压电智能梁的阻抗分析与损伤识别

压电陶瓷具有正、逆压电效应，可以用作自驱动传感器．该文对表面粘贴有单片压电陶瓷的压电智能钢梁进行了阻抗分析．讨论了单压电片驱动下钢粱的纵向振动和弯曲振动，得到了压电智能梁的机械阻抗．介绍了压电片与基梁的机电耦合作用及基于压电阻抗技术的结构损伤识别机理．以两端自由钢梁为例对压电智能梁的压电阻抗进行了数值与实验验证，结果表明数值计算结果与实验结果基本相符．利用压电阻抗技术对两端自由的裂纹钢梁进行了损伤识别实验研究，实验结果发现，裂纹的出现引起高频段压电阻抗实部和虚部曲线出现了明显的变化；随着裂纹尺寸的增大，曲线谐振频率和反谐振频率逐渐减小．由此可见，通过测量钢梁损伤前后压电陶瓷片的电阻抗变化能够识别梁中的裂纹损伤．     

Lamb波理论及层合板冲击损伤的实验研究

从理论上分析了板中Lamb波信号的传播特性,并给出Lamb波在板中传播的频散方程。理论分析及实验均表明,Lamb波的频散特性与复合材料结构损伤有着直接的联系,而且最低阶的对称和反对称Lamb波模态对层合板的损伤比较敏感,但应用Lamb波的频散效应监测结构的损伤在检测技术上还难以实现。根据板中导波形成Lamb波的共振原理,板中应力波的幅频特性很大程度上反映了Lamb波的谐振特征。因此,利用压电元件的压电阻抗谱分析应力波的各阶模态频率及振幅对结构损伤的变化,能够反映材料内部损伤与Lamb波的频散特性。文中针对表面粘贴压电元件的层合板智能结构,建立了包含Lamb波谐振模式的压电阻抗计算模型。冲击损伤试件的实验表明,由于结构损伤的出现压电阻抗谱中的模态频率及其阻抗幅值等特征信息将发生变化。因此,引入应力波损伤因子可以对结构冲击损伤的存在和程度进行初步评价。该方法基于结构的机-电动态阻抗特性,不受结构的几何形状限制,测试用的压电元件成本低,方法简单可行,有望在智能结构的健康诊断方面获得应用。     

基于压电阻抗技术的奥氏体不锈钢力学损伤定量监测

采用压电阻抗(Electro-mechanical impedance,EMI)技术对奥氏体不锈钢在拉伸过程中的力学损伤进行了定量监测实验研究.选择不同损伤状态下阻抗谱谐振峰频率偏移量△f及均方根偏差(Root-mean-square deviation,RMSD)值作为损伤识别指数,结果表明:在试样弹性变形阶段,△f和RMSD值很小,并且在加载过程中基本保持不变或小有波动;试样发生塑性变形以后,二者均明显增加,其中,△f值由0.05kHz随加载应力逐渐增加至1.65kHz时试样发生断裂,而RMSD由1.3％增大至17.6％后逐渐减小.文中对这种差别出现的原因及两参数各自的特点进行了讨论.显微分析结果证实材料弹塑性转变过程中两参数的变化与试样微观损伤具有很好的对应性,表明利用压电阻抗技术监测和评价核电管道用奥氏体不锈钢的力学损伤具有可行性.     

压电质量传感器检测灵敏度分析

压电质量传感器是一种利用压电谐振器对质量的敏感性,通过谐振器吸附待测物后频率的变化实现对被测物质进行检测的传感器。由于附着物质引起的质量变化很小,因此测试精度将强烈依赖于结构频率对质量变化的敏感程度,而敏感程度与传感器感知部分的几何尺寸密切相关。本文主要研究压电材料悬臂梁式质量传感器的检测敏感度分析问题,推导传感器自振频率变化对质量变化的灵敏度与传感器各部分结构几何尺寸设计参数依赖关系的计算格式,并讨论了结构尺寸、截面形状以及谐振模态对传感器检测灵敏度的影响。     

PZT-4紧凑拉伸试样的断裂分析

基于线性压电材料的复势理论，通过解析分析，导出了一种分析有限压电板裂纹问题的 解析数值方法. 首先，计算了含中心裂纹有限板的断裂参数，与Woo和Wang的解析数值 法(Int J Fract, 1993, 62: 203$\sim$218)相比较，表明该方法具有很高的精度和 很好的计算效率. 随后，采用该方法和有限元 法计算了PZT-4紧凑拉伸试样在绝缘裂纹面边界条件下断裂时的断裂参数，发现各断裂参数 的临界值分散性很大，不能作为压电材料的单参数断裂准则. 进而，针对试样真实的裂隙形 状，采用有限元法计算了裂隙尖端的应力、电位移场，比较了裂隙内介质的介电性能对裂隙 尖端场的影响，计算了带微裂纹的真实裂隙模型的断裂参数并进行了理论分析.     

