考虑等效曲率的超二次曲面单元非线性接触模型

基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元可有效地描述自然界和工业生产中的非球体颗粒形态, 并通过非线性迭代方法精确计算单元间的接触力. 对于具有复杂几何形态的超二次曲面单元, 线性接触模型不能准确地计算不同接触模式下的作用力. 考虑超二次曲面单元相互作用时不同颗粒形状及表面曲率的影响, 本文发展了相应的非线性黏弹性接触模型. 该模型将不同接触模式下的法向刚度和黏滞力统一表述为单元间局部接触点处等效曲率半径的函数; 切向接触作用则借鉴基于Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定律的球体单元非线性接触模型的计算方法. 为检验超二次曲面单元接触模型的可靠性, 对球形颗粒间的法向碰撞、椭球体颗粒间的斜冲击过程、圆柱体的静态堆积和椭球体的动态卸料过程进行离散元模拟, 并与有限元数值结果及试验结果进行对比验证. 计算表明, 考虑接触点处等效曲率半径的超二次曲面非线性接触模型可准确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用, 并合理地反映非球形颗粒体系的运动规律. 在此基础上进一步分析了不同长宽比和表面尖锐度对卸料过程中颗粒流动特性的影响, 为非球形颗粒材料的流动特性分析提供了一种有效的离散元方法.      

考虑等效曲率的超二次曲面单元非线性接触模型

基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元可有效地描述自然界和工业生产中的非球体颗粒形态,并通过非线性迭代方法精确计算单元间的接触力.对于具有复杂几何形态的超二次曲面单元,线性接触模型不能准确地计算不同接触模式下的作用力.考虑超二次曲面单元相互作用时不同颗粒形状及表面曲率的影响,本文发展了相应的非线性黏弹性接触模型.该模型将不同接触模式下的法向刚度和黏滞力统一表述为单元间局部接触点处等效曲率半径的函数;切向接触作用则借鉴基于Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定律的球体单元非线性接触模型的计算方法.为检验超二次曲面单元接触模型的可靠性,对球形颗粒间的法向碰撞、椭球体颗粒间的斜冲击过程、圆柱体的静态堆积和椭球体的动态卸料过程进行离散元模拟,并与有限元数值结果及试验结果进行对比验证.计算表明,考虑接触点处等效曲率半径的超二次曲面非线性接触模型可准确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用,并合理地反映非球形颗粒体系的运动规律.在此基础上进一步分析了不同长宽比和表面尖锐度对卸料过程中颗粒流动特性的影响,为非球形颗粒材料的流动特性分析提供了一种有效的离散元方法.     

凹形多面体离散单元的水平集函数接触算法

多面体模型理论上可构造任意颗粒形态,然而受单元接触算法的限制,仅用于凸形颗粒材料的离散元模拟。对于具有凹形特征的多面体单元,单个接触点的搜索算法难以精确计算单元间的作用力。考虑多面体单元间存在单个或多个接触点的计算特性,本文发展了适用于凸形和凹形多面体颗粒材料的水平集函数接触算法。该方法通过点-三角形单元距离计算方法和奇-偶数判定方法建立多面体单元的零水平集函数和空间水平集函数,并对水平集函数进行三线性插值,可得到多面体单元间的单个或多个接触点。为检验水平集函数接触算法的可靠性,对球形和凹形多面体颗粒材料的堆积和倒塌过程进行离散元模拟,并分析颗粒形状对堆积密度和休止角的影响规律。     

碎石料直剪实验的组合颗粒单元数值模拟

通过构造三维组合颗粒单元来描述颗粒间的互锁效应,对非规则颗粒材料的力学行为进行了离散元数值模拟,并通过碎石料的直剪实验进行了验证.该组合颗粒的质量与碎石块具有相同的概率分布特性,其几何形态则由不同数目、镶嵌尺寸、组合方位和粒径的球形颗粒进行随机构造.组合颗粒单元在局部与整体坐标之间的转动、力矩和方位关系通过四元素方法进行确定;颗粒之间的作用力采用具有Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定侓的Hertz-Mindlin 非线性接触模型,并考虑了非线性法向粘滞力的影响.在不同的法向应力下,对碎石料在直剪实验中的剪切应力和剪胀现象进行了离散元模拟,计算结果与实测结果相吻合;此外,在不同的法向应力和接触摩擦系数下,对碎石料的有效摩擦系数进行了计算和讨论.本文工作验证了组合颗粒单元在非规则颗粒材料的离散元模拟中的可行性.     

