单向砌体填充墙激波管试验和动力行为分析

为研究远场爆炸荷载作用下单向砌体填充墙的动力行为及其失效破坏机理，首先，基于研发的压缩空气驱动大截面（3 m×3 m）激波管开展了两面不同厚度单向实心砌体填充墙的面外加载试验，获得了作用在墙体表面的反射超压荷载时程、墙体面外挠度时程及墙体的变形失效模式。其次，建立了激波管精细化有限元模型，提出了砌体墙简化微观有限元建模方法，以及扩展砖块的Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma材料模型和接缝的内聚力接触模型参数取值计算方法，对激波管中的压力传播以及试验墙体面外动态响应和损伤破坏开展了数值模拟。最后，基于爆炸荷载作用下单向砌体填充墙面外抗力方程和等效单自由度模型对试验墙体中心点面外挠度时程进行预测。结果表明：减小墙体高厚比可以增大框架拱推力，从而显著提升墙体的抗爆性能，厚105 mm的墙体在经历1次激波管试验后发生倒塌，而厚235 mm的墙体在经历6次激波管试验后仅有轻微损伤；墙体表面反射超压荷载时程的试验和数值模拟结果均为均布脉冲型荷载，且两者吻合很好，验证了激波管设计和激波管精细化有限元模型的合理性；数值模拟和理论预测的墙体动力行为与试验结果吻合较好，可为砌体填充墙抗爆评估与分析...     

燃气爆炸作用下蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙的加固性能

为研究燃气爆炸作用下蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙的加固性能，基于有限元软件LS-DYNA，建立了砌体墙简化数值模型，分析了GB 50779-2012 石油化工控制室抗爆设计规范中建议的荷载作用下砌体墙高度和厚度的影响，对比了玄武岩纤维(basalt fiber reinforced plastic, BFRP)布与喷涂式聚脲对蒸压加气混凝土单向砌体墙的加固效果，并以防止砌体墙倒塌为设计目标，给出了加固建议。研究表明，本文中建立的简化数值模型能较好地模拟燃气爆炸作用下蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙的变形和破坏模式，计算结果与试验吻合良好；《规范》建议荷载作用下，未加固砌体墙以弯曲破坏为主，随着墙体高度增加，破坏模式由弯曲破坏向剪切破坏转变；BFRP布条加固可以有效提高墙体抗弯刚度和压拱效应，而聚脲涂层加固对抗弯刚度提高有限但墙体拉拱效应明显，二者均能显著提高墙体抗爆性能；加固墙体均发生弯曲破坏，BFRP布条材料的断裂一般发生在墙体位移最大处，而聚脲涂层材料的断裂发生在跨端边界处。     

聚脲加固砖填充墙抗爆性能的试验和分析方法研究

为了掌握聚脲喷涂加固砖填充墙的抗爆特性,基于一种改进的大型爆炸试验装置,开展了聚脲加固框架砖填充墙的原型爆炸试验,分析了爆炸荷载作用下加固砖墙的动力响应特征和破坏过程及模式,揭示了其失效破坏机理。研究结果表明,聚脲加固可大幅提升填充墙构件的抗爆性能,显著增加填充墙构件的变形延性;加固砖墙受爆炸荷载作用发生振动的过程其体系刚度不断变化,最高相差133%;随着比例距离降低,加固砖墙的破坏模式逐渐由弯曲破坏转为剪切破坏,聚脲厚度超过6 mm可以有效限制局部剪切破坏现象;基于砖墙和聚脲涂层的抗力函数建立的理论计算模型,可以较为准确地预测爆炸作用下背爆面加固双向砖墙的正向位移响应过程。     

内埋炸药下超高韧性水泥基复合材料的抗爆性能

为研究超高韧性水泥基复合材料(ultra-high toughness cementitious composites, UHTCC)在内埋炸药爆炸下的抗爆性能和损伤破坏规律,对不同炸药埋深下的UHTCC和高强混凝土(high-strength concrete, HSC)进行了内埋炸药抗爆实验。得到了两种材料靶体的破坏状态,并利用接触爆炸的实验结果计算出了两种材料的抗爆性能参数。结果表明,在相同条件下,UHTCC抗爆性能优于高强混凝土。为了进一步探究UHTCC的抗压强度、抗拉强度以及拉伸韧性对靶体在内埋炸药下抗爆性能的影响,首先,采用改进的K&C模型对炸药埋深为40 mm的超高韧性水泥基复合材料靶体进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,并根据数值模拟的结果得到了爆炸冲击波沿靶体径向衰减速度大于轴向衰减速度这一规律,验证了数值模型的有效性;然后,通过调整改进K&C模型中与抗压强度、抗拉强度以及拉伸韧性相关的参数,数值预测了不同抗压强度、抗拉强度以及拉伸韧性下UHTCC靶体的破坏状态,发现增强UHTCC的韧性可以有效防止靶体发生整体性破坏,增大UHTCC的抗拉强度可以减小靶体迎爆面的开坑直径,增大UHTCC的抗压强度对减小开坑直径效果不明显。     

