高层建筑测压风洞试验校准与不确定性的量化

高层建筑风洞试验可靠性常基于多家机构的CAARC标准高层建筑风洞试验结果进行对比检验，然而其风洞试验结果的不确定性难以量化。本研究对D类地貌下缩尺比为1∶400的CAARC标准高层建筑进行刚性模型测压风洞试验，首先研究了风洞试验参考位置对试验结果的影响，结果表明测压试验的参考位置宜选择受湍流影响较小的模型上方风洞顶部；其次，研究了采样次数对平均和极值风压系数的影响规律，为获得较稳定的极值风压系数，建议最小试验采样次数15次；最后，利用试验结果与国内外多家研究机构的结果进行对比分析，验证了本研究风洞试验的可靠性，量化了试验结果的不确定性，结果表明本研究高层建筑风洞试验的风压系数建模不确定性偏差为0.98,变异系数为0.14。     

高层建筑动态风干扰的瞬态风压积分法研究

提出通过在风洞试验中多通道测量刚性模型表面瞬态风压并进行积分的方法研究高层建筑的动态风干扰。模型表面的瞬态风压利用多通道同步压力测量而得到。为提高数值积分精度,测压孔位置按高斯求积节点布置。设计了表面布置有测压孔的受扰高层建筑刚性模型和三种不同高度的干扰建筑模型,研究了相同高度以及不同高度的两个高层建筑之间的顺风向和横风向动态风干扰。借助干扰因子讨论了近邻建筑的位置、距离以及楼高对受扰建筑基础动态倾覆力矩的影响规律,并与传统方法所得结果作了比较。     

循环神经网络在智能天平研究中的应用

激波风洞地面试验对高超声速飞行器高焓气动特性研究至关重要, 而高精度气动力测量是其中的关键技术. 在脉冲型激波风洞中进行测力试验时, 风洞起动时流场瞬间建立, 对测力系统会产生较大的冲击. 测力系统在瞬时冲击作用下受到激励, 系统的惯性振动信号在短时间内无法快速衰减, 天平的输出信号中会包含惯性振动干扰量, 导致脉冲型风洞测力试验精准度的进一步提高遇到瓶颈. 为了解决短试验时间内激波风洞快速准确测力问题, 发展高精度的动态校准技术是提升受惯性干扰天平性能的关键方法. 因此, 本文采用循环神经网络对天平动态校准数据进行训练和智能处理, 旨在消除输出动态信号中的振动干扰信号. 本文对该方法进行了误差分析, 验证了该方法的可靠性, 并将该方法应用于激波风洞测力试验中, 切实有效降低了惯性振动对天平输出信号的干扰影响. 根据智能模型的样本验证分析, 各分量载荷相对误差比较小, 其中高频轴向力分量处理结果的相对误差约1%. 在风洞试验数据验证中, 也得到了比较理想的结果, 同时与卷积神经网络模型处理的结果进行了对比分析.      

高耸异型烟囱结构风压和风振系数试验研究

本文在模拟的大气边界层中,对某一发电厂高耸异型烟囱的刚性模型进行了测压试验研究,得到了这一结构的平均风压系数、最大和最小风压系数分布,以及该结构的风荷载体型系数;结果表明在烟囱外形明显变化的局部区域,风压绝对值较大,与理论分析一致。同时,对动态测力试验模型进行了高频动态天平测力试验研究,详细介绍了试验及数据处理方法,根据试验结果计算得到了该烟囱在风作用下的动力响应和风振系数;根据试验结果计算所得的风振系数值大于按规范公式估算值。这些结果不仅为结构的风荷载计算提供了依据,也有助于进一步认识该类异性烟囱结构的风荷载和风振特性。     

复杂高耸结构风振响应研究

本文提出了基于高频动态测力天平试验的风振响应的频域分析方法,采用该方法可以用来求解复杂高耸结构的三维耦联风振响应,并给出了利用高频动态测力天平试验来确定广义模态力谱的计算方法.该方法利用高频动态测力天平试验得到的基底剪力自谱、基底弯矩自谱以及基底剪力与弯矩的互谱与脉动风荷载的自谱密度的相互关系并通过引入振型修正系数来求得广义模态力谱,求解结构的三维耦联风振响应.然后,采用本文方法对在建的河南省广播电视发射塔的风振响应进行了研究,结果表明横风向的位移和加速度响应的均方根值要大于顺风向,因此在计算中必须考虑横风向风振的影响.最后本文对计算振型数目和模态耦联项对结构风振响应的影响进行了分析.本文的方法对于求解复杂高耸结构的风振响应具有重要的借鉴意义.     