湿度对骨内压电信号的影响

对不同相对湿度下的骨压电电压和压电电荷信号进行测量研究,来考察湿度对骨压电信号的影响.采用三点弯曲干骨试样,以梯形脉冲载荷的方式进行加载,分别应用超高输入阻抗的生物信号放大器和电荷放大器测量了三种不同相对湿度下的骨压电电压和压电电荷信号波形.结果表明,骨压电电压峰值随湿度的增加而下降很快,当湿度从30%增至60%时,电压降幅达到了80%左右;基于测试原理的不同,骨压电电荷也随湿度的增加而下降,其降幅较小.由此可以推断,骨在体内湿润的状态下,受力变形时压电电压幅值可能趋于零.电荷的产生和瞬时泄放有可能是骨在体内的动态载荷作用下的压电效应的表现形式.     

梯度功能压电悬臂梁的一组基本解及其应用

采用应力函数解法,研究了弹性参数和体积力同时呈梯度变化时压电材料悬臂粱的力-电响应,得到了应力函数和电位移函数的解析表达式及梯度功能压电悬臂梁的一组基本解．作为一种应用形式,给出了梯度功能压电执行器的尖端位移和制动力的确定方法、此外,利用该基本解,可以方便地确定悬臂梁在多种不同典型荷载单独或联合作用下的解答。     

埋入式压电陶瓷的尺寸对其电-声特性的影响

首次通过Ansys软件仿真的方法分析了不同厚度压电陶瓷(半径保持不变)埋入混凝土进行超声检测时压电陶瓷电-声特性的变化规律。研究表明:单层压电陶瓷在厚度h小于1mm时,最大振幅对应的谐振频率变化趋势会出现拐点,不再单调变化;厚度h大于1mm时,压电陶瓷的谐振频率随着厚度的改变呈现相应规律性,在相应谐振频率激励下压电陶瓷辐射超声波中心点的声压值变化规律与谐振频率的规律相反。     

加热压电纤维复合材料圆板的横向自由振动

基于经典薄板理论和极正交各向异性材料的本构理论,建立了加热压电纤维复合材料圆板的线性振动控制微分方程。采用打靶法分别获得了加热压电纤维复合材料圆板在周边固支和简支情况下,无量纲固有频率随温度和电场强度变化的关系曲线,并分析了压电纤维体积分数、刚度参数、电场强度和温度变化对压电纤维复合材料圆板无量纲固有频率的影响。结果表明,一定体积分数或者电场强度下,压电纤维复合材料圆板的无量纲固有频率都随温度的升高而单调下降;同一温度下,刚度参数越小,无量纲固有频率越低;电场强度越大,无量纲固有频率越高。     

双轴应力状态下正交异性动态光弹性应力——光性定律研究

基于静态下Ｈｙｅｒ和Ｌｉｕ表述的正交异性应力－光性定律，在前文中，提出了正交异性光弹性复合材料的动态应力－光性定律并证明了其在单轴应力状态下的正确性。本文旨在进一步考察在双轴应力状态下正交异性动态应力－光性定律的适用性，采用的方法是对纤维增强光弹性复合材料制作的平板模型施加冲击荷载，加载方向与材料纤维方向分别成０°、９０°及４５°角，同时进行正交异性动态光弹性实验和动态应变测量，另外，对该模型进行相应的各向异性介质时域边界元计算。把动态应变测量推算出的应力分量以及时域边界元计算出的应力分量分别代入正交异性动态应力－光性定律，得到随时间变化的双折射条纹级数历程，将其与正交异性动态光弹性实验的结果进行比较。实验及计算结果表明，在三个加载方向下，由这三种方法得到的双折射条纹级数历程均吻合良好，从而证明了前文提出的正交异性动态应力－光性定律在双轴应力状态下的正确性。     

Energy transmission by stress waves in prismatical bars

This paper deals with energy transmission by stress waves in prismatical bars and its possible application in high-speed printers. Theory is reviewed briefly for straight bars, and energy losses caused by cross-sectional impedance mismatch and length mismatch are calculated. In order to check the theory, experiments were conducted on straight bars with theoretically perfect impedance match. In the absence of a theory for curved bars, some experiments were conducted which indicate the possibility of energy transfer with acceptable efficiency.     

