不对称入口速度剖面对两种类型颈动脉分又模型外侧壁切应力的影响

在定常流不对称人口速度剖面条件下,对健康型和致病型颈动脉分叉TF-AHCB模型进行实验和数值模拟研究,发现不对称人口速度剖面的形状对模型外侧壁的低切应力和切应力速度分布有明显影响。在50°模型窦前部的壁面切应力梯度比20°模型高出数倍,当人口速度剖面向颈内动脉偏斜时更可高出10倍以上。这些结果对认识导致动脉粥样硬化斑块的血流动力学因子的影响因素有重要参考价值。     

冠状动脉对称双路移植管中脉动血流的数值模拟

冠状动脉旁路移植管搭桥术后，常会产生血管再狭窄，导致手术失败，。这与移植管的几何结构及血流动力学是密切相关的。作为改进措施，作者提出了采用对称双路搭桥的设想。本文利用有限元分析方法，对冠状动脉搭桥术中对称双路移植管内的生理流动进行了数值仿真。计算了缝合区附近的流场、壁面切应力、压力等血流动力学因素在心动周期内的时空分布情况。计算结果表明，对称双路搭桥具有较好的血流动力学，可以改善血管流场状况和减轻再狭窄发生。这对临床手术计划是很有帮助和指导意义的。     

血流动力学数值模拟与动脉粥样硬化研究进展

血流动力学因素被认为与动脉粥样硬化等病理改变密切相关。目前血流动力学数值模拟的对象，主要集中于分支动脉、弯曲动脉以及因血管内膜增生而导致的局部狭窄动脉，这些都是动脉粥样硬化多发的病灶部位。精确的血流动力学数值模拟，必须依赖于解剖精确的血管几何模型和生理真实的血流与管壁有限变形的非线性瞬态流－固耦合。只有在“虚拟血液流动”的基础上，综合考虑血管内的壁面剪应力、粒子滞留时间和氧气的跨血管壁传输等多种因素，血流动力学的数值模拟才能真正有助于人们理解动脉粥样硬化的血流动力学机理，才有可能应用于有关动脉疾病的外科手术规划中。     

定床弯道内水沙两相运动的数值模拟

在适体同位网格中采用非正交曲线坐标系下的三维k-ε-kp固液两相双流体湍流模型研究弯道内水流和悬浮泥沙运动,主要计算了试验室S型水槽内清水流动的三维流场、120°弯道内水沙两相流动中底沙与底流的运动轨迹以及S型水槽内水沙两相流动的两相流场和泥沙浓度场. 对于S型水槽内清水流动,数值结果与试验结果吻合良好. 120°弯道内水沙两相流动中固液两相的运动轨迹在弯道直线段基本重合,在弯道内泥沙轨迹逐步偏离水体轨迹,其偏离程度随泥沙粒径增大而增大. 从S型水槽内水沙两相流动计算结果中发现泥沙纵向流速在壁面附近比水流纵向速度大,在远离壁面区域比水流纵向速度小;弯道内泥沙横向流速比水流横向流速小;垂向流速在直线段和泥沙沉速相当,在弯道内受螺旋水流影响而变化;两相流速差别随泥沙粒径增大而变大;泥沙浓度呈现下浓上稀的分布,在弯道内横向断面上呈现凸岸大凹岸小的分布,泥沙浓度随泥沙粒径增大而减小.      

动脉粥样硬化晚期斑块局部应力的流固耦合分析及体外反搏作用干预机制的研究

生物机械力被普遍认为在动脉粥样硬化晚期斑块进程及最终破裂中起着重要的作用. 本文的目的是研究血流灌注、动脉内压、斑块组织和材料特性等因素对斑块局部流动切应力 及斑块结构应力 水平的影响,同时评价临床中的非介入辅助循环疗法 —— 体外反搏 对斑块局部应力水平的干预作用. 采用结合猪动物模型在体测量及三维流固耦合数值仿真的研究方法. 结果显示,当斑块狭窄率一定时 (50%),斑块的流动切应力水平主要由血流灌注决定;而斑块结构应力主要取决于动脉内压及纤维帽 厚度. 只有在纤维帽足够薄的情况下,斑块的材料特性才对斑块结构应力有显著影响;当纤维帽最薄同时脂质池材料最软时,临界斑块壁面应力 因子达到极值的 257.72 kPa (正常生理状态) 及 300.20 kPa (体外反博状态). 由于最大壁面应力、临界斑块壁面应力 及全局最大斑块壁面应力 三个应力因子中,只有临界斑块壁面应力 明显受纤维帽厚度和脂质池材料特性的影响,因此 其可能与斑块进程的关联最为紧密. 此外,体外反博作用明显提高了晚期斑块的应力水平,这是否会给斑块进程及重构带来慢性的影响,需要作更深入的研究.      

