船用921A钢动态断裂韧性测试研究

本文利用示波冲击试验,对船用９２１Ａ钢动态断裂韧性的测试方法进行了研究。     

杆式冲击装置测定材料动态J积分

本文介绍了一种研究材料动态断裂韧度的实验技术。该方法采用冲击杆对常规三点弯曲试件进行动态加载。由于长杆条件下存在荷载、位移及冲击速度之间的定量关系,试验中只需对荷载的时间历程进行测定,就能间接地计算出位移和J积分值。与目前广泛使用的示波摆锤(落锤)冲击法相比,不仅测试过程明显简化,而且力学分析的基础也更为可靠。     

考虑应力三轴度影响的30CrMnSiNi2A钢韧性断裂研究

30CrMnSiNi2A钢是一种在军工领域应用广泛的低合金高强度钢。针对结构完整性的评估问题,采用试验和数值计算结合的方法研究了30CrMnSiNi2A钢的韧性断裂特性。对光滑圆棒试件在不同温度下进行准静态和动态拉伸试验,并通过有限元迭代方法标定了材料的Johnson-Cook动态本构模型参数,分析了温度和应变率对30CrMnSiNi2A钢断裂行为的影响。开展了缺口圆棒拉伸、缺口平板剪切和圆柱压缩试验,计算了各试件对应的平均应力三轴度和断裂应变,给出了应力三轴度在?1/3～1.5区间内的断裂应变变化曲线,分别确定了Johnson-Cook和Bao-Wierzbicki失效模型参数。研究表明,30CrMnSiNi2A钢的断裂应变与应力状态密切相关,且在不同的应力三轴度区间内曲线单调性差异较大,Bao-Wierzbicki失效模型较好地描述了这种钢在不同应力状态下的断裂特性。     

不同热处理条件下45^#钢柱壳膨胀断裂研究

对不同热处理条件下的45^#钢样品进行静态力学性能测试，采用高速摄影技术对相应状态的柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀断裂过程进行研究，并对回收破片进行金相分析。结果表明：回火温度对45^#钢壳体的静态力学性能产生明显影响；相应柱壳的动态膨胀断裂性能也有明显差别。     

不同热处理条件下45钢柱壳的动态性能

以不同热处理条件下的45钢作为研究对象,利用高速摄影和金相分析来研究45钢柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀断裂特性,以及不同热处理条件对材料的动态断裂性能的影响。结果表明:随着回火温度的升高,45钢强度减小、静态延伸率增大,爆轰加载时柱壳表面裂纹产生及发生贯穿断裂而导致产物泄漏的时刻逐渐推迟,相应应变逐渐增加,同时回收到的破片尺寸逐渐增大;四种45钢的静态力学性能及动态断裂性能有明显差异,是因为不同热处理条件下,材料细观组织的结构、组成均发生较大变化,即材料的细观组织决定了材料的静态力学性能及动态断裂性能。     

20#钢动态拉伸断裂行为及其临界损伤度研究

首先对一维应变平面冲击载荷下20#钢的动态拉伸断裂行为进行了实验研究,考察了加载应力和拉伸应变率影响;然后基于损伤度函数模型,对实验进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明：模型中定义的特征物理量一断裂临界损伤度与外载荷条件（加载应力和拉伸应变率）的无关性或不敏感性;最后,采用Ls-dyna动力有限元程序并嵌入损伤度函数模型,对滑移爆轰下20#钢柱壳内爆驱动层裂进行二维数值模拟研究,结果表明：一维应变平面层裂实验和模型计算确定的损伤模型参数,也适用于描述柱壳构形复杂应力环境下的动态拉伸断裂问题．从而初步证实了断裂临界损伤度可以看作是一个表征延性金属动态拉伸断裂的内禀物性参数．     

