含抗转能力散粒体的宏微观力学特性数值分析

颗粒间抗转因素对散粒体宏微观特性的影响十分显著。本文采用离散单元法,将蒋明镜（2005年）等提出的抗转动接触模型植入离散元分析软件PFC2D中,模拟了大量刚性边界下的砂土双轴试验,研究了压缩过程中试样的宏观力学性质及部分微观参量的变化情况,用以定性分析颗粒间抗转作用对散粒体的宏微观力学特性的影响。研究表明：颗粒间的抗转...     

核级石墨PFC2D模型的宏细观参数分析

颗粒流软件PFC能够很好地处理非连续介质力学的问题,模拟核级石墨的损伤和断裂过程具有独特的优势。在采用PFC^2D模拟核级石墨时,为了增加模拟的便捷性,实现了PFC^2D细观参数的快速标定。本文首先设计了四因素四水平的正交试验,分析了核级石墨的宏观参数与PFC^2D的细观参数关系;然后基于建立的核级石墨宏细观参数的关系,采用PFC^2D模拟石墨IG11的三点弯曲试验,并从位移场变形、荷载-位移曲线和断裂参数三个方面验证其宏细观参数关系的正确性。结果表明,弹性模量E随平节理模量E_c的增加线性增加;抗拉强度σ_t随平节理抗拉强度σ_b的增加线性增加;泊松比ν随平节理刚度比k_n/k_s的增加先增大后减小;数值模拟的位移场变化和荷载-裂缝口张开位移P-CMOD曲线与试验结果较吻合,此外,断裂参数的最大误差不超过3.57%。     

粗粒土离散元非球趋真颗粒模型

颗粒形状对粗粒土的物理力学特性有着显著的影响。离散元法广泛应用于粗粒土宏观物理力学特性的细观机理研究。为了考虑颗粒形状的影响,亟待发展计算高效的离散元非球趋真颗粒模型。本文基于X射线CT扫描技术并结合数字图像处理技术,对光滑和棱角性两类典型粗粒土(鹅卵石与碎石)进行三维重构,并提出了两类趋真颗粒模型,分别采用扩展超椭球模型和球多面体模型进行趋真逼近;开展了两类颗粒试样的3D打印和单轴压缩试验,分析了配位数和局部孔隙率分布等细观特性;基于离散元开源程序SudoDEM开展了两类试样的离散元模拟,并将模拟细观分析结果与物理试验进行了对比。结果表明,提出的两类趋真颗粒模型能够较好地对粗粒土颗粒进行离散元建模。     

基于CT图像的细观混凝土模型中低应变率冲击下端部摩擦效应研究

基于微观X射线计算断层扫描（XCT）图像，采用单元替换像素的方法建立真实普通强度混凝土试件的细观有限元模型。该模型包含骨料、砂浆、界面过渡区和孔洞，并采用ABAQUS中的混凝土损伤塑性本构模型CDP来模拟各相材料。对20个基于XCT图像的细观模型进行了中低应变率（10^-5 s^-1~2 s^-1）冲击作用下的端部摩擦效应的蒙特卡洛模拟；并对模拟结果进行统计分析和曲线拟合，获得了动态抗压强度和端摩擦系数及应变率之间的定量关系式，以及无摩擦时抗压强度提高因子CDIF与应变率之间的关系式。结果表明，端摩擦能够提高混凝土的抗压强度，但当摩擦系数达到0.3后其影响不再明显；CDIF与应变率的对数（logε）呈二次抛物线关系；拟合的关系式与实验结果吻合良好。     

基于Surfer平台的FLAC3D 复杂三维地质建模研究

复杂三维地质体模型的建立一直是FLAC^3D软件前处理过程中的一个难题。因此,提出以Surfer软件为过渡平台,通过对地表及岩层分界面三维地质信息的提取、转换,并将Surfer输出的数据经由FLAC^3D软件内嵌的Fish语言编制的程序的二次转换,生成FLAC^3D软件可以直接读取的模型数据文件,从而实现了该软件前处理过程中复杂三维地质模型的快速、准确建立。同时结合工程实际,检验了该方法的可行性和仿真效果,结果表明,建模过程简捷、实用,可操作性强,是FLAC^3D软件前处理的一种新方法。     