散体系统冲击破碎的动力学分析

针对球形粒子组成的散体系统,基于离散单元法,将球形粒子离散成弹簧-球单元系统,给出了离散单元的运动方程,建立了离散单元之间的弹性力和接触力的计算模型,并用Mohr -Coulomb型破坏准则判断粒子的破碎。运用上述方法,对圆筒内由脆性材料组成的散体系统在冲击载荷下的挤压破碎过程进行了数值模拟;计算过程中,跟踪散体系统中每个粒子在不同时刻的破碎情况;分析了散体系统冲击破碎过程数值模拟结果的主要影响因素。结果显示:数值模拟过程中需综合考虑计算精度和计算时间之间的平衡;相同的计算条件下,颗粒的初始堆积方式不同,计算得到的散体系统的破碎程度不同。     

粗糙颗粒的随机离散元模拟——随机法向接触定律

真实颗粒的力学性质会受到其随机粗糙表面的影响,然而在传统离散元模拟中通常假设颗粒具有光滑表面,因此有必要在定量考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的基础上改进离散元的接触模型。本文基于经典 Greenwood-Williamson(GW)模型通过理论分析和数值模拟提出了一种可以考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的法向接触定律;开发了基于 Newton-Raphson迭代的数值计算方法,通过输入颗粒重叠量和一系列表面粗糙系数计算总接触力;讨论了改进计算方法效率和准确性的相关问题。相对于 GW模型中接触关系的复杂积分表示,拟合得到新随机接触定律的表达式具有类似 Hertz定律的简单结构,只包含一个表征颗粒表面粗糙度标准偏差的新增参数,σ,可以方便的引入当前离散元模拟程序中进行计算。     

粗糙颗粒的随机离散元模拟——随机法向接触定律（英文）

真实颗粒的力学性质会受到其随机粗糙表面的影响,然而在传统离散元模拟中通常假设颗粒具有光滑表面,因此有必要在定量考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的基础上改进离散元的接触模型。本文基于经典GreenwoodWilliamson(GW)模型通过理论分析和数值模拟提出了一种可以考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的法向接触定律;开发了基于Newton-Raphson迭代的数值计算方法,通过输入颗粒重叠量和一系列表面粗糙系数计算总接触力;讨论了改进计算方法效率和准确性的相关问题。相对于GW模型中接触关系的复杂积分表示,拟合得到新随机接触定律的表达式具有类似Hertz定律的简单结构,只包含一个表征颗粒表面粗糙度标准偏差的新增参数,σ,可以方便的引入当前离散元模拟程序中进行计算。     

板材多点成形过程的有限元分析

多点成形过程采用静力隐式格式进行数值模拟是比较合适的。本文建立了用于多点成形过程分析的静力隐式弹塑性大变形有限元方法 ,给出了对稳定迭代收敛过程效果较好的板壳有限单元模型、处理多点不连续接触边界的接触单元方法以及增量变形过程中应力及塑性应变计算的多步回映计算方法。基于这些方法编制了计算软件 ,应用该软件进行了矩形板的液压胀形过程及球形模具拉伸成形过程的有限元分析 ,数值计算结果与典型的实验结果及计算结果吻合很好。最后给出了球形、圆柱形目标形状的实际多点成形过程的数值模拟结果。     

粘接–映射混合算法及其对颗粒材料中板的振动特性分析

结构与颗粒材料相互作用广泛存在于各工程领域,其研究过程中涉及的连续–离散耦合计算方法面对诸多挑战.本文提出了粘接–映射混合算法来研究连续体与离散介质耦合动力学问题.将连续体模型划分为内部区域及与颗粒接触的边界区域.边界区域采用粘接算法模拟连续体外部形状并使用高效的球形接触判断准则;提出一种包含Rayleigh阻尼映射的有限元映射质点弹簧算法来精确计算连续体内部区域内力和变形.二者相结合构成粘接–映射混合算法,并引入计算机集群和GPU(图形处理器)并行技术,对埋没于颗粒材料中受激振动固支方板的连续–离散耦合动力学问题进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,粘接–映射混合算法有利于双层级并行算法的程序实现及优化,并在连续–离散耦合界面进行快速接触判断的同时实现对颗粒材料中方板位移、变形、振动形态等参数的研究.通过定幅扫频和定频变幅方式考察激振力频率和幅值对振动板非线性动力学行为的影响并观察到二倍周期现象,同时给出了该连续–离散耦合系统中颗粒体系的能量耗散特性.     