金属材料中低加载速率下的动态韧脆转变及断裂韧性测量

金属材料在冲击下的韧脆转变现象和动态断裂韧性的测量是金属材料冲击力学性能研究的重要组成部分.针对金属材料在冲击下的韧脆转变现象认识不足和韧性材料在较低加载率下动态$J$-$R$阻力曲线难以测量的现状,提出了采用高速材料试验机, 设计专用试验夹具,测量15MnTi钢和11MnNiMo钢在不同加载速率下的韧脆转变过程,以及裂尖约束对其动态韧脆转变速率变化的影响.在高速材料试验机上采用上夹具辊刹车,通过调节压缩杆长度改变试验中裂纹扩展量的试验方法,测量了15MnTi钢三点弯曲试样件在较低加载率下的动态断裂韧性.试验发现15MnTi钢CT试验件加载速率低于0.025 m/s时呈现出韧性断裂的特点,加载速率在0.1,$\sim$,0.5 m/s时为韧脆结合型断裂,加载速率高于0.5 m/s后进入脆性断裂区; 11MnNiMo钢CT试验件加载速率大于1.5 m/s后,分层断裂过程中出现先脆断后韧段的现象;发现15MnTi钢和11MnNiMo的动态韧脆转变速率受裂尖约束的影响非常明显,面内约束和面外约束的升高都会导致材料动态脆断速率出现明显降低;还发现三点弯曲试验中, 15MnTi钢在8788 MPa$\cdot$mm/s加载率内断裂韧性随加载率的提升呈现出缓慢下降的趋势.      

冲击荷载下岩石动态断裂韧度测定的实验技术

本文介绍了一种研究岩石动态断裂特性的实验技术。该方法采用自行设计的杆式冲击试验机,在加载率K1106Nmm-3/2s-1条件下对三点弯曲试件进行冲击加载。实验中,通过一套光电转换装置测量试件切口张开位移随时间的变化。由双通道的瞬态波形存贮器记录荷载和切口张开位移,得到了冲击条件下的荷载-切口张开位移曲线,通过张开位移速率的转折点来确定起裂点并计算动态断裂韧性K1d。本中给出了长宽高为1804040mm的大理岩试件的典型荷载-切口张开位移曲线和示波照片。试验结果可由微型机直接进行处理。     

动态弹塑性断裂韧性测试方法的比较研究

利用示波冲击试验,对动态弹塑性断裂韧性测试的不同方法（单试样法和多试样法）进行了研究．结果表明,单试样法（柔度变化率）测定材料的动态断裂韧性是一种简单、准确、适合于工程应用的好方法     

加载角度对层理页岩裂纹扩展影响的实验研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统对页岩进行冲击实验,研究层理角度对页岩动态断裂过程的影响,在裂尖设置裂纹扩展计,借助高速摄影和数字图像相关（DIC）技术对页岩中心切槽半圆盘弯曲（NSCB）试件断裂的全过程进行研究,得到了不同加载角度下页岩的动态起裂韧度、裂纹扩展速度、断裂过程中应变场和水平位移场的变化规律。实验发现:不同加载角度下,页岩的动态起裂韧度具有显著的各向异性,加载角度与动态起裂韧度呈正相关;加载角度对试样的裂纹扩展速度具有显著影响,与裂纹扩展速度呈负相关;当冲击速度较低时,切槽方向是裂纹扩展的优势方向,而当冲击速度较高时,试样会产生沿层理弱面的次生裂纹,次生裂纹对试样的断裂具有显著影响。     

Application of a stress triaxiality dependent fracture criterion in the finite element analysis of unnotched Charpy specimens

Nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted to simulate the fracture of unnotched Charpy specimens of steel under pendulum impact loading by a dedicated, oversized and nonstandard Bulk Fracture Charpy Machine (BFCM). The impact energy needed to fracture an unnotched Charpy specimen in a BFCM test can be two orders of magnitude higher than the typical impact energy of a Charpy V-notch specimen. To predict material failure, a phenomenological, stress triaxiality dependent fracture initiation criterion and a fracture evolution law in the form of strain softening are incorporated in the constitutive relations. The BFCM impact energy results obtained from the FEA simulations compare favorably with the corresponding experimental data. In particular, the FEA predicts accurately the correlations of the BFCM impact energy with such factors as specimen geometry, impactor tup width and material type. The analyses show that a specimen’s progressive deterioration through the thickness dimension displays a range of shear to ductile fracture modes, demonstrating the necessity of applying a stress state dependent fracture initiation criterion. Modeling the strain softening behavior helps to capture the residual load carrying capability of a ductile metal or alloy beyond the onset of damage. The total impact energy can be significantly under predicted if a softening branch is not included in the stress-strain curve. This research supports a study of the puncture failure of railroad tank cars under dynamic impact loading. Applications of the presented fracture model in failure analyses of other structures are further discussed.     

