超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性，利用计算流体动力学模拟软件，对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大，先增大后减小，即存在最优喷距，喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径；喷射压差一定时，围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证；流体温度由333 K增至413 K，固液两相轴向速度增大，而流体密度降低，导致液相冲击力减弱；磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%，射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低，降幅逐渐减小。     

基于SPH方法粒子射流破岩数值模拟与实验研究

钻井液中加入体积分数为1%~3%的钢质粒子在钻头喷嘴处高速喷出冲击岩石，实现了粒子射流冲击和钻头机械联合破岩，有效提高了破岩效率。利用瞬态非线性动力学有限元模拟软件，基于光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics，SPH)方法，考虑流体对粒子射流冲击的影响，建立了粒子射流冲击破岩的物理模型，获得了粒子射流参数对破岩体积的影响规律，进行了室内实验验证，验证了SPH方法的有效性。结果表明:粒子射流冲击岩石表面形成规则的V型冲击坑；同条件下粒子射流破岩体积是水射流破岩体积的2~4倍；随着粒子射流冲蚀时间的增加，粒子射流破岩体积不断增加，但破岩效率降低；粒子射流压力大于10 MPa后，粒子射流破岩效率迅速增大；喷射角度大于6°后，破岩效率迅速减小。     

氮气射流抑制氢气喷射火的实验研究

为了探究抑制氢气喷射火的有效方法，并揭示氮气射流对氢气喷射火焰的影响规律，开展了一系列氮气作用下氢气喷射火实验。采用喷嘴直径为3mm、滞止压力为10atm的氮气射流，并改变氮气喷射高度和水平喷射距离，对氢气喷射火进行抑制。选择2种典型的氢喷射火，分别为喷嘴直径为3mm、滞止压力为0.1atm的过膨胀亚音速火焰和喷嘴直径为1mm、滞止压力为8atm的欠膨胀超音速火焰。实验结果表明，在氮气射流作用下火焰发生偏转，氢气喷射火长度衰减率随氮气喷射高度增大而减小。当氮气作用于火焰根部时，能有效地扑灭氢气喷射火。随氮气喷射距离增加，氢喷射火长度衰减率减小。另外，欠膨胀超音速氢气喷射火存在火焰抬升现象，氮气更易使喷射火熄灭，且在较大的水平喷射距离下仍能使火焰熄灭；过膨胀亚音速氢气喷射火由于抬升高度不明显，氮气射流灭火效果较差，仅能够在较小的水平喷射距离下使火焰熄灭。     

超临界CO2气爆煤体致裂机理实验研究

为提高超临界CO₂气爆低渗透煤层增透技术的应用水平，进一步研究超临界CO₂气爆煤体致裂机理，利用自主研发的超临界CO₂气爆装置，在多通道电液伺服相似材料试验台上，对原煤和混凝土大试件(1 m×1 m×0.5 m)进行了超临界CO₂气爆实验，用动态应变仪采集试件内部监测点处的变形和破坏信息，并用工业窥镜对爆破孔内裂隙分布进行了观测。分析气爆应力波的变化规律和气爆后试件的破坏形貌特征可知，距离气爆孔由近及远依次分为粉碎区、裂隙区和震动区，其形成机理为:超临界CO₂冲击气爆孔周围介质并形成远超介质抗压强度的球面纵波，介质在径向压应力作用下发生粉碎性破坏，形成粉碎区；应力波传播能量逐步衰减，不足以使介质产生压缩破坏，然而脆性材料抗压不抗拉，其产生的环向应力仍然使介质产生径向裂隙，应力波之后具有准静态加载作用的高压CO₂气体进入裂隙形成气楔，促使裂隙进一步发育和扩展，形成裂隙区；裂隙区以外的介质在低能量应力波的作用下只发生震动，未发生明显破坏，即震动区。裂隙的扩展速度与其到气爆孔距离符合“S”形曲线衰减，裂隙的高速扩展发生在粉碎区，低速扩展发生在裂隙区；距离气爆孔越远，测点的峰值应变越小，相同距离内节理裂隙等结构面越复杂，峰值应变减小的幅度越大且应变波形差别越大。     

