic field can strongly influence the bone remodeling process and that the remodeling process will be altered after surface bone remodeling is triggered, compared to the sole effect of the internal remodeling process.     

血流动力学数值模拟与动脉粥样硬化研究进展

血流动力学因素被认为与动脉粥样硬化等病理改变密切相关。目前血流动力学数值模拟的对象,主要集中于分支动脉、弯曲动脉以及因血管内膜增生而导致的局部狭窄动脉,这些都是动脉粥样硬化多发的病灶部位。精确的血流动力学数值模拟,必须依赖于解剖精确的血管几何模型和生理真实的血流与管壁有限变形的非线性瞬态流－固耦合。只有在“虚拟血液流动”的基础上,综合考虑血管内的壁面剪应力、粒子滞留时间和氧气的跨血管壁传输等多种因素,血流动力学的数值模拟才能真正有助于人们理解动脉粥样硬化的血流动力学机理,才有可能应用于有关动脉疾病的外科手术规划中。      

A multiscale model for analyzing the synergy of CS and WSS on the endothelium in straight arteries

A multiscale model was proposed to calculate the circumferential stress (CS) and wall shear stress (WSS) and analyze the effects of global and local factors on the CS, WSS and their synergy on the arterial endothelium in large straight arteries. A parameter pair [Zs,SPA] (defined as the ratio of CS amplitude to WSS amplitude and the phase angle between CS and WSS for different harmonic components, respectively) was proposed to characterize the synergy of CS and WSS. The results demonstrated that the CS or WSS in the large straight arteries is determined by the global factors, i.e. the preloads and the afterloads, and the local factors, i.e. the local mechanical properties and the zero-stress states of arterial walls, whereas the Zs and SPA are primarily determined by the local factors and the afterloads. Because the arterial input impedance has been shown to reflect the physiological and pathological states of whole downstream arterial beds, the stress amplitude ratio Zs and the stress phase difference SPA might be appropriate indices to reflect the influences of the states of whole downstream arterial beds on the local blood flow-dependent phenomena such as angiogenesis, vascular remodeling and atherosgenesis. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10132020 and 10472027). The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

一种确定均匀动脉壁面切应力的非线性方法

从Ling和Atabek提出的``局部流'理论出发，提出一种利用测量血液黏度、管轴上 的血流速度、压力和管径波形计算均匀动脉管壁切应力的非线性方法. 将这种方法与柳兆荣 等提出的利用测量血液黏度、管轴上的血流速度和平均管径计算切应力的线性方法比较，结 果表明，当管壁脉动幅度较小时，两种方法计算的压力梯度、流速剖面和管壁切应力差别较 小；而当管壁脉动幅度增大时，两种方法计算的压力梯度、流速剖面和管壁切应力差别增大. 对于小幅脉动均匀动脉，用线性方法计算管壁切应力有较高的精度；而对于大变形 均匀动脉，则需要考虑非线性因素对管壁切应力的影响. 由于作为输入量的血液黏度、轴心 血流速度、压力波形和管径波形可在活体上通过无损伤或微损伤的检测方法得到， 所提出的计算切应力的方法为在体或离体研究切应力与动脉重建的关系提供了方法学基础.     

Left Ventricular Geometry,Tissue Composition,and Residual Stress in High Fat Diet Dahl-Salt Sensitive Rats

Background

Hypertension drives myocardial remodeling, leading to changes in structure, composition and mechanical behavior, including residual stress, which are linked to heart disease progression in a gender-specific manner. Emerging therapies are also targeting constituent-specific pathological features. All previous studies, however, have characterized remodeling in the intact tissue, rather than isolated tissue constituents, and did not include sex as a biological variable.

Objective

In this study we first identified the contribution of collagen fiber network and myocytes to the myocardial residual stress/strain in Dahl-Salt sensitive rats fed with high fat diet. Then, we quantified the effect of hypertension on the remodeling of the left ventricle (LV), as well as the existence of sex-specific remodeling features.

Methods

We performed mechanical tests (opening angle, ring-test) and histological analysis on isolated constituents and intact tissue of the LV. Based on the measurements from the tests, we performed a stress analysis to evaluate the residual stress distribution. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the effects of constituent isolation, elevated blood pressure, and sex of the animal on the experimental measurements and modeling results.