动能弹侵彻素混凝土板的数值模拟

用二维梁-颗粒模型BPM2D(Beam-Particle Model in Two Dimensions)模拟了刚性弹体侵彻和贯穿素混凝土板的过程．梁-颗粒模型BPM2D是在离散元法基础上,结合有限元法开发的二维数值计算模型．在模型中用三种类型梁单元形成混凝土数值试样．每种类型梁单元的力学性质均按韦布尔(Weibull)分布随机赋值以模拟混凝土细观结构的非均匀性,同时梁单元的强度随应变率不同而变化．利用此模型分析了弹体侵彻下混凝土板的破坏过程,并给出不同弹体初始速度条件下各时刻混凝土和弹体内部速度场．通过将计算结果与实验数据及LS—DYNA程序模拟结果相比较,表明梁-颗粒模型可有效应用于计算和模拟脆性材料动态破坏问题．     

双柱状颗粒在线性剪切流场中的动力学分析

为研究柱状颗粒在线性剪切流场中的运动状态和受力情况，本文以颗粒长径比为2，颗粒之间的初始距离ΔS_Py=4D为例，基于直接力浸入边界法数值模拟了双柱状颗粒在三维线性剪切流场中的运动过程。根据模拟结果分析了柱状颗粒周围流场参数分布，在考虑壁面对颗粒的影响和颗粒之间相互影响的条件下，研究了颗粒的受力和运动的变化，探索了流体曳力导致柱状颗粒迁移和转动的规律。研究结果表明，双柱状颗粒在线性剪切流场中易向速度大的流体区域运动；前后两颗粒运动状态和轨迹不同，颗粒之间距离较近时，曳力会产生较大的波动；只有当颗粒在壁面附近时，滞后颗粒才能追上领先颗粒，两颗粒发生牵引、翻滚和分离过程。     

甘肃引洮供水工程饱和黄土隧洞施工方法选择的工程地质研究

甘肃引洮供水一期工程总干渠13#、14#、15#隧洞围岩为al-lQ2饱和黄土,地下水位高于洞顶4³7m,饱和度一般在98%¹00%,水稳性很差。因此,该段隧洞施工方法的选择十分重要,从工程地质角度研究其工程特性,采用D rucker-Prager弹塑性模型、关联流动法则,模拟了传统钻爆法开挖时隧洞稳定性,计算表明,若采用钻爆法,由于围岩的岩性软弱,隧洞开挖后,在隧洞周围较大范围内存在应力降低区,隧洞位移十分迅速而且位移量非常大,洞顶下降发生塌方并引起地面沉降。从盾构法施工对地质条件的适应性分析,其施工风险相对较小,施工过程中可利用护盾很快封闭围岩,因此该段隧洞宜采用盾构法施工。     

一种滞弹簧耗能的新型离散元滚动阻力模型研究

颗粒间滚动阻力对颗粒体系的稳定性起着重要作用. 在传统的离散元法中, 滚动阻力模型通常由转动弹簧、转动黏壶和摩擦元件表达, 颗粒滚动动能由黏滞力(矩)和摩擦力做功耗散. 由于黏滞力(矩)与滚动速度相关, 临近静止状态的颗粒滚动速度变小, 动能耗散减弱, 传统的离散元模拟得到颗粒由滚动到静止耗费的时间比试验观测的结果要长. 为解决这一问题, 基于摩擦学理论分析了滚动阻力产生的材料滞弹性机理, 将其引入离散元滚动阻力模型, 提出了一种速度无关型动能耗散的滞弹簧, 给出了滞弹簧的弹性恢复力计算公式, 建立了一种新型的离散元滞弹性滚动阻力模型(HDEM). 为验证新型滚动阻力模型的正确性, 通过一个光学物理试验对单个圆形颗粒试件的自由滚动过程进行了测量, 将测量数据与新型的滞弹型离散元模型和传统离散元模型计算结果进行了对比. 结果显示, 基于滞弹性滚动阻力模型HDEM计算结果与试验数据吻合程度更高, 而且模拟得到的颗粒摆动频率更符合试验现象.      

Hopkinson杆和Hopkinson的故事

 许多工程问题需要测定各种材料在高应变率下的力学特性. 为达到这个目的,分离式Hopkinson 杆是现今世界上公认最成熟的、应用得也最广泛的现代实验技术. 这套装置的构型并不复杂,却能有效地获得大多数工程材料在每秒10²~10⁴的高应变率下的应力应变曲线. 这种实验装置的名称源自最初提出相关创意和原始设计的英国剑桥大学工程科学教授B. Hopkinson. 其实,B. Hopkinson 追随他的父亲J. Hopkinson 献身于工程科学,还有一段非常动人的故事.     