惰性气体N2/CO2抑制瓦斯爆炸实验研究

为探究惰性气体(N₂和CO₂)对瓦斯气体爆炸影响，采用中型尺寸瓦斯爆炸实验装置，在N₂及CO₂体积分数为0%、9%、14%工况下开展了瓦斯爆炸实验研究，获取了N₂和CO₂对矿井瓦斯抑爆特性的影响规律，并针对瓦斯爆炸过程中惰性气体N₂和CO₂对爆炸超压变化的影响及爆炸抑制效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:随着初始混合气体中惰性气体N₂或CO₂含量的升高，瓦斯爆炸超压均明显降低，CO₂的抑爆效果优于N₂；N₂和CO₂对较高浓度瓦斯气的抑爆效果更为显著。     

圆柱形充液室中4股贴壁燃气射流扩展特性的实验研究

为了探索高温高压周向均布4股贴壁燃气射流在受限空间中的扩展特性，设计了贴壁燃气射流在圆柱形充液室内扩展的实验装置，借助数字高速录像系统，观察了4股贴壁燃气射流在充液室中的扩展过程，发现由Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性引起的表面不规则一直存在于整个射流扩展过程；通过处理拍摄记录的射流扩展序列图，获得不同时刻射流扩展的轴向和径向位移; 对比了不同破膜喷射压力和喷孔结构参数对4股贴壁燃气射流扩展过程的影响。实验结果表明:喷孔面积越大，贴壁射流初期轴向扩展速度越大，但由于径向扩展达到交汇的时间较早，湍流掺混和干涉强烈，衰减也越快；破膜喷射压力越高，射流径向扩展到达交汇的时间越短; 破膜喷射压力从12 MPa升高到20 MPa，射流轴向扩展速度大幅增加，气液湍流掺混效应增强。     

初始温度对CO2抑爆作用的影响

将CO₂充入的液化石油气中并进行点火，研究不同初始温度下CO₂对多元混合气液化石油气爆炸的抑制作用。实验显示:初始温度15℃时CO₂体积分数达到36%时，混合气体退出可爆范围，临界氧浓度为12.8%；初始温度50℃时CO₂体积分数达到39%时，混合气体退出可爆范围，临界氧浓度为12.2%。结果表明:CO₂对液化石油气爆炸的抑制效果在一定程度上要受环境温度的影响。     

N2与CO2对合成气爆炸特性影响的实验研究

为了研究惰性气体（氮气及二氧化碳）对合成气爆炸特性的影响，利用20 L球形爆炸仪器，开展不同体积分数氮气与二氧化碳作用下不同当量比合成气的爆炸实验，从爆炸峰值压力、爆炸压力到达峰值时间、爆炸指数方面分析惰性气体对合成气爆炸特性的影响。研究结果表明:惰性气体体积分数的增加会降低合成气的爆炸压力和爆炸指数，推迟爆炸压力到达峰值的时间；在相同体积分数下，CO₂比N₂能更有效地降低合成气的爆炸峰值压力和爆炸指数，减小爆炸反应的剧烈程度，CO₂在抑制合成气爆炸方面比N₂的效果明显。     

页岩储层纳微米孔隙CO2/CH4吸附及驱替特性研究进展

利用CO₂开采页岩气不仅能够提高页岩气采收率, 还能够节省水资源并且对CO₂进行地质封存, 有助于实现页岩气开采过程的碳中和. 富有机质页岩储层纳微米孔隙中气体运移机制不同于常规储层, CO₂在储层中具有超临界特性, 致使开采机理复杂, 无法得到CO₂开采页岩气微观机理的准确认识, 所以研究CH₄, CO₂及其二元混合物在页岩储层纳微米孔隙中的吸附及驱替特性对准确评估和高效开采页岩气至关重要. 本文从实验、理论以及模拟方面对页岩储层纳微米孔隙中CH₄的吸附特性、CO₂/CH₄二元混合物竞争吸附特性以及驱替特性进行了综合分析, 对气体在纳微米孔隙中吸附及驱替特性的基础研究及关键问题进行讨论分析并提出了展望. 研究表明CH₄在页岩储层中表现为物理吸附, 有机质特征(丰度、成熟度、类型)、孔隙结构、无机矿物组成、温度和压力、含水率对页岩的CH₄吸附能力均有一定程度的影响. 在相同条件下, CO₂比CH₄更易被页岩储层吸附, 在页岩储层中注入CO₂可以促进CH₄的解吸, 并有利于CO₂的地质埋存. 开采方案的部署可采用井网形式的注采方式, 可以通过调整注入井的位置、数量以及CO₂注入速率对开采方案进行优化.      