基于深度学习技术的激波风洞智能测力系统研究

高焓条件气动力测量试验对高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化起决定性作用. 通常采用脉冲风洞(如激波风洞)产生高温、高压驱动气体以模拟高超声速高焓试验气流. 在脉冲风洞对高超飞行器模型进行测力试验时, 测力天平输出信号结果无法摆脱惯性载荷的干扰影响, 其导致的测力模型低频振动问题基本无法通过滤波彻底解决, 尤其对试验时间只有几毫秒的情况, 六分量测力天平的结构设计研究受到了极大挑战. 因此, 对实现短试验时间条件高性能测力的深入研究发现, 天平动态校准凸显重要性和必要性. 本研究提出一种新的基于人工智能深度学习技术的单矢量动态自校准方法和智能测力系统概念, 并应用于目前激波风洞测力试验中. 该动校方法的最主要特点之一是对整体测力系统的校准, 而非仅仅针对天平, 并且保证校准的测力系统即为风洞试验对象, 确保校准与应用的一致性. 在测试评估中, 测试样本和风洞试验验证均得到了较为理想的效果, 大幅度低频振动干扰基本被消除, 脉冲风洞测力的精度和可靠性得到了大幅提高.      

DEEP-LEARNING-BASED INTELLIGENT FORCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM USING IN A SHOCK TUNNEL 1)

高焓条件气动力测量试验对高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化起决定性作用. 通常采用脉冲风洞(如激波风洞)产生高温、高压驱动气体以模拟高超声速高焓试验气流. 在脉冲风洞对高超飞行器模型进行测力试验时, 测力天平输出信号结果无法摆脱惯性载荷的干扰影响, 其导致的测力模型低频振动问题基本无法通过滤波彻底解决, 尤其对试验时间只有几毫秒的情况, 六分量测力天平的结构设计研究受到了极大挑战. 因此, 对实现短试验时间条件高性能测力的深入研究发现, 天平动态校准凸显重要性和必要性. 本研究提出一种新的基于人工智能深度学习技术的单矢量动态自校准方法和智能测力系统概念, 并应用于目前激波风洞测力试验中. 该动校方法的最主要特点之一是对整体测力系统的校准, 而非仅仅针对天平, 并且保证校准的测力系统即为风洞试验对象, 确保校准与应用的一致性. 在测试评估中, 测试样本和风洞试验验证均得到了较为理想的效果, 大幅度低频振动干扰基本被消除, 脉冲风洞测力的精度和可靠性得到了大幅提高.     

高层建设风压试验研究

通过缩尺比为１：３００的模型风洞测压试验,研究了在１６个来流风向下某高层建筑表面的风压分布,结合当地的气象风速资料,给出了５０年重现期风速下的最大风荷载分布,为该建筑的设计提供了风荷载依据。     

阻塞效应对高层建筑风洞试验的影响分析

风工程界对单体建筑风洞试验阻塞效应进行了大量研究并取得初步成果,有关群体建筑风洞试验阻塞效应的研究却鲜有报道.基于此,本文对具有较多周边建筑的某实际高层建筑进行了两种缩尺比的刚性模型测压试验.结果发现阻塞效应的不同使两组模型的风压数据出现显著差异.分析表明:对于具有较多周边建筑的风洞试验,较大阻塞比导致的阻塞效应可能引起试验数据严重失真,阻塞效应对模型侧面风压的影响较迎风面、背风面更为显著;现有的阻塞效应修正方法不具有普遍适用性,阻塞比这一整体性指标无法描述模型不同部位的阻塞效应.     

考虑流固耦合作用的充气膜结构风压分布研究

充气膜结构是典型的风敏感型柔性结构,风荷载经常起关键的控制作用。本文利用ANSYS14.5程序中的workbench平台,考虑流固耦合作用,研究矩形平面气承式充气膜结构的风压系数分布。其中,选用基于雷诺时均模拟法的RNGk-ε湍流模型进行风场模拟,采用弱耦合分析方法模拟流固耦合风荷载效应。分析的参数选择风向角、结构内压、矢跨比和平面长宽比。针对矢跨比分别为1/4,1/3和1/2,长宽比分别为5/3,2/1和3/1的柔性充气膜结构模型,计算不同内压及不同风向角作用下的结构响应。结果表明,考虑流固耦合作用时,充气膜结构的风压体型系数比不考虑流固耦合作用的刚性模型明显偏大,其影响因子在1.25~1.5之间;充气膜结构的风压系数分布受风向角、内压、长宽比及矢跨比的影响较大。     

Modeling vortex-shedding effects for the stochastic response of tall buildings in non-synoptic winds

This study derives a model for the vortex-induced vibration and the stochastic response of a tall building in strong non-synoptic wind regimes. The vortex-induced stochastic dynamics is obtained by combining turbulent-induced buffeting force, aeroelastic force and vortex-induced force. The governing equations of motion in non-synoptic winds account for the coupled motion with nonlinear aerodynamic damping and non-stationary wind loading. An engineering model, replicating the features of thunderstorm downbursts, is employed to simulate strong non-synoptic winds and non-stationary wind loading. This study also aims to examine the effectiveness of the wavelet-Galerkin (WG) approximation method to numerically solve the vortex-induced stochastic dynamics of a tall building with complex wind loading and coupled equations of motions. In the WG approximation method, the compactly supported Daubechies wavelets are used as orthonormal basis functions for the Galerkin projection, which transforms the time-dependent coupled, nonlinear, non-stationary stochastic dynamic equations into random algebraic equations in the wavelet space. An equivalent single-degree-of-freedom building model and a multi-degree-of-freedom model of the benchmark Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council (CAARC) tall building are employed for the formulation and numerical analyses. Preliminary parametric investigations on the vortex-shedding effects and the stochastic dynamics of the two building models in non-synoptic downburst winds are discussed. The proposed WG approximation method proves to be very powerful and promising to approximately solve various cases of stochastic dynamics and the associated equations of motion accounting for vortex shedding effects, complex wind loads, coupling, nonlinearity and non-stationarity.     

