环空流道液流失速水击特性及其成因的研究

环空流道与圆管的结构差异,使得其失速水击特性及其成因亦有不同。为了对其进行分析研究,利用PIV对套管环空和圆管流水击流场进行拍摄,并通过Tecplot显示流场,提取轴向速度和径向速度、等速度线等参数加以分析;同时采用高精度智能动态压力传感器采集了套管环空内、外壁及内管内壁压力,对环空中水击特性进行了进一步研究。结论是:水击发生时环空断面外壁面水击压力大于内壁面水击压力;同初速情况下环空液流水击压力大于圆管流水击压力;环空中水击压力衰减速度快于圆管中;涡流是水击压力衰减以及速度变化的主要因素;水击压力振荡变化主要是压力涡流引起的断面能量的相互转化形成的。     

90°弯管中瞬变流特性的实验研究

本文对水击波在90°弯管内部的传播特性进行了测试,得出了弯管中不同部位水击压力的数值及其随流速的变化规律.     

复杂管系中水击波传播特性的分析和计算

本文利用水击波在管系中传播特性导出了分叉管端的边界条件,采用拉普拉斯变换方法得到了管系中水击波传播的解析解,並且运用拉格朗日一欧拉方法进行数值计算。     

液压换向阀的耦合水击振动特性研究

以某型舵机操纵液压换向阀为例,运用特征线法,对其由于自激振动以及启闭动作产生水击诱发非线性耦合振动现象的机理进行理论分析,获得换向阀水击振动的动态特性.通过实验验证,换向阀控制口水击压力幅值与计算结果偏差为2.87%,且压力变化趋势与计算结果基本一致.该结果可为掌握液压系统的振动特性、采取振动控制措施以及换向阀的设计和改进提供理论依据.     

石油工程中偏心油管内液流失速水击特性分析

为了对石油工程中油管偏心时液流失速水击特性进行分析研究,并给注水、洗井等工艺提供借鉴,本文利用试验装置,结合PIV、瞬态压力测量系统,对偏心油管内液流失速的流场流线、速度、涡量特性以及压力场特性进行了分析。得出了如下结论:水击发生时,随着偏心距的加大,油管内、外壁压力易产生严重失衡,油管内液流速度衰减变慢;油套环内流速随油管内流速衰减而增加;小流道内流速随偏心距增大而减小;涡量随偏心距的增加而减小。     

带有环形阀片的阻尼阀可靠性研究

针对跑车试验时油气弹簧中节流阀片受冲击失效的现象,提出了研究阻尼阀水击压强的必要性,建立了带有环形节流阀片的阻尼阀物理模型. 运用水击理论及解偏微分方程的特征线法,创造性地对给定阻尼阀结构进行了水击建模计算. 编程分析节流阀片失效的原因,系统研究了常通孔结构参数变化对阻尼阀所受瞬态冲击及其阻力值的影响规律,提出需从屈服和疲劳强度两个方面入手对阀门可靠性进行校核,并给出计算实例,完善了现有阀系设计的算法. 所得结论可以作为可靠性研究的参考,同时避免了阀片断裂的再次发生.      

多相流水击模型在泄压阀压力精度设定中的应用

为了有效地指导氮气式水击泄压阀的压力精度设定工作,提出了理论方法。该方法根据动量守恒定理与动力学理论,通过对油-气-水三相流的运动状态与泄压阀阀芯的受力进行分析,构建了油-气-水三相流水击模型和阀芯运动力学模型;设计了油-气-水三相流水击试验方案并进行了试验。结合MATLAB/Simulink仿真模拟结果与试验数据进行对比,结果表明:构建的数学模型能准确地计算出符合实际工况的水击压强、氮气压力、弹簧力的理论数值;氮气压力、弹簧力、水击压强的大小呈周期性变化,且变化周期基本同步;水击压强可进一步确定氮气压力、弹簧力的设定数值,解决了泄压阀的压力精度设定问题。     

非极性小分子有机液体在微管道中的流量特性

用去离子水及有机液体在内径约为25μm的石英圆管内进行了流量特性实验．液体分子量范围为18~160,动力黏性系数的范围为0.5~1mPa·s.实验雷诺数范围为Re＜8．所用有机液体为:四氯化碳、乙基苯及环己烷都是非极性液体,其分子结构尺度小于1nm．实验结果表明,在定常层流条件下,圆管内的液体流量与两端压力差成正比,其压力－流量关系仍符合经典的Hagen－Poiseuille流动．这说明非极性小分子有机液体在本实验所用微米尺度管道中其流动规律仍符合连续介质假设．鉴于微尺度流动实验的特殊性,文中还介绍了微流动实验装置,分析了微尺度流动测量误差来源及提高测量精度的措施．     