动脉分岔血管内膜增生过程的数值模拟

内膜增生从发生到阻塞血管是一个复杂的变化过程,在这个过程中,内膜的增生、血管腔体形状的改变和血流动力学之间是相互影响的。为了研究这些变化,本文提出一种单元填充方法数值模拟了三维颈动脉分岔血管在低切应力作用下血管内膜增生的过程。该方法既可以克服节点移动方法所不可避免的内膜增生的不连续性,也可以避免网格重划分的困难。结果发现,如果单纯以切应力阈值作为内膜增生的判据,低切应力的作用将无法导致血管完全阻塞,但内膜增生和血流动力学之间的相互影响是可以通过数值方法进行模拟的。在本数值模拟中,内膜增生的过程分为"增厚"(先)和"扩展"(后)两个阶段,最大狭窄率为34.4%,发生在距血管分岔5mm处动脉窦的外侧壁面。其发生位置和形状与临床观察吻合。     

动脉粥样硬化晚期斑块局部应力的流固耦合分析及体外反搏作用干预机制的研究

生物机械力被普遍认为在动脉粥样硬化晚期斑块进程及最终破裂中起着重要的作用.本文的目的是研究血流灌注、动脉内压、斑块组织和材料特性等因素对斑块局部流动切应力及斑块结构应力水平的影响,同时评价临床中的非介入辅助循环疗法——体外反搏对斑块局部应力水平的干预作用.采用结合猪动物模型在体测量及三维流固耦合数值仿真的研究方法.结果显示,当斑块狭窄率一定时(50%),斑块的流动切应力水平主要由血流灌注决定;而斑块结构应力主要取决于动脉内压及纤维帽厚度.只有在纤维帽足够薄的情况下,斑块的材料特性才对斑块结构应力有显著影响;当纤维帽最薄同时脂质池材料最软时,临界斑块壁面应力因子达到极值的257.72 k Pa(正常生理状态)及300.20 k Pa(体外反博状态).由于最大壁面应力、临界斑块壁面应力及全局最大斑块壁面应力三个应力因子中,只有临界斑块壁面应力明显受纤维帽厚度和脂质池材料特性的影响,因此其可能与斑块进程的关联最为紧密.此外,体外反博作用明显提高了晚期斑块的应力水平,这是否会给斑块进程及重构带来慢性的影响,需要作更深入的研究.     

弯曲动脉的血流动力学数值分析

利用计算流体力学的理论和方法对弯曲动脉中的血流动力学进行数值分析，是研究心血管疾病流体动力学机理的一种行之有效的方法。本文将升主动脉、主动脉弓和降主动脉联系起来作为弯曲动脉几何模型，给出了血液流动的边界条件以及计算条件。根据生理脉动流条件，对狗的弯曲动脉几何模型内发展中的血液流动进行了有限元数值模拟，并利用可视化方法对血液流动的轴向速度、二次流、壁面切应力等计算结果进行了分析。研究结果表明，在弯管内侧壁处，同时存在主流方向和二次流方向的回流，此处容易形成涡流。弯管内侧壁比外侧壁的壁面切应力具有更强的脉动性。     

局部扩张动脉管血液振荡流的切应力分布

本文求解局部缓慢扩张动脉管中血液振荡流的基本方程，得到血管内血液的流速与压力梯度的关系。通过导出压力梯度沿局部扩张管轴向的变化特性。建立利用扩张段上游血管均匀段中心流速波形确定局部扩张管中血液流的速度和切应力分布的方法，文章以人体颈动脉余弦扩张为例进行分析。详细讨论了局部扩张对血管壁切应力及其梯度分布的影响。数值结果表明，在与刚性均匀管中管壁切应力沿轴向保持不变不同，在局部扩张段，管壁切应力将随着血管半径的增大而减小，因而管壁切应力梯度一般不为零，甚至在某些位置达到相当大的数值。另外，随着血管扩张程度的增加，管壁切应力还将进一步减小，而且管壁切应力梯度也将进一步增大，血管扩张导致管壁切应力的这些变化将直接影响血管壁的结构和功能，使其产生适应性的变化。     

动脉中非平稳流动壁面剪切力及其Hilbert-Huang变换

本文通过数值方法求解均匀动脉中的非平稳脉动流,给出了通过测量非平稳脉动血流量确定壁面切应力的方法.作为算例,采用实测的大鼠颈总动脉流量信号,求出了均匀动脉壁面切应力波形.进一步对求得的切应力波形进行经验模态分解(EMD),得到了切应力波形的各内在模态(IMF),以及Hilbert幅值谱.从切应力波形经Hilbert-Huang变换得到的IMF和Hilbert谱图可以明显地看出切应力各频率成分的物理意义.所得结果为进一步深入研究非平稳脉动切应力与血管重建的关系提供了一种方法学基础.     