粘接-映射混合算法及其对颗粒材料中板的振动特性分析

结构与颗粒材料相互作用广泛存在于各工程领域,其研究过程中涉及的连续-离散耦合计算方法面对诸多挑战.本文提出了粘接-映射混合算法来研究连续体与离散介质耦合动力学问题.将连续体模型划分为内部区域及与颗粒接触的边界区域.边界区域采用粘接算法模拟连续体外部形状并使用高效的球形接触判断准则;提出一种包含Rayleigh阻尼映射的有限元映射质点弹簧算法来精确计算连续体内部区域内力和变形.二者相结合构成粘接-映射混合算法,并引入计算机集群和GPU(图形处理器)并行技术,对埋没于颗粒材料中受激振动固支方板的连续-离散耦合动力学问题进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,粘接-映射混合算法有利于双层级并行算法的程序实现及优化,并在连续-离散耦合界面进行快速接触判断的同时实现对颗粒材料中方板位移、变形、振动形态等参数的研究.通过定幅扫频和定频变幅方式考察激振力频率和幅值对振动板非线性动力学行为的影响并观察到二倍周期现象,同时给出了该连续-离散耦合系统中颗粒体系的能量耗散特性.      

基于离散元法的干湿颗粒系统仿真

介绍了基于离散元法的干湿颗粒系统仿真软件DEMSIM。对于干颗粒系统,DEMSIM可以分析二维和三维颗粒系统的弹性和塑性接触碰撞过程;对于湿颗粒系统,DEMSIM采用传统的液桥模型;对于颗粒-流体系统,DEMSIM采用CFD-DEM细观耦合模型模拟。一系列典型算例的模拟分析,验证了干湿颗粒系统仿真软件DEMSIM的精度和有效性。     

Comparative study of different discrete element models and evaluation of equivalent micromechanical parameters

Comparative studies of different discrete element models of a rock-type material are presented. The discrete element formulation employs spherical particles with the cohesive interaction model combining linear elastic behaviour with brittle failure. Numerical studies consisted in simulation of the uniaxial compression test. Two cylindrical specimens with particle size distributions yielding different degree of heterogeneity have been used. Macroscopic response produced by different discrete element models has been compared. The main difference between the compared models consists in the evaluation of micromechanical constitutive parameters. Two approaches are compared. In the first approach, the contact stiffness and strength parameters depend on the local particle size, while in the second approach, global uniform contact parameters are assumed for all the contacting pairs in function of average geometric measures characterizing the particle assembly. The size dependent contact parameters are calculated as functions of geometric parameters characterizing each contacting particle pair. As geometric scaling parameters, the arithmetic and harmonic means, as well as the minimum of the radii of two contacting particles are considered. Two different models with size dependent contact parameters are formulated. The performance of these models is compared with that of the discrete element model with global uniform contact parameters. Equivalence between the models with size dependent and uniform contact parameters has been checked. In search of this equivalence, different methods of evaluation of global uniform parameters have been studied. The contact stiffness has been evaluated in terms of the average radius of the particle assembly or in terms of the averages of the arithmetic and harmonic means of the contact pair radii, the geometric parameters used in the evaluation of the contact stiffness in the size-dependent models. The uniform contact strengths have been determined as functions of the averages of radii squares, squares of arithmetic radii means or squares of minimum radii of the contacting pairs.For the more homogenous specimen, the models with local size dependent parameters and models with global uniform parameters give similar response. The models with uniform parameters evaluated according to the averages of the geometric parameters used in the evaluation of local parameters ensure better agreement with the respective models with size-dependent parameters than the models with uniform parameters evaluated according to the particle radii. Simulations using the more heterogenous specimen reveal differences between the considered models. There are significant differences in stress–strain curves as well as in the failure pattern. The models with local size-dependent parameters are more sensitive to the change of heterogeneity than the model with global uniform parameters.     

Superquadric DEM-SPH coupling method for interaction between non-spherical granular materials and fluids

The research on the coupling method of non-spherical granular materials and fluids aims to predict the particle–fluid interaction in this study. A coupling method based on superquadric elements is developed to describe the interaction between non-spherical solid particles and fluids. The discrete element method (DEM) and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) are adopted to simulate granular materials and fluids. The repulsive force model is adopted to calculate the coupling force and then a contact detection method is established for the interaction between the superquadric element and the fluid particle. The contact detection method captures the shape of superquadric element and calculates the distance from the fluid particle to the surface of superquadric element. Simulation cases focusing on the coupling force model, energy transfer, and large-scale calculations have been implemented to verify the validity of the proposed coupling method. The coupling force model accurately represents the water entry process of a spherical solid particle, and reasonably reflects the difference of solid particles with different shapes. In the water entry process of multiple solid particles, the total energy of the water entry process of multiple solid particles tends to be stable. The collapse process of the partially submerged granular column is simulated and analyzed under different parameters. Therefore, this coupling method is suitable to simulate fluid–particle systems containing solid particles with multiple shapes.     