基于FSI的4-方程模型的改进分析

传统水击理论所用的连续方程未能反映水击发生时管道内存在的液体压力波速、管道应力波速、流体波速,且进行了大量的简化却不能更好地反应管道系统的实际运动状态。本文主要基于现有的水击计算理论及其耦合理论,在考虑管道纵横两个方向都反映水击耦合特性的情况下,利用特征线法,求出耦合波速;并在推导新的连续方程时将求出的耦合波速替代推导传统4-方程模型的连续性微分方程时水击波速与流速的关系,得到新的连续方程;并忽略高次微量和压力梯度等对新的连续方程进行一定简化,与简化后的流体动量方程、管道运动方程和物理方程构成了改进的轴向4-方程模型。将改进模型求解出的耦合波速与经典模型的进行比较,结果表明两耦合波速相近,但改进模型在考虑管道纵横两个方向都反映水击耦合特性的因素后,理论上会更严瑾、更合理。     

油水两相渗流压力脉动的实验及数值分析

本文用高精度的压差传感器和高速度的数据采集设备同时测量出油水两相流体在多孔介质流动时产生的较大压力降和微小压力脉动,应用自行研制的大型数据处理软件对恒流速水驱油的两相渗流压力脉动实验数据进行了分析,发现不同阶段压力脉动具有明显的频谱特性和时间相关特性的不同,在第三阶段（油为主,水增加阶段）谱能增加最大,时间正相关程度最强。     

改进的特征线方法及过载对水锤效应影响分析

传统特征线方法对过载作用下的水锤计算具有局限性，无法为水锤防护提供可靠性指导。本文在考虑过载效应和动态摩阻的基础上，提出了改进的特征线方法，该方法能准确模拟过载作用下水锤最大压力峰值及水锤波的衰减特性。基于该方法，建立了过载作用下水锤效应数学模型，通过分析结果与CFD数值仿真及实验数据对比，验证了改进特征线方法的正确性。分析结果表明，在恒定过载作用时，阀门位置的流体压力随过载量的增加而增大，且管轴向过载的影响大于横向过载；关阀过程受到瞬时过载作用时，过载效应对水锤最大压力峰值影响显著，而对关阀后水锤波的传播和衰减影响较小；同时，分析了过载效应下关阀特性和流体密度等参数对水锤效应的影响规律。     

WATER HAMMER PRESSURE OF HYDRAULIC LIFTING PIPELINE IN DEEP-SEA MINING PILOT SYSTEM

深海采矿系统可能由于突然停泵、断电或机械故障等引起提升管道中流体速度瞬间变化, 导致管道内压力剧烈变化, 这种水击现象对管道破坏极大. 基于固液两相流体连续性原理和动量定理, 推导出含粗颗粒的固液两相流体管道水击压力的计算公式. 采用深海采矿中试系统参数, 模拟计算不同水体流速、不同流体浓度以及不同管径条件下的水击压力. 分析结果表明, 流速、体积浓度和管径是影响水击压力的重要因素, 其中, 流速影响最大. 研究结果可为深海采矿系统工程设计提供依据.     

水波泵研制的流体力学理论与设计计算

介绍了作者正在研制的水波泵目前所涉及到的流体力学理论。水波泵是一种巧妙地综合气波增压器和水锤泵功能的全新的水泵,它通过合理利用水波动力的特殊性质,将来流中的总体能量进行重新分配,使一部分来流水提高到所需的高压力,而其余部分水则降到较低的压力,即完成一个大多数能量向部分来流水转移的过程。该泵的研制对于充分开发和利用自然水力资源或工业与民用水循环系统的废弃能量,具有良好的经济价值及社会效益。文中在介绍水锤泵工作原理的基础上,分析了水击动力现象的产生和利用方法,再通过流体力学理论研究与计算,得出了水波泵一系列有用的设计参数,设计计算表明,水波泵的设计研究在流体动力学理论研究和运用具有突破性的意义,并达到预期的效果。     

Numerical aspects of improvement of the unsteady pipe flow equations

The paper presents an analysis of some recently proposed improvements of the water hammer equations, which concern the friction term in the momentum equation. A comparison of the experimental data and numerical results shows that the required damping and smoothing of the pressure wave cannot be obtained by modification of the friction factor only. In order to evaluate the significance of the introduced improvements into the momentum equation, the accuracy of the numerical solution has been analysed using the modified equation approach. The analysis shows why the physical dissipation process observed in the water hammer phenomenon cannot be reproduced with the commonly used source term in Darcy–Weisbach form, representing friction force in the momentum equation. Therefore, regardless of the proposed form of the friction factor for unsteady flow, the model of water hammer improved in such a way keeps its hyperbolic character. Consequently, it cannot ensure the expected effects of damping and smoothing of the calculation head oscillations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Friction relaxation model for fast transient flows application to water hammer in two-phase flow – The WAHA code