Kinematic variables bridging discrete and continuum granular mechanics

It is known that there is wide, and at present, unbridgeable, gap between discrete and continuum granular mechanics. In this contribution, first, microscopic kinematic variables neglected in classical continuum granular mechanics are investigated based on the kinematics of discs in contact. Then, a kinematic variable called the averaged pure rotation rate (APR) is proposed for an assembly of circular discs of different sizes, which is then used to produce another two kinematic tensors with one equal to the deformation rate tensor and the other unifying the spin tensor and the APR. As an example, the kinematic variables are incorporated into the unified double-slip plasticity model. Finally, these theoretical analyses are verified using a two-dimensional discrete element method. The study shows that these kinematic variables can be used to bridge discrete and continuum granular mechanics.     

Assessment of the kinetic–frictional model for dense granular flow

This paper aims to quantitatively assess the application of kinetic–frictional model to simulate the motion of dry granular materials in dense condition, in particular, the annular shearing in Couette configuration. The weight of frictional stress was varied to study the contribution of the frictional stress in dense granular flows. The results show that the pure kinetic-theory-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (without frictional stress) over-predicts the dominant solids motion of dense granular flow while adding frictional stress [Schaeffer, D. G. (1987). Instability in the evolution equations describing incompressible granular flow. Journal of Differential Equations, 66(1), 19–50] with the solids pressure of [Lun, C. K. K., Savage, S. B., Jeffrey, D. J., & Chepurniy, N. (1984). Kinetic theories for granular flow: Inelastic particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flow field. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 140, 223–256] in the CFD model improves the simulation to better conform available experimental results. The results also suggest that frictional stress transmission plays an important role in dense granular flow and should not be neglected in granular flow simulations. Compatible simulation results to the experimental data are seen by increasing the weight of frictional stress to a factor of 1.25–1.5. These improved simulation results suggest the current constitutive relations (kinetic–frictional model) need to be improved in order to better reflect the real dense granular flow.     

A non‐linear k–ε model with realizability for prediction of flows around bluff bodies

The incompressible flow around bluff bodies (a square cylinder and a cube) is investigated numerically using turbulence models. A non‐linear k–ε model, which can take into account the anisotropy of turbulence with less CPU time and computer memory then RSM or LES, is adopted as a turbulence model. In tuning of the model coefficients of the non‐linear terms are adjusted through the examination of previous experimental studies in simple shear flows. For the tuning of the coefficient in the eddy viscosity (=C_μ), the realizability constraints are derived in three types of basic 2D flow patterns, namely, a simple shear flow, flow around a saddle and a focal point. C_μ is then determined as a function of the strain and rotation parameters to satisfy the realizability. The turbulence model is first applied to a 2D flow around a square cylinder and the model performance for unsteady flows is examined focussing on the period and the amplitude of the flow oscillation induced by Karman vortex shedding. The applicability of the model to 3D flows is examined through the computation of the flow around a surface‐mounted cubic obstacle. The numerical results show that the present model performs satisfactorily to reproduce complex turbulent flows around bluff bodies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel hybrid solid-like fluid-like (SLFL) method for the simulation of dry granular flows

This paper proposes a novel hybrid method to simulate the dry granular flow of materials over a wide range of inertial numbers that simultaneously covers the quasi-static and dense granular flow regimes. To overcome the lack of incremental objectivity whenever large deformations occur in solid-like regimes and to remove computational singularities in fluid-like regimes close to rest, the elastic–perfectly plastic theory based on the Drucker–Prager yield criterion is combined with the theory of dense granular flows. By implementing some new modifications at the boundaries and removing all ghost particles, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is used as the framework for the method. A number of benchmark problems have been solved to show the capabilities of the new modified SPH method. Precise prediction of both location and pressure makes the modifications comparable with the previous works on SPH. Finally, the method is used to solve the classic 2D dry granular cliff collapse problem and to model dry granular material flow inside a rotary drum. The outcomes of the numerical simulation show good agreement with tabletop experiments and published results.     