爆炸荷载作用下配筋砌体结构的动力响应

基于大型非线性动力有限元软件LS-DYNA,通过改变墙体的约束情况、砌体材料的强度等级、纵 向配筋率、高宽比、荷载峰值、墙体距爆心点距离、墙体开洞以及粘贴玻璃纤维复合材料等,得到配筋砌体墙在 爆炸荷载作用下的变形规律、破坏情况以及结构墙体中砌体材料、钢筋的应力和位移随时间的变化规律。同 时对各种不同工况下配筋砌体墙的防爆性能进行比较,找出了影响结构响应最为重要的因素,给配筋砌体墙 防爆设计提供参考。     

砌体结构长脉宽爆炸荷载损伤等级评估方法

随着百千吨级当量爆炸工业事故的频繁发生,建筑结构的损伤评估和抗爆安全性更受到关注。目前,构件级的评估方法相对成熟,而大当量冲击波作用下的建筑结构整体毁伤评估依旧是个开放性问题。本文中,面向结构级的毁伤评估,提出了一种新的评估方法?构件损伤加权。该方法以承重构件损伤程度为基础,通过基于应变能的构件权系数加权,进而评估结构级损伤破坏程度。为了验证评估方法的有效性,以典型砌体结构为例,利用自主研发的冲击波结构毁伤模拟有限元程序,开展了百毫秒脉宽爆炸冲击波荷载下结构动力学响应数值模拟。根据数值模拟结果,结合构件损伤加权的评估方法,获取砌体结构损伤等级与冲击波超压的关系。预测的超压值的相对误差为?16.9%～26.2%,验证了评估方法的有效性。该评估方法为获取砌体结构的超压-冲量曲线提供了可行的途径,可为结构的抗爆安全设计提供参考。     

水下爆炸冲击荷载下混凝土重力坝的抗爆性能

在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,结构动力响应较之静态荷载和地震荷载作用下要复杂得多。通过大 量的数值模拟,探讨了混凝土重力坝在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,大坝高度、库前水位对大坝抗爆性能的影 响,为大坝抗爆性能评估和防护设计提供基础。数值计算中,构建了重力坝水下爆炸全耦合数值模型,并考虑 爆炸冲击作用下混凝土的高应变率效应。研究结果表明:对于混凝土重力坝,随着大坝高度的增加,大坝的抗 爆性能增强;库前水位对大坝的抗爆性能影响较大,通过降低库前水位可有效提高大坝的抗爆性能。     

爆炸荷载下沉箱重力式码头模型毁伤效应

在野外条件下开展了不同爆炸荷载条件下沉箱重力式码头模型毁伤效应实验，得到了沉箱重力式码头模型在1 kg TNT当量空中爆炸、水下爆炸以及结构内部爆炸后的毁伤模式，并针对不同毁伤模式给出了相应的抢修建议。实验结果表明:空中爆炸荷载下码头仅面板局部破坏形成爆坑；水下爆炸荷载下码头迎爆面及相近区域形成大量裂缝；结构内部爆炸荷载下码头仓格大变形破坏且中间面板被掀飞；从横向对比来看，在相同爆炸当量下空中爆炸荷载下码头毁伤程度最小，结构内部爆炸荷载下码头毁伤程度最大。     

长持时爆炸冲击波荷载作用下梁板组合结构的动力响应

为研究钢筋混凝土梁板组合结构在长持时远爆冲击波荷载作用下的动力响应及毁伤形态,通过实验获得了梁板组合结构的破坏形态和背爆面中心点位移变化。利用有限元软件对钢筋混凝土梁板组合结构的动态响应过程进行数值模拟研究,模拟得到的结构破坏现象与实验吻合较好。在此基础上,分析了梁板组合结构在相同冲量、不同峰值爆炸荷载作用下组合结构的动态响应和破坏过程,并结合挠跨比与破坏形态划分破坏模式。研究结果表明,相同冲量作用下,随着爆炸荷载峰值强度增加,梁板组合构件的破坏程度逐渐增加,破坏模式从弯曲破坏向弯剪联合破坏转换,最后呈现冲切破坏模式;组合构件中板部分发生破坏的时间早于交叉梁部分、破坏程度大于交叉梁。     