The paper deals with the problem of the wall shear stress during rapid transient 1D flows in a piping system caused by water hammers in two-phase flow induced by a fast valve closure. The evolution of the transient wall shear stress is interpreted in terms of two steps. The first step is a sudden and dramatic change of the wall shear stress due to the passage of the pressure wave. The second step is a relaxation process of the shear stress which is modeled from the Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics theory. The friction relaxation model (FRM) presented in the first part of this paper describes both steps of the evolution of the wall shear stress during water hammers. The second part of the paper deals with the application of the FRM model as a closure law in the WAHA code. The main purpose of the WAHA code is to predict various situations relative to single- and two-phase water hammer transients in piping systems. The last part of the paper deals with the simulation of several cases from the UMSICHT databank using the adapted WAHA computer code with the FRM model. The results of these simulations are systematically compared with the experimental data. It is concluded that the new FRM model has a clear effect on water hammer pressure wave damping and on the pressure wave propagation velocity.     

水击谐波流场中乳化油液滴粒径的PIV测量

为了掌握乳化油液滴在水击谐波流场中的碰撞、破裂、聚集和变形等微观形态的变化规律,采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对水平方管中乳化油液滴的水击谐波流场进行了测量,分析了在水击谐波流场中,不同激振力作用下乳化油液滴的粒径变化。测量结果表明,在水击谐波流场作用下,乳化油液滴平均粒径的增长率随着激振力的减小而减小,随着作用时间的增大呈增加趋势,直至粒径处于一种动态平衡;乳化液滴随着激振力增大到达波节聚集位置的时间减少,可见增大水击谐波激振力有利于乳化液滴的聚集并合并为大尺度的液滴,从而有效地提高了水击谐波流场作用下的油水分离效果。     

Analytical and Experimental Study of Pressure Dynamics in a Pulsed Water Jet Device

Pulsed high-velocity water jets are of interest for breaking rocks and other materials. This paper describes a straightforward way of generating single water pulse with a hammer impacting a piston that rests on top of a chamber filled with water. This impacting action pressurises the water, expelling it at high velocity through a nozzle. A theoretical investigation is outlined aimed at gaining a better understanding of this system for generating water pulses. A computational model is developed to simulate the pressure dynamics in the chamber based on continuity and momentum equations for a compressible viscous flow. This model is used to optimise the relative sizes of the hammer and piston as well as the height of the water column to produce the highest velocity water pulse. The model was validated by building an experimental apparatus. In these experiments maximum pressures of about 200 MPa were measured inside the chamber over a time period of about 560???s. This produced a water pulse with maximum velocity of 600 m/s. Experiments were conducted with nozzle diameters between about 1 mm and 4 mm to study the effect of discharge volume on the pressure history. The results illustrate that although the peak attainable pressure decreases with an increase in nozzle diameter, the duration of the elevated pressure remains similar for all nozzles.     

Runge–Kutta time‐stepping schemes with TVD central differencing for the water hammer equations

In the present study, Runge–Kutta schemes are used to simulate unsteady flow in elastic pipes due to sudden valve closure. The spatial derivatives are discretized using a central difference scheme. Second‐order dissipative terms are added in regions of high gradients while they are switched off in smooth flow regions using a total variation diminishing (TVD) switch. The method is applied to both one‐ and two‐dimensional water hammer formulations. Both laminar and turbulent flow cases are simulated. Different turbulence models are tested including the Baldwin–Lomax and Cebeci–Smith models. The results of the present method are in good agreement with analytical results and with experimental data available in the literature. The two‐dimensional model is shown to predict more accurately the frictional damping of the pressure transient. Moreover, through order of magnitude and dimensional analysis, a non‐dimensional parameter is identified that controls the damping of pressure transients in elastic pipes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Condensation induced water hammer: Numerical prediction

Contact of steam and subcooled water in a pipe or a pressurized vessel leads to intensive condensation accompanied by a pressure drop in the volume of condensing steam and an acceleration of the surrounding water mass towards the steam volume, which can result in a severe water hammer and plant damage. This phenomenon is known as the condensation induced water hammer (CIWH). A one-fluid model is developed for the prediction of pressure surges during CIWH. It is shown that the reliable prediction of pressure surges strongly depends on the calculation of the condensation rate, transient friction and the water column–steam interface tracking. Due to the lack of the CIWH condensation models, a new approach is derived. The one-fluid model predictions of pressure surges are compared with available measured data from a CIWH experimental facility and acceptable agreements are obtained. In addition, the ability of the developed model to simulate the water cannon event, which takes place during the steam drainage into the pool of subcooled water, is demonstrated. Experimentally observed considerable scattering of test data under the same conditions is related to the condensation rate and its dependence on the entrained droplets–steam interfacial area concentration in the vicinity of the water column head.