爆炸加载下金属缝隙射流定量诊断实验研究

爆轰加载下金属飞片缝隙处会有射流产生，金属缝隙射流的喷射速度可达数千米/秒，而其射流线密度只有几个mg/cm量级。采用高速摄影以及脉冲软X光照相方法对缝隙射流进行了动态观测和(半)定量测量，通过不同条件下的系列实验获得了金属射流喷射特性和射流质量随飞片材料、加载压力、缝隙宽度以及加载方式等的变化规律，通过实验数据分析拟合，初步给出了射流质量随各影响因素变化的经验型定标率模型。     

Modelling the erosion efficiency of cavitation cleaning jets

A model is presented of the erosion damage and cleaning efficiency of cavitation and conventional cleaning jets. The effect of supply pressure, jet velocity, standoff distance, nozzle diameter and type of fluid are considered and assessed in relation to experimental findings.     

围压下自振空化射流冲蚀性能实验研究

自振空化射流是利用瞬态流和水声学原理调制而成的一种新型射流,为研究围压下自激振荡空化射流的冲蚀破碎规律,利用高压釜装置测量了1.0mm出口直径的风琴管自振空化喷嘴在各种射流参数情况下冲蚀铝试样的冲蚀质量,并与同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀效率进行了对比。测量结果表明,冲蚀质量基本与射流压力成正比;存在最优喷距和围压,使得冲蚀效果最佳,在本实验条件,分别为喷嘴出口直径的5～7倍和2MPa左右;相同条件下,自振空化喷嘴冲蚀质量约为同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀的1～2倍,这为自振空化射流提高钻井速度等实际应用提供了实验依据。     

Study on the dynamical characteristics of a supersonic high pressure ratio underexpanded impinging ideal gas jet through numerical simulations

The impingement of an axisymmetric underexpanded ideal gas jet on a flat surface is investigated through numerical simulations. Different injection conditions, characterized by the nozzle pressure ratio (NPR), have been considered and for each, several standoff distances were studied. The study was conducted using the commercial finite volume general purpose code Fluent^®. The numerical results are presented in terms of Mach number and static pressure to characterize the structure of the flow. Furthermore, the influence of the standoff distance upon the position and diameter of Mach disk is analysed. Some results are compared with literature data and good agreement is obtained.     

Swirl effects on variable-density jet mixing in confined flows

An experimental investigation on swirl effects on inhomogeneous confined jet mixing in a combustor configuration is reported. The confined swirling flow was simulated by a swirler with a central jet mounted in a cyclindrical tube. Helium and air jets set at different velocities were injected into the confined swirling air flow. The resulting flow fields due to two vane swirlers with constant vane angles of 35° and 66° were compared. Results show that the 35° vane swirler produces a solid-body rotation core with a slope about twice that created by the 66° vane swirler. It is the behavior of this solid-body rotation core that determines jet mixing rather than the swirler vane angle. Consequently, the coaxial jet decays much faster, the mixing is more intense, and the turbulence intensities are higher for the 35° vane swirler. In view of these results, combustor designers should be more concerned with behavior of the solid-body rotation core produced by the swirler, instead of the swirler vane angle.     

An Experimental Study of the Near-Field Mixing Characteristics of a Swirling Jet

The present experimental investigation is devoted to the mixing characteristics of a passive scalar in the near-field region of a moderately swirling jet issuing from a fully developed axially rotating pipe flow. Instantaneous streamwise and azimuthal velocity components as well as the temperature were simultaneously accessed by means of a combined X-wire and cold-wire probe. The results indicate a modification of the turbulence structures to that effect that the swirling jet spreads, mixes and evolves faster compared to its non-swirling counterpart. The high correlation between streamwise velocity and temperature fluctuations as well as the streamwise passive scalar flux are even more enhanced due to the addition of swirl, which in turn shortens the distance and hence time needed to mix the jet with the ambient air.     