Dynamic scaling of unsteady shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid flows in a large-scale model of a distal anastomosis

Dimensional analysis has been applied to an unsteady pulsatile flow of a shear-thinning power-law non-Newtonian liquid. An experiment was then designed in which both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids were used to model blood flow through a large-scale (38.5 mm dia.), simplified, rigid arterial junction (a distal anastomosis of a femorodistal bypass). The flow field within the junction was obtained by Particle Imaging Velocimetry and near-wall velocities were used to calculate the wall shear stresses. Dimensionless wall shear stresses were obtained at different points in the cardiac cycle for two different but dynamically similar non-Newtonian fluids; the good agreement between the measured dimensionless wall shear stresses confirm the validity of the dimensional analysis. However, blood exhibits a constant viscosity at high-shear rates and to obtain complete dynamic similarity between large-scale experiments and life-scale flows, the high-shear viscosity also needs to be included in the analysis. How this might be done is discussed in the paper.     

Numerical investigation of hemodynamics at an end‐to‐side junction with a laterally diffused bypass graft

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) at arterial bypass graft is a major factor responsible for graft failure. Several techniques are used to explain IH formation at the end‐to‐side anastomosis junction. Abnormal hemodynamics contributing to the development of disease at the junction is the one of most common theories. This study describes a means of modifying the area of bypass graft at the junction part. This procedure, called the laterally diffused bypass graft (LDBG), is able to alter the hemodynamics in the end‐to‐side anastomosis. The LDBG model, due to an expansion of the outer curvature in the graft, reduces the velocity on the artery bed, side and top junction walls. The recirculation with velocity vectors on the host artery is significantly altered near the heel region on the host artery. Wall shear stress is decreased by up to 34% on the floor of artery centerline at the peak systole and by 61.9% on the top junction of artery during the systole deceleration. Corresponding time‐averaged wall shear stresses are found to decrease by 40.5%. Secondary flow is observed to be decreased significantly at the distal junction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用电化学方法测试动脉模型壁面剪应力

应用电化学方法,对动脉模型Ｔ型分叉部位流场壁面剪应力进行测试研究。测试了对于现有理论分析和数值计算都比较困难的高雷诺数（ＲＥ＝１０００－２０００）流动流场的壁面剪应力,并且对苦干不同雷诺数及不同支管分流情况进行了系列测试。通过实验发现,此部痊同时存在高剪应力区和低剪应力区,确定了它们的位置和剪应力的大上。系列测试还显示：随着雷诺数的变化,无量纲管应力有一定的变化;而当支管分流变化时,无量纲剪应力的     

A comparison between different asymmetric abdominal aortic aneurysm morphologies employing computational fluid–structure interaction analysis

Considering representative asymmetric aneurysms in the abdominal aorta, the transient 3-D blood flow and pressure distributions as well as aneurysm wall stresses were numerically analyzed. To obtain more realistic and accurate results for blood flow fields and wall stress distributions, a coupled fluid-flow and solid–structure solver was employed. Geometric abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) variations studied included the degree of asymmetry, neck angle and bifurcation angle, and hence their impacts on the hemodynamics and biomechanics. The simulation results indicated that the assumption of symmetric AAA geometry may underestimate AAA-wall stress considerably. The neck angle influences the blood flow field substantially. A large neck angle, resulting in strong wall curvatures near the proximal neck, can produce aggravating blood flow patterns and elevated wall stresses (Von Mises). The iliac bifurcation angle affects blood flow patterns insignificantly but plays an important role in wall-stress concentrations. The wall stress of lateral asymmetric AAAs is higher than for the anterior-posterior asymmetric types. The maximum wall stress-site is located near the anterior distal side for the anterior-posterior asymmetric AAA and the distal side towards the asymmetric bulge in the lateral asymmetric AAA.     