Discrete element-embedded finite element model for simulation of soft particle motion and deformation

The motion and deformation of soft particles are commonly encountered and important in many applications. A discrete element-embedded finite element model (DEFEM) is proposed to solve soft particle motion and deformation, which combines discrete element and finite element methods. The collisional surface of soft particles is covered by several dynamical embedded discrete elements (EDEs) to model the collisional external forces of the particles. The particle deformation, motion, and rotation are independent of each other in the DEFEM. The deformation and internal forces are simulated using the finite element model, whereas the particle rotation and motion calculations are based on the discrete element model. By inheriting the advantages of existing coupling methods, the contact force and contact search between soft particles are improved with the aid of the EDE. Soft particle packing is simulated using the DEFEM for two cases: particle accumulation along a rectangular straight wall and a wall with an inclined angle. The large particle deformation in the lower layers can be simulated using current methods, where the deformed particle shape is either irregular in the marginal region or nearly hexagonal in the tightly packed central region. This method can also be used to simulate the deformation, motion, and heat transfer of non-spherical soft particles.     

A modified discrete element method for concave granular materials based on energy-conserving contact model

The development of a general discrete element method for irregularly shaped particles is the core issue of the simulation of the dynamic behavior of granular materials. The general energy-conserving contact theory is used to establish a universal discrete element method suitable for particle contact of arbitrary shape. In this study, three dimentional (3D) modeling and scanning techniques are used to obtain a triangular mesh representation of the true particles containing typical concave particles. The contact volume-based energy-conserving model is used to realize the contact detection between irregularly shaped particles, and the contact force model is refined and modified to describe the contact under real conditions. The inelastic collision processes between the particles and boundaries are simulated to verify the robustness of the modified contact force model and its applicability to the multi-point contact mode. In addition, the packing process and the flow process of a large number of irregular particles are simulated with the modified discrete element method (DEM) to illustrate the applicability of the method of complex problems.     

Numerical simulation of polygonal particles moving in incompressible viscous fluids

A two-dimensional coupled lattice Boltzmann immersed boundary discrete element method is introduced for the simulation of polygonal particles moving in incompressible viscous fluids. A collision model of polygonal particles is used in the discrete element method. Instead of a collision model of circular particles, the collision model used in our method can deal with particles of more complex shape and efficiently simulate the effects of shape on particle–particle and particle–wall interactions. For two particles falling under gravity, because of the edges and corners, different collision patterns for circular and polygonal particles are found in our simulations. The complex vortexes generated near the corners of polygonal particles affect the flow field and lead to a difference in particle motions between circular and polygonal particles. For multiple particles falling under gravity, the polygonal particles easily become stuck owing to their corners and edges, while circular particles slip along contact areas. The present method provides an efficient approach for understanding the effects of particle shape on the dynamics of non-circular particles in fluids.     

Characterization of artificial spherical particles for DEM validation studies

This paper describes a study in which advanced particle-scale characterization was carried out on spherical particles that can be used in experimental tests to validate discrete element method (DEM) simulations. Two types of particle, alkaline and borosilicate glass beads, made from two different materials, were considered. The particle shape, stiffness, contact friction properties and surface roughness were measured. The influences of hardness and roughness on the mechanical response of the particles were carefully considered. Compared to the alkaline beads, the borosilicate beads were more spherical and more uniform in size, and they exhibited mechanical characteristics closer to natural quartz sand. While only two material types were studied, the work has the broader implication as a methodology for selecting particles suitable for use in DEM studies and the key parameters that should be considered in the selection process are highlighted.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of impacting cantilever beams part 1: first mode response

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of a cantilever beam impacting two flexible stops as well as rigid stops is studied both experimentally and numerically. The effect of contact stiffness, clearance, and contacting materials is studied in detail. For the numerical study of the system, a finite element model is created and the resulting differential equations are solved using a Time Variational Method (TVM). To achieve higher computational efficiency, the Newton–Krylov method is used along with TVM. Experimental results validate the contact model proposed for predicting the first mode system dynamics. A new nonlinear force estimation function has been proposed based on measured accelerations, which enables the understanding of the impact dynamics.