Interference effects of two and three super-tall buildings under wind action

Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.     

高层双塔楼绕流风场效应的数值预测

在一高层双塔楼静力风载风洞试验的基础上,采用时均数值模拟的方法,对其绕流风场进行了模拟,获得了风场的绕流特点和塔楼表面风压的分布规律．通过风压的模拟计算值与试验值的比较,表明以数值方法预测气动干扰强烈的绕流风场是准确和可行的．     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

It is assumed in this paper that for a high Reynolds number nearly homogeneouswind flow, the Reynolds stresses are uniquely related to the mean velocity gradientsand the two independent turbulent scaling parameters k and E. By applying dimensionalanalysis and owing to the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for tensors, a new turbulenceenclosure model so-called the axtended k-ε model has been developed. The coefficientsof the model expression were detemined by the wind tunnel experimental data ofhomogeneous shear turbulent flow. The model was compared with the standard k-εmodel in in composition and the prediction of the Reynold’s normal Stresses. Using thenew model the numerical simulation of wind flow around a square cross-section tallbuilding was performed. The results show that the extended k-ε model improves theprediction of wind velocities around the building the building and wind pressures on the buildingenvelope.     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.     

相邻高层建筑表面风压的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法对一幢由主楼和配楼组成的复杂高层建筑的表面风压进行了模拟计算，考虑了相邻一幢高层建筑对风压分布的影响。计算得到的风压值还与风洞试验值作了比较。结果表明，数值模拟较好地反映了复杂高层建筑的周围流线和表面风压的分布情况；同时，由于相邻建筑物的存在，使得原有建筑的时均流线分布尤其是涡流的数目和尺度以及建筑表面的时均风压分布均发生了较明显的改变。     

某商业街区建筑风压及风环境数值模拟

针对上海市某商业街区建立了简化物理模型,采用离散化的数值模拟方法对该街区风场进行三维模拟研究.首先采用CAARC标准模型进行可行性验证,探讨了流体力学数值模拟的适用性和精确度.然后对该街区风场及建筑物的风场进行了数值模拟,分析了由于狭长T字型建筑布局而引起的巷道风效应.最后,讨论了街区群楼间间距及建筑布局等因素的改变对风场和风荷载的影响.研究结果表明,商业街区规划时应避免巷道风效应,并建议将行人高度风环境纳入考虑的范畴.     

Experimental analysis of a stochastic model for estimating wind-borne compact debris trajectory in turbulent winds

The impact of flying debris against building envelopes during high winds is a major source of structural damage. For example, damage produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Ike in the United States on the facades of tall buildings, located in urban areas, has been documented. It is therefore of relevance to analyze the vulnerability of tall buildings to debris-induced non-structural damage in the general context of performance-based wind engineering. In order to analyze the random trajectory of debris in highly turbulent winds, a numerical model combined with a probability-based algorithm was recently proposed by the authors (Moghim and Caracoglia, 2013). This model investigates the trajectory of “compact debris”, defined as point-mass objects of negligible mass moments of inertia and for which the aerodynamics is predominantly controlled by the drag force. The model replicates both the inherent randomness in debris properties and the effect of wind shear and atmospheric turbulence to estimate debris trajectory and the likelihood of impact against vertical building facades in a probabilistic setting.This paper describes the comparison between numerical model results and wind tunnel experiments. Tests were carried out in the Northeastern University׳s small scale wind tunnel in both smooth flow and grid-generated turbulent flow. The motion of spheres and cubes, simulating compact debris objects, was investigated in two dimensions (2D) on a vertical plane.The 2D motion of compact objects of various sizes was captured by a high-speed digital camera at different flow speeds. Experimental results showed to be consistent with numerical simulations. They also confirmed that not only mean flow speed but also turbulence features can have a non-negligible effect on the trajectory of compact objects.     

风载对筒形高耸建筑物定向爆破倾倒过程影响的研究

对烟筒、水塔定向爆破的切口处进行了受力分析,着重考虑风载作用对倾倒力学条件的改变及对倾倒方向的影响,分析了转角、风载、切口大小之间的变化规律,并根据几个实例进行计算和分析。研究结果表明,风载对筒形高耸建筑物爆破倾倒方向有显著影响,风载增大时,偏转角呈线性增加,同时改变了中心轴的位置。计算时应根据建筑物的形状具体计算。