Experimental study on near wall transport characteristics of slug flow in a vertical pipe

In this work, the wall shear stress and the mass transfer coefficient of the gas–liquid two-phase upward slug flow in a vertical pipe are investigated experimentally, using limiting diffusion current probes and digital high-speed video system. In experiments, the instantaneous and averaged characteristics of wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient are concerned. The experimental results are compared with the numerical results in previous paper of the authors. Both experiment and numerical simulation show that the superficial gas and liquid velocities have an obvious influence on the instantaneous characteristics of the two profiles. The mass transfer coefficient has characteristics similar to the wall shear stress. The instantaneous wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient profiles have the periodicity of slug flow. The averaged wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient increase with increased superficial gas velocity. However, there is inconsistency in the variation trends of the averaged wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient with superficial liquid velocity between experimental result and numerical simulation result, which can be attributed to the difference in flow condition. Moreover, the Taylor bubble length is also another impacting factor. The experimental and numerical results all shows that the product scale can not be damaged directly by the flow movement of slug flow. In fact, the alternative forces and fluctuations with high frequency acting on the pipe wall due to slug flow is the main cause for the slug flow enhanced CO₂ corrosion process.     

On the Taylor hypothesis in forced unsteady wall flows

Experiments on the modulation characteristics of the wall shear stress τ′-longitudinal velocity u′ and u′−u′ space–time correlations are reported in a forced turbulent channel flow in a wide range of imposed frequencies. The resulting integral and Taylor scale properties are discussed in detail in the low buffer layer under steady and unsteady flow conditions. It is shown that the small-scale turbulence is sensitive to the imposed unsteadiness since the amplitude and phase of the Taylor length scale vary considerably in the imposed frequency range investigated here. The Taylor hypothesis is acceptably valid in steady and unsteady wall layers just above the low buffer layer. Production and instantaneous pressure gradients are mostly responsible for the deviation of the frozen turbulence-state in the viscous and low buffer sublayers.     

Averaged fluid velocities near a cylinder in turbulent flow in an open channel: Experiment

The results of experiments in which a circular cylinder located near the bottom of a rectangular channel was exposed to transverse statistically stationary turbulent subcritical flow with free surface are presented. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to obtain data on the averaged velocity field near the cylinder. The gradients of the longitudinal velocity component were used to determine the shear stresses on the bottom of the channel. It is shown that the presence of the cylinder in the flow causes considerable averaged vertical velocities and a significant change in the shear stresses on the bottom of the channel.     

动脉瘤内流场以及瘤体尺寸的影响的数值研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟的方法,在周期性脉动速度入流条件下,建立刚性动脉瘤模型并研究了动脉瘤模型中流场的特征(速度、压力、壁面剪切应力)。得到了脉动入流一个周期内流场特征的变化规律,发现动脉瘤的后端有相当高的压力和壁面剪切应力,而且高压力和壁面剪切应力分布的位置几乎是固定的。探讨了不同动脉瘤尺寸对内部流场的影响,动脉瘤的直径与瘤体长度之比越大,瘤壁承受的剪切应力就越大,动脉瘤破裂的危险性就越高。     

Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of slug flow in a vertical pipe with and without dispersed small bubbles

In this work, we present a numerical study to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of slug flow and the mechanism of slug flow induced CO₂ corrosion with and without dispersed small bubbles. The simulations are performed using the coupled model put forward by the authors in previous paper, which can deal with the multiphase flow with the gas–liquid interfaces of different length scales. A quasi slug flow, where two hypotheses are imposed, is built to approximate real slug flow. In the region ahead of the Taylor bubble and the liquid film region, the presence of dispersed small bubbles has less impacts on velocity field, because there are no non-regular intensive disturbance forces or centrifugal forces breaking the balance of the liquid and the dispersed small bubbles. In the liquid slug region, the strong centrifugal forces generated by the recirculation below the Taylor bubble lead to the effect of heterogeneity, which makes the profile of the radial liquid velocity component sharper with higher volume fraction of dispersed small bubbles. The volume fraction has a maximum value in the range of r/R = 0.5–0.6. Meanwhile, it is usually higher than 0.35, which means that larger dispersed bubbles can be formed by coalescences in this region. These calculated results are in good agreement with experimental results. The wall shear stress and the mass transfer coefficient with dispersed small bubbles are higher than those without dispersed small bubbles due to enhanced fluctuations. For short Taylor bubble length, the average mass transfer coefficient is increased when the gas or liquid superficial velocity is increased. However, there may be an inflection point at low mixture superficial velocities. For the slug with dispersed small bubbles, the product scales still cannot be damaged directly despite higher wall shear stress. In fact, the alternate wall shear stress and the pressure fluctuations perpendicular to the pipe wall with high frequency are the main cause for breaking the product scales.