Results

Hypertension leads to reduced residual stress/strain in the intact tissue, isolated collagen fibers, and isolated myocytes in male and female rats. Collagen remains the largest contributor to myocardial residual stress in both normotensive and hypertensive animals. We identified sex-differences in both hypertensive and normotensive animals.

Conclusions

We observed both constituent- and sex-specific remodeling features in the LV of an animal model of hypertension.

     

血管残余应力的一种确定方法

动脉无载荷状态下存在残余应力,分析血管壁在载荷状态下的应力分布必须计及血管壁的残余应力。本文通过检测动脉不同轴向伸长比条件下的压力—容积(p—V)数据,根据其p—V实验曲线的“S”型特征,提出了一种用反正切函数关系对试验数据点进行拟合,进而导得动脉管壁周向残余应力沿壁厚分布的方法。文章对10只正常大鼠颈动脉的分析结果表明,大鼠颈动脉周向残余应力沿血管壁厚呈单调上升趋势。残余应力在内壁处为负呈压缩状态,在外壁处为正呈拉伸状态,并且内外壁处应力绝对值大小基本相等,大约在2．5kPa左右。文章结果对进一步分析动脉管壁在载荷作用下的应力分布提供必要的信息。     

A Model of Arterial Adaptation to Alterations in Blood Flow

Mechanisms of arterial adaptation to changes in blood flow rates were tested by comparing the predictions of a proposed theoretical model with available experimental data. The artery was modeled as an elastic membrane made of a nonlinear, incompressible, elastic material. Stimulation of the vascular smooth muscle was modeled through the generation of an active component of circumferential stress. The muscular tone was modulated by flow-induced shear stress sensed by the arterial endothelium, and is responsible for the vasomotor adjustment of the deformed arterial diameter in response to changes in blood flow. This study addresses the hypothesis that the synthetic and proliferative activity of smooth muscle cells, leading to a change in arterial dimensions, is shear stress dependent and is associated with changes in the contractile state of the smooth muscle cells and changes in the circumferential wall stress. Remodeling to a step change in flow was formulated as an initial-value problem for a system of first order autonomous differential equations for the evolution of muscular tone and evolution of arterial geometry. The governing equations were solved numerically for model parameters identified from experimental data available in the literature. The model predictions for the time variation of the geometrical dimensions and their asymptotic values were found to be in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. Experiments for validating the introduced hypotheses and further generalizations of the model were discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Simulation of adaptation of blood vessel geometry to flow and pressure: Implications for arterio-venous impedance

Aortic input impedance relates pressure to flow at the aortic entrance distal to the aortic valve. We designed the CircAdapt three-element model of this impedance, consisting of resistive wave impedance, arterial compliance and peripheral resistance. Direct association of the elements with physical properties facilitated incorporation of nonlinear elastic properties of wall material and adaptation of vessel geometry to mechanical load. Use of the CircAdapt impedance model is extended to all arterial and venous connections to the heart. After incorporation in the existing CircAdapt model of whole circulation dynamics, vascular geometry was determined by adaptation to hemodynamic load as generated by the CircAdapt model itself. Model generated vascular geometry and hemodynamics appear realistic. Since the same adaptation rules are used for arteries and veins, all vascular impedances are determined mainly by two parameters only. Thus, large changes in hemodynamic load, like exercise or hypertension, were simulated realistically without the need to change parameter values. Simulation of adaptation enables to predict consequences of chronic change in hemodynamics, e.g. due to pathology or proposed therapy.     

动脉中非平稳流动壁面剪切力及其Hilbert-Huang变换

本文通过数值方法求解均匀动脉中的非平稳脉动流,给出了通过测量非平稳脉动血流量确定壁面切应力的方法.作为算例,采用实测的大鼠颈总动脉流量信号,求出了均匀动脉壁面切应力波形.进一步对求得的切应力波形进行经验模态分解(EMD),得到了切应力波形的各内在模态(IMF),以及Hilbert幅值谱.从切应力波形经Hilbert-Huang变换得到的IMF和Hilbert谱图可以明显地看出切应力各频率成分的物理意义.所得结果为进一步深入研究非平稳脉动切应力与血管重建的关系提供了一种方法学基础.