Field measured pre-stress concrete losses versus design code estimates

In Florida, pre-stressed concrete bridges with a hybrid structural configuration, consisting of simply supported girders and continuous deck units providing composite action, are prevalent. In this study, an actual bridge with this configuration is instrumented with embedded vibrating wire strain gages during construction. The axial strain data are utilized to determine the time-dependent pre-stress loss variation and distribution in the pre-tensioned concrete girders used for the bridge. In this paper, however, we discuss the bridge instrumentation and monitoring technique used, and the deduced pre-stress losses obtained from field-measured strains up to 150 days, before placement of the composite slab. A comparison of the measured loss with the estimates of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) indicates that the field-measured pre-stress loss is non-uniform across the girder depth, opposed to a uniform distribution implicitly assumed in most codes. The measured pre-stress variation is used in computing the concrete stress distribution in the girder at different depths within the given cross-section. When compared to the concrete stress from using the PCI and AASHTO suggested losses, the stress distribution resulting fron using the field-measured loss is found to be non-linear, and in most cases higher.     

Attenuation of strain waves in core samples of three types of rock

Dynamic photoelasticity was employed to determine the velocity of longitudinal stress waves, dynamic modulus of elasticity and attenuation coefficients in rockcore samples 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter, 18 in. (0.46 m) long. Birefringent strips bonded to the core samples of Salem limestone, Charcoal granite and Berea sandstone provided all the data needed for the dynamic characterization of these rock types. The rods were dynamically loaded at one end with a lead-azide charge. A multiple-spark-gap camer was used to record the dynamic isochromatic-fringe patterns occurring in the birefringent strip. Of the three rock types investigated, the Berea sandstone exhibited the largest energy losses as characterized by an attenuation coefficient of 0.0910. Salem limestone and Charcoal granite exhibited much smaller losses with attenuation coefficients of 0.0196 and 0.0024, respectively. The extremely low-energy loss associated with Charcoal granite indicates that this material transmits stress waves as well as most metals.     

A two-fluid model for pulsatile flow in catheterized blood vessels

The pulsatile flow of blood through a catheterized artery is analyzed, assuming the blood as a two-fluid model with the suspension of all the erythrocytes in the core region as a Casson fluid and the peripheral region of plasma as a Newtonian fluid. The resulting non-linear implicit system of partial differential equations is solved using perturbation method. The expressions for shear stress, velocity, flow rate, wall shear stress and longitudinal impedance are obtained. The variations of these flow quantities with yield stress, catheter radius ratio, amplitude, pulsatile Reynolds number ratio and peripheral layer thickness are discussed. It is observed that the velocity distribution and flow rate decrease, while, the wall shear, width of the plug flow region and longitudinal impedance increase when the yield stress increases. It is also found that the velocity increases, but, the longitudinal impedance decreases when the thickness of the peripheral layer increases. The wall shear stress decreases non-linearly, while, the longitudinal impedance increases non-linearly when the catheter radius ratio increases. The estimates of the increase in the longitudinal impedance are considerably lower for the present two-fluid model than those of the single-fluid model.     

N330炭黑增强天然橡胶材料力学性能的实验研究

为了研究炭黑对橡胶材料力学性能的影响,对9种不同体积含量的炭黑填充橡胶材料进行了准静态力学实验研究。利用循环拉伸加卸载实验分析了炭黑对橡胶Mullins效应及能量损耗的影响,通过单轴拉伸实验研究了炭黑对橡胶材料刚度和起始模量的影响,采用多步松弛拉伸加卸载实验研究了炭黑对橡胶材料应力行为的应变历史相关性的影响。实验结果表明:炭黑填充量越高,橡胶材料的刚度越大,初始模量越大,Mullins效应也越明显;随着炭黑填充量的增加,橡胶在加卸载循环中所产生的迟滞损耗、Mullins效应相对能量损耗以及残余应变都呈现出非线性增长趋势;随着炭黑填充量的升高,橡胶在加卸载过程中的应力松弛现象越明显,其平衡态迟滞损耗以及与时间相关部分的迟滞损耗也越大。     