煤仓内煤散料流动状态与力学行为影响因素

针对煤仓内煤散料流动问题及其力学行为,采用三维颗粒流模拟程序PFC3D建立了某型号煤仓与某种煤散料的离散元模型,简述了其力学模型与求解步骤,模拟分析了煤仓内煤散料卸料流动状态。通过分析水平向侧压力、颗粒速度场和接触力场,重点讨论了煤仓下部锥体内壁面摩擦系数、锥仓倾角和卸料口径等对煤散料颗粒流动状态和力学行为的影响。结果显示,深仓卸料流动为整体流动与中心流动混合状态,煤仓内壁摩擦系数、锥体倾角和卸料孔开口半径均对煤散料流动和水平侧压力有较大影响。     

Creeping flow around particles in a Bingham fluid

We revisit the variational setting of the creeping flow of Bingham fluid about a particle. We investigate two problems: the resistance and the mobility problem, which arise in the context of sedimentation. We present results and the general framework for uniqueness, symmetry and reversibility properties of solutions, and clarify the relation between resistance and mobility problems. We also consider general properties of the static stability limit (or load limit). In the second part of the paper we apply insights gained from the first part to the computation of 2D exterior flow around an infinite cylinder with elliptical cross-section. We study the static stability limit and find that the limiting flow solution approaches the perfectly plastic solid solution.     

Pattern formation in granular avalanches

Three new experiments are described which exhibit strong pattern formation in the deposits left by successive granular avalanches. At low flow rates continuous deposition, erosion or rotation gives rise to intermittent avalanche release. Once in motion kinetic sieving of a bi-disperse granular mixture creates a two-layer shear band in which the larger particles overlie the smaller particles. When this is brought abruptly to rest by the upslope propagation of a shock wave a pair of str ipes is “frozen” into the deposited material. Successive releases create a large scale pattern, which strongly reflects the history of the granular flow. At faster deposition, erosion and rotation rates a new flow regime is entered in which intermittency and shock formation ceases, and the associated patterns change. Received Aug. 25, 1997     

Lattice Boltzmann simulations of viscoplastic fluid flows through complex flow channels

We present the results of lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations for the planar-flow of viscoplastic fluids through complex flow channels. In this study, the Bingham and Casson model fluids are covered as viscoplastic fluid. The Papanastasiou (modified Bingham) model and the modified Casson model are employed in our LB simulations. The Bingham number is an essential physical parameter when considering viscoplastic fluid flows and the modified Bingham number is proposed for modified viscoplastic models. When the value of the modified Bingham number agrees with that of the “normal” Bingham number, viscoplastic fluid flows formulated by modified viscoplastic models strictly reproduce the flow behavior of the ideal viscoplastic fluids. LB simulations are extensively performed for viscoplastic fluid flows through complex flow channels with rectangular and circular obstacles. It is shown that the LB method (LBM) allows us to successfully compute the flow behavior of viscoplastic fluids in various complicated-flow channels with rectangular and circular obstacles. For even low Re and high Bn numbers corresponding to plastic-property dominant condition, it is clearly manifested that the viscosity for both the viscoplastic fluids is largely decreased around solid obstacles. Also, it is shown that the viscosity profile is quite different between both the viscoplastic fluids due to the inherent nature of the models. The viscosity of the Bingham fluid sharply drops down close to the plastic viscosity, whereas the viscosity of the Casson fluid does not rapidly fall. From this study, it is demonstrated that the LBM can be also an effective methodology for computing viscoplastic fluid flows through complex channels including circular obstacles.     

Vibration induced flow in hoppers: DEM 2D polygon model

A two-dimensional discrete element model （DEM） simulation of cohesive polygonal particles has been developed to assess the benefit of point source vibration to induce flow in wedge-shaped hoppers. The particle-particle interaction model used is based on a multi-contact principle. The first part of the study investigated particle discharge under gravity without vibration to determine the critical orifice size （Bc） to just sustain flow as a function of particle shape. It is shown that polygonal-shaped particles need a larger orifice than circular particles. It is also shown that Bc decreases as the number of particle vertices increases. Addition of circular particles promotes flow of polygons in a linear manner. The second part of the study showed that vibration could enhance flow, effectively reducing Bc. The model demonstrated the importance of vibrator location （height）, consistent with previous continuum model results, and vibration amplitude in enhancing flow.