POZD涂层方形钢筋混凝土板抗接触爆炸试验研究

为研究聚异氰氨酸酯噁唑烷聚合物高分子材料（polyisocyanate oxazodone，POZD）涂层方形钢筋混凝土板在接触爆炸作用下的破坏模式和抗爆性能，对POZD涂层方形钢筋混凝土板进行接触爆炸条件下试验研究。试验中采用建筑结构中楼面设计常用的钢筋混凝土板为研究对象，通过11次独立的爆炸试验，分析了不同POZD涂层厚度对抗爆性能的影响，观测了钢筋混凝土板在不同装药量和不同POZD涂层厚度条件下的破坏模式和破坏特征，研究结果表明:涂层POZD钢筋混凝土板的主要破坏模式为钢筋混凝土板正面爆炸成坑，背面POZD涂层的圆锥状鼓起。POZD涂层鼓起主要是在爆炸冲击波作用下POZD涂层从基体板脱离并出现较大塑性变形所致。当冲击波荷载强度超过POZD材料的极限抗拉强度时，在涂层锥尖处形成较小的圆孔装剪切破坏，涂层的其他区域保持完好，从而让钢筋混凝土板不会产生较大范围的震塌破坏。在强冲击波荷载作用下利用POZD涂层仍然能够保持大变形、高塑性特性，可以通过自身的大变形很好地延长爆炸荷载的作用时间和耗散时间，吸收较大冲击波能量，从而约束混凝土震塌碎片，提高钢混混凝土板的抗爆性能。随着POZD涂层厚度增加，板的抗接触爆炸作用下的抗爆能力越强，临界震塌破坏装药量越多。研究结果可为工程应用及毁伤评估提供参考。     

钢筋混凝土排架结构的抗爆破坏等级

为了研究钢筋混凝土排架结构在大当量爆炸冲击波下的破坏规律，依据最大TNT当量为3 t的爆炸试验，对排架主体结构的抗爆破坏等级进行数值模拟研究。通过量纲分析得到1/2缩比模型的荷载参数和结构尺寸。基于Abaqus有限元软件，利用CONWEP方法实现爆炸加载，分别计算装药0.5 t爆距33 m和装药3 t爆距33 m两种工况下排架结构的破坏形态，并与试验结果进行对比。进一步通过控制药量和距离，计算不同超压和冲量下缩比模型的破坏形态。研究结果表明，排架的关键破坏特征为中间承重柱的倾覆转动；数值计算与试验破坏形态吻合较好，特征位移和特征转角的最大相对误差分别为5.6%和4.6%。以承重柱的倾覆角作为划分依据，将计算结果分为3种破坏等级，拟合得到的超压-冲量曲线和药量-距离曲线可用于厂房安全距离和仓库容量设计以及意外爆炸下的破坏程度预估。     

Numerical simulation of the failure process of unreinforced masonry walls due to concentrated static and dynamic loading

Finite element analyses of brick masonry subjected to in-plane concentrated static and dynamic loads are carried out to study crack initiation and propagation during the failure process of unreinforced masonry walls. The numerical model is firstly validated by the experimental tests by using the same materials parameters and loading conditions. Then, the static and dynamic concentrated loads are applied to the mortar joints and brick, respectively, and numerical simulations are used to compare the fracture characteristics for these loads. In addition, a comparison of fracture mechanisms for the concentrated loads on the mortar joint and brick is also given. Finally, the effect of dynamic pressure (P_max) on the failure mechanism of brick masonry is considered.     

砌体复合剪压受力特性与数值分析方法

 从砌体细观结构出发，提出了用于砌体复合剪压受力过程模拟的细观力学 模型. 该模型假定砌体是由砂浆、块体及两者之间的粘结带组成的三相复合材料，以此为基 础对砌体三相组成的非均匀性予以表征. 提出了基于弹性损伤力学的本构关系，以最大拉应 力准则和摩尔库仑准则作为损伤发生的阈值，并借助复合材料破坏过程分析(MFPA)程序进 行受力分析. 结果表明，所采用的数值模型和模拟方法能够较好地模拟砌体复合剪压受力破 坏过程，为砌体开裂过程的机理分析提供了一种新的数值方法.     