含能气体射流与液体相互作用的实验研究

为了研究整装式液体发射药的燃烧稳定性的控制方法,设计了点火喷射模拟装置及4种多级渐扩型观察室,利用数字高速摄像系统,观察含能气体射流在液体模拟工质中的扩展过程,并对实验中出现的喷孔壅塞现象进行了分析.结果表明:射流在渐扩型结构中扩展稳定,喷射压力、喷孔直径和渐扩结构对射流扩展形态和气液掺混过程有显著影响,通过合理调整这些参数,可以实现对射流扩展过程的有效控制;喷孔壅塞时射流扩展形态非对称,影响气液掺混,不利于控制射流的稳定性.     

超高压水射流喷头水动力特性研究

基于对超高压水射流喷头的外部参数定量化分析,给出关于射流核心参数的优选方法,旨在提高水射流效率。首先,根据超高压水射流除锈喷嘴的工作特点,考虑到水的压缩性和空化效应,建立单束定冲角、多束旋转喷头的三维数值模型,通过改变靶距、入射角度、转速等外部特征参数,实施了超高压水射流除锈喷头水动力性能模拟研究。然后,重点分析单束定冲角喷嘴靶距、入射角度对靶面剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,以及射流等速核长度与最佳射流靶距的关系。发现当靶距等于喷嘴射流等速核长度时,壁面剪切应力达到最佳水平。此外,通过分析高速旋转射流卷吸效应、靶面水垫作用对靶面所受剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,得到最佳转速范围和对应线速度。初步阐明了射流冲击剥离的机理、单束定冲角以及多束旋转射流的特征参数对射流效果的影响,可为超高压除锈喷头的设计、装配提供参考。     

An experimental study of the under-expanded swirling jet with secondary coaxial stream

The present study addresses experimental results for investigating the details of the near field flow characteristics produced in an under-expanded, dual, coaxial, swirling jet. The under-expanded swirling jet is discharged from a sonic inner nozzle. An outer annular nozzle produces co- and counter-swirling streams relative to the inner primary swirling jet. The interaction between both the outer annular swirling stream and inner under-expanded swirling jet is quantified by impact and static pressure measurements, and visualized by using the shadowgraph method. Experiments are performed for several different pressure ratios. The results show that the outer secondary co-swirling jet significantly changes the structure of the inner under-expanded swirling jet, such as the shock structures and the recirculation region generated at the jet axis. The effect of the outer secondary stream on the major structures of the inner primary swirling jet is strongly dependent on the pressure ratio of the inner swirling jet, regardless of the swirl direction of the outer stream.Received: 17 May 2004, Accepted: 27 September 2004, Published online: 26 November 2004[/PUBLISHED]H.D. Kim: Correspondence to     

Computational Modelling of Turbulent Mixing in Confined Swirling Environment Under Constant and Variable Density Conditions

A high-intensity swirling flow in a model combustor subjected to large density variations has been examined computationally. The focus is on the Favre-averaged Navier–Stokes computations of the momentum and scalar transport employing turbulence models based on the differential second-moment closure (SMC) strategy. An updated version of the basic, high-Reynolds number SMC model accounting for a quadratic expansion of both the pressure–strain and dissipation tensors and a near-wall SMC model were used for predicting the mean velocity and turbulence fields. The accompanied mixing between the annular swirling air flow and the central non-swirling helium jet was studied by applying three scalar flux models differing mainly in the model formulation for the pressure-scalar gradient correlation. The computed axial and circumferential velocities agree fairly well with the reference experiment [So et al., NASA Contractor Report 3832, 1984; Ahmed and So, Exp. Fluids 4 (1986) 107], reproducing important features of such a weakly supercritical flow configuration (tendency of the flow core to separate). Although the length at which the mixing was completed was reproduced in reasonable agreement with the experimental results, the mixing activity in terms of the spreading rate of the shear/mixing layer, that is its thickness, was somewhat more intensive. Prior to these investigations, the model applied was validated by computing the transport of the passive scalar in the non-swirling (Johnson and Bennet, Report NASA CR-165574, UTRC Report R81-915540-9, 1981) and swirling (Roback and Johnson, NASA Contractor Report 168252, 1983) flow in a model combustor.