机动弹头高超声速粘性绕流数值模拟

采用空间二阶精度的交替方向隐式分解的NND格式求解完全气体假定下的非定常薄层近似NaVierStokes方程,并采用抛物化的椭圆型方程生成复杂带翼弹头的空间网格.最后给出了机动弹头在M∞=7.3,α=20°下的流场计算结果.计算结果表明本文所采用的计算网格及计算方法可以适用于高超声速复杂流场的数值模拟.     

类升力体外形高超声速粘性绕流拓扑结构分析

采用交替方向隐式分解的隐式NND格式求解全N-S方程模拟“类升力体”外形在高超声速下的大攻角流动,给出了“类升力体”外形表面极限流线随攻角变化的拓扑结构及40°攻角下垂直于体轴的横截面流线拓扑结构。结果表明:类升力体外形三维流场结构十分复杂,攻角从0°～40°变化时,背风面表面极限流线依次由不分离、开式分离向起始于鞍、结点组合的高阶奇点的分离方式转化,翼面横向分离亦随攻角增大而增大;垂直于体轴的横截面流动拓扑结构与文献[2]给出的理论分析一致。     

最大偏心圆环空间自然对流传热的数值分析

采用正切圆坐标变换 ,对不同直径比以及上、下、侧面三种偏心位置 ,偏心率达到最大值± 1的变壁温水平圆柱环形封闭空间内空气的自然对流传热进行了数学模拟 ,求出的二维空间温度分布与实验拍摄相应的温度干涉条纹图片吻合良好。计算结果同时给出流线分布及内、外壁面的局部传热系数、热流量。并与现有的偏心率小于 1的有关资料作对比分析。数值计算的范围是 :2 .0× 1 0 2 ≤ Ra≤ 3 .0× 1 0 5,1 .3≤ Do/Di≤ 3 .8,Pr=0 .70 6,|ε|=1 .     

金属约束下定常非理想爆轰的理论研究

为了对金属约束条件下的定常非理想爆轰进行理论研究,对未反应炸药和爆轰产物采用JWL形 式状态方程,对金属采用p(,T)形式状态方程。采用过爆轰前导冲击波的流线偏转角在影响域内沿高度线 性变化的假设,并且由未反应炸药和金属的冲击波极曲线的交点确定爆轰冲击边缘角,则可从未反应炸药斜 冲击波极曲线关系式求出爆轰前导冲击波阵面的形状。采用爆轰前导冲击波阵面之后的流线是直线的假设, 则爆轰流动控制方程由偏微分方程变为沿流线的常微分方程,沿着所有流线求解便给出爆轰化学反应区内 声速线与化学反应结束线的位置。理论分析同时给出约束金属折射冲击波后面的流体的流动状态。理论结 果给出的爆轰化学反应区结构特征和约束金属内的流动状态特征与高精度数值模拟的结果符合良好,说明 本文中给出的理论方法具有良好的合理性和适用性。     

基于S-A湍流模型的Runge-Kutta有限元算法

采用一方程S-A模型(Spalart-Allmaras模型)封闭雷诺时均N-S方程(RANS方程)进行湍流数值计算,可以减少方程求解数量,节约计算时间。本文对其进行了有限元数值算法研究,首先通过沿流线坐标变换,得到无对流项RANS方程,并引入三阶Runge-Kutta法对其进行时间离散;然后利用沿流线的Taylor展开解决坐标变换带来的网格更新的困难;最后采用Galerkin法进行空间离散,得到湍流模型的有限元算法。基于方柱绕流和覆冰输电线绕流模型,与试验结果进行对比,验证了该算法的有效性,与一阶数值算法相比,该算法在精度和收敛性方面更具优势。     

圆柱嵌入半空间的三维问题的一个简便的积分方程解法

将由Mindlin集中力组成的轴对称载荷沿弹性半空间z轴[0,L]内分布,并迭加Boussinesq的解,就能使边界条件为1.Z=0,r≠0,σz=τrz=02.0≤z≤L,U(e,z)=a-e,(1≥e/a≈1)3.P=-2π[a∫Lτry(a,z)dz ∫0arσ(r,L)dr](1)的圆柱嵌入半空间的三维问题归结为一Fredholm第一种积分方程.本文给出了Fredholm第一种积分方程近似解误差估计的一个定理. 将本文所论述的方法,用于桩的分析,较R.Butterfield等人的方法为优越,即所得到积分方程是一维非奇异的、能考虑初应力的影响、不需要预先假定沉陷函数,并且考虑了可压缩桩中的三维应力状态.     

水平刚性岩基上的弹性层表面受垂直集中力问题的积分方程解法

沿弹性空间z轴的[h,∞]和[-h,-∞]上与z=0平面对称地分布集度为X_1(c)=X_1(-c)的集中力,集度为X_2(c)=X_2(-c)的挤压中心,以及一对等值、反向、分别作用于z轴上的z=h和z=-h点的平行z轴的集中力,就能使具有刚性水平层的半空间表面受垂直集中力问题归结为两个联立的Fredbolm第一种积分方程。文中给出用DJS-21机进行数值计算的结果,根据这些结果给出位移的在Chebyshev意义下的最佳拟合的多项表达式。     

计算离心泵叶轮流场的扫描流束有限元方法

本文提出一种求解离心式叶轮流场的数值方法，将流动求解区域离散为有限个由流线构成其边界的单元，采用伽辽金法建立的单元方程在一条流束上集合为方程组，流线上的节点坐标亦作为未知量包含在有限元方程中，通过扫描计算，逐步解得流线位置及流动参数。本文应用叶轮的通流理论流动模型，采用扫描流速有限元方法对离心泵叶轮流场进行了计算，并与有关文献作了比较。     

求大规模非线性随机动力系统概率密度函数解的子空间法

论文给出了一个求大规模非线性随机动力系统响应概率密度函数解的新方法,称之为子空间法.考察了此方法在求解大规模带位移项参数激励非线性随机动力系统响应概率密度函数的有效性.这里的概率密度函数解由Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov(FPK)方程控制.该方法是基于将非线性随机动力系统状态变量空间分成两个子空间,然后在其中一个子空间上对FPK方程进行积分,采取一定措施后得到低维的FPK方程.该低维的FPK方程的维数可以人为确定,也可以取为二维,从而可以用现有的求解低维FPK方程的方法求得所需的概率密度函数解.文中给出了算例,用数值结果验证了子空间法的有效性.论文是采用作者曾提出的指数多项式闭合(EPC)法求解由子空间法降维的FPK方程.     

非定常不可压N-S方程的最小二乘算子分裂有限元法数值求解

采用最小二乘算子分裂有限元法求解非定常不可压N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程,即在每个时间层上采用算子分裂法将N-S方程分裂成扩散项和对流项,这样既能考虑对流占优特点又能顾及方程的扩散性质。扩散项是一个抛物型方程,时间离散采用向后差分格式,空间离散采用标准Galerkin有限元法。对流项的时间项采用后向差分格式,非线性部分用牛顿法进行线性化处理,再用最小二乘有限元法进行空间离散,得到对称正定的代数方程组系数矩阵。采用Re=1000的方腔流对该算法的有效性进行检验,表明其具有较高的精度,能够很好地捕捉流场中的涡结构。同时,对圆柱层流绕流进行了数值研究,通过流线图、压力场、阻力系数、升力系数及斯特劳哈数等结果的分析与对比,表明本文算法对于模拟圆柱层流绕流是准确和可靠的。     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.