Numerical simulation of blast wave interaction with structure columns

Accurate estimation of blast loads on structures is essential for reliable predictions of structural response and damage. Current practice in blast effect analysis and design estimates blast loads primarily based on empirical formulae obtained from field blast tests. Due to the limited availability of test data, those empirical formulae are usually applicable to the case that the reflection surface of the structure is big enough so that no wave diffraction around the structure exists. They will overestimate the blast loads on structure columns without infill walls around them, which are very common in the modern buildings, especially for the ground floor columns. For a standalone column, the initial reflected pressure may be quickly relieved at the edge of the column, and the column will be engulfed with the blast wave due to diffraction. Therefore, the interaction between the blast wave and structure is important for such columns. The blast loads on such columns will be different from those obtained in field blasting tests on walls. There is no method in the open literature to estimate blast loads on standalone columns. In the present study, interactions between blast waves and structure columns are simulated using AUTODYN 3D. The influence of the scaled distance of the blast, column stiffness, ratio of the supported mass to the column mass, and column dimension and geometry, on the blast wave–column interaction is investigated. Based on the numerical simulation results, some formulae are proposed to estimate the blast pressure, impulse, and the reflected pressure time history on standalone structure columns.      

结构失效模式识别中失效元漂移问题的分析

基于有限元重分析技术，考虑载荷对结构的综合影响，从失效元漂移问题和结构极限承载能力角度出发，对结构可靠性分析中，增量载荷法的加载方式进行了分析和改进，并通过有限元程序进行了对比验证，文后提供了算例。结果表明，改进后的分析方法具有更广泛的应用性，其分析结果具有满意的精确度和良好的稳定性，更适合于实际工程中大型结构系统在多种载荷共同作用下的可靠性失效模式分析。     

Effects of lateral loads and constraints on buckling of cracked thin plates under compressive edge loads

Critical buckling load is important in investigation of behaviors of thin plates or shells. The presence of cracks in these structures can affects their safety factor with respect to the common modes of failure such as buckling. Some analytical solutions were obtained for un-cracked plates with different boundary conditions. Their numerical results have good agreement with these solutions. In this paper, we also studied the effects of lateral loads and constraints on the critical buckling load of cracked plates under axial compression, experimentally and numerically. Effects of length and orientation of cracks are investigated in presence of the lateral loads. Finally, tests data are compared with the results of numerical calculations.     

Failure mechanisms of concrete slab–soil double-layer structure subjected to underground explosion

The failure mechanism of a concrete slab–soil double-layer structure subjected to an underground explosion was investigated by experimental and numerical methods in this paper. Two underground explosion depths of 150 and 350 mm were tested. The typical failure modes such as the conoid spall of concrete, the bulge of the concrete slab and the cavity in the soil were obtained experimentally. Numerical simulations of the experiments were performed using a hydrodynamic code to analyze the effects of both the stress wave and the expansion of the blast products. Based on the experimental and numerical results, the effects of explosive depth, blast wave front and expansion of the blast products on the failure modes and failure mechanisms were discussed. The underground explosion process at different explosion depths was also analyzed. The results show that attenuation of the stress wave in the soil is significant. The blast wave front and the expansion of the blast products play different roles at different explosion depths. At the explosion depth of 150 mm, the failure mode is mainly caused by a point load induced by the blast wave front, whereas at the depth of 350 mm a sphere-shaped load resulting from the expansion of the blast products is a key factor for failure.     

Effect of Unreinforced Masonry Infill on Floor Amplification and Other Parameters in Frame-Wall Buildings

Frame-shear wall buildings or dual systems are a common form of reinforced concrete building structures. In such systems, shear walls form the primary lateral load-resisting elements intended to carry about 75% of lateral loads. The beam-column frame elements carry the vertical loads and the balance amount of lateral loads. Unreinforced masonry infill panels are common in frame-wall buildings which are incorporated to serve functional purposes. Infill panels are generally not modeled while designing the buildings. However, the influence of infill on the behavior of the building is considerable. In the present study, the response parameters in terms of average floor spectra and roof displacements have been studied in dual system buildings designed as per Unified Performance-Based Design (UPBD) method, with and without masonry infill struts. The UPBD method satisfies both target design drift and performance level simultaneously. Floor spectra are useful in the design of Operational and Functional Components (OFCs) in buildings which are mounted on floors. For the design of OFCs, parameters such as Floor Amplification factor (FAF), Component Amplification Factor (CAF), and Total Amplification Factor (TAF) are important and have been studied here. Frame-wall buildings with two plans and various heights with and without infill struts have been considered for specified target drift and performance levels. It has been observed that floor response diminishes with the incorporation of infill struts. Some important conclusions have been drawn on FEMA provisions.