炸药类型对富铁矿爆破效果影响的试验研究

为探究炸药类型对铁矿石爆破效果的影响，选用相同药量的3种炸药对铁矿石试样进行爆破试验。对比研究了不同炸药爆炸作用后试样表面裂纹分形维数和碎块块度分布特征，进而对试样的破坏程度和爆破效果进行了定量的对比与评价。同时，从爆炸应力波叠加、能量释放与传递角度，对爆破效果的差异进行了理论分析。研究结果表明:（1）松散装药以及混合装药均会导致爆源相同距离处爆炸应力场分布的均匀性变差；（2）炸药爆热越大、炸药铁矿石波阻抗匹配程度越高，炸药爆炸后释放的能量越大且能量传递效率越高，铁矿石破坏程度越大；（3）爆破工程中炸药选型时，应重点考虑炸药密度、爆热和爆速3个参数，选择与矿（岩）体波阻抗匹配程度高且爆热合适的炸药，使得爆破后产生的大块和小块均较少。     

A New Technique for Characterization of Low Impedance Materials at Acoustic Frequencies

Measuring the mechanical properties of low impedance rubbery polymers at acoustic frequencies is a challenging problem due to the small signal amplitudes, relatively high loss, and the long wavelength of stress waves. One such material is solid polyurea (PU), an elastomeric copolymer, which has excellent chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties and is widely used as a coating (e.g. in truck bed lining) or blast protection (advanced helmet designs and concrete structures) material. Moreover, due to its heterogeneous structure, PU has a wide transition of thermo-mechanical behavior from rubber-like to glassy compared to most engineering polymers, which translates to a broader loss spectrum in frequency domain. In this study, we have developed a new test technique by modifying the split Hopkinson pressure bar and using ball impact to measure Young’s storage and loss moduli of polyurea at kHz frequencies. This will therefore fill the frequency gap between the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and ultrasonic (US) wave measurement. The measured Young’s storage and loss moduli from this technique are compared with the master curves of the moduli developed using experimental data of dynamic mechanical analysis and ultrasonic wave measurements. This technique is a direct measurement which provides more reliable data in the kHz frequency range and can be used to evaluate the reliability of other indirect estimations including master curves. The utility of this technique is not limited to polyurea and it can be used to characterize other low impedance materials at kHz frequencies.     

Clarification of the dispersion mechanism of three typical chemical dispersants in lithium-ion battery (LIB) slurry

This paper mainly clarified the dispersion mechanism of three typical chemical dispersants which are polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100, T-100), polyethylene pyrrolidone (PVP) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) within lithium-ion battery (LIB) slurry. Initially, the optimum amounts of T-100, PVP and CMC are selected from 0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5% by evaluating the impedance of LIB slurry in the case of adding each typical chemical dispersant with EIS method. Moreover, the impedance spectrum of three different slurry samples which are PVDF-NMP solution, LiCoO₂ slurry and Carbon Black (CB) slurry with the optimum amount of each dispersant are also investigated. After using SEM and C element distribution images of LIB slurry to verify the correctness of the dispersion mechanism of each dispersant, it is concluded that the dispersion CMC with its optimum amount 1.5% is the best one to promote the formation of conductive paths and CB-coated LiCoO₂ network structure within LIB slurry, which has the considerably potential to improve the performance of LIB.     

Termination impedance of open-ended cylindrical tubes at high sound pressure levelImpédance terminale d'un tuyau cylindrique ouvert à fort niveau sonore

The study deals with nonlinear acoustical effects localised at the open-end of a cylindrical tube. The termination impedance is measured using a two microphone method. Due to the separation of the acoustic flow at the pipe end, the real part of the termination impedance depends on the volume velocity at the open end. It is shown that the radius of curvature of the edges of the open end of the tube has a crucial influence on the amplitude of the nonlinear losses. Several regimes are shown for the low radii of curvature. To cite this article: M. Atig et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

The Role of Residual Stresses in the Performance and Durability of Prestressing Steel Wires

Residual stresses developed during wire drawing influence the mechanical behavior and durability of steel wires used for prestressed concrete structures, particularly the shape of the stress–strain curve, stress relaxation losses, fatigue life, and environmental cracking susceptibility. The availability of general purpose finite element analysis tools and powerful diffraction techniques (X-rays and neutrons) has made it possible to predict and measure accurately residual stress fields in cold-drawn steel wires. Work carried out in this field in the past decade, shows the prospects and limitations of residual stress measurement, how the stress relaxation losses and environmentally-assisted cracking are correlated with the profile of residual stresses and how the performance of steel wires can be improved by modifying such a stress profile.