Dynamic fracture rate of Charpy V-notch specimen

Considered in this work is the dynamic loading rate effect on the fracture of pre-notched beam specimens. Four different dynamic loading rates for the same total work are analyzed using a three point bent specimen as specified by ASTM E-23, generally known as the Charpy simple-beam impact test. It will be referred to herein as the Charpy V-notch (CVN) configuration. As an example, the rate at which energy is applied dynamically to initiate fracture for the HY-80 casting material is determined. It is not sufficient to characterize the dynamic fracture behavior of material in units of foot-pound. What controls dynamic fracture is the rate of energy dissipated in the material damage process. The current approach of critical dynamic stress intensity factor and/or Charpy foot-pound has no theoretical basis and can lead to unreliable predictions when used in structural applications.     

基于夏比冲击试验的材料失效模型参数

结合夏比冲击试验和ABAQUS显式动力数值模拟,对Q370d钢进行了Johnson-Cook失效模型参数研究。首先,在不考虑材料失效的情况下,通过3种不同厚度的无缺口试件冲击实验对有限元模型参数设置和材料本构模型的准确性进行了验证,同时还讨论了试件断裂区网格的合适尺寸;在此基础上,基于正交设计,通过大量的有限元数值模拟得到失效模型参数样本,利用回归分析求得冲击功与失效模型参数的回归方程组;最后结合夏比V型缺口冲击试验,求解Q370d钢的失效模型参数,并对断裂截面的力学特性进行了分析,可为工程应用提供参考。     

On testing of charpy specimens using the one-point bend impact technique

This paper reports our methodology and results for the assessment of the dynamic fracture energy of notched Charpy A508 steel specimens. The fracture tests consist of one-point bend impact applied to the specimen in contact with an instrumented bar. Fracture is caused by the inertia of the unsupported specimen only. The fracture energy is determined from the incident, reflected and single wire fracture gage signals. High-speed photographic recordings show that for all the specimens investigated in the “lower shelf” temperature regime, fracture occurs relatively early and prior to “taking off” of the bar by rigid body motion. It also confirms that the fracture gage readings indeed coincide with the formation of a crack from the notch tip. The present methodology is relatively easy to implement, and it allows the investigation of the fracture properties of materials at loading rates (and velocities) that are substantially higher than those achieved in a conventional Charpy test. Moreover, this test is attractive for modeling purposes since its boundary conditions are simple and well defined.     

-196℃奥氏体不锈钢母材与焊缝的动态断裂韧性

在-196 ℃对S30408奥氏体不锈钢的母材和焊缝进行了夏比摆锤冲击实验,采用改进的柔度变化率法得到了低温下不锈钢母材夏比试样的起裂点。结果表明,采用改进的柔度变化率法得到的结果比采用传统的柔度变化率法得到的结果更准确。根据实验得到的载荷-位移曲线,结合采用Schindler法和关键曲线法各自所得结果的优点,得到了不锈钢母材的动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线（动态J-R曲线）。依据不锈钢焊缝在低温动载下的载荷-位移曲线及其断裂特征,通过线弹性断裂力学计算获得其动态断裂韧性。     

Effect of two drille holes on the elastic and elastic-plastic strain distribution around a Charpy V-notch

Two small holes (0.0292 in.), appropriately drilled near the root of a Charpy V-notch, have been shown to reduce markedly the Charpy V-notch transition temperature of various steels. In the present study, three experimental techniques were used to define the effect of two holes on the mechanics of deformation and fracture of notched bars loaded in three- and four-point bending: (1) two-dimensional photoelastic stress analyses were performed on models of both the standard Charpy and drilled geometries; (2) a sensitive dislocation etch-pitting technique was used to observe directly the plastic-strain fields developed in V-notch samples of Fe?3% Si alloy loaded in slow bending; and (3) the Charpy striker was instrumented to record load-time curves during impact-bending and thereby determine the dynamic fracture strength of notched and drilled mildsteel samples. It was determined that two holes donot significantly reduce the elastic stress-concentration factor although they cause considerable redistribution of the local shear stresses around the notch. Consequently, the elastic-plastic state develops quite differently in the presence of two holes, and hole drilling can increase the load-carrying capacity of notched mild-steel bars by more than 100 percent even when bars fail by brittle cleavage prior to general yielding. The implications of these results with respect to other forms of “stress-relieving notches” are discussed.     

泡沫铝-复合泡沫冲击韧度及黏弹性分析

泡沫铝-复合泡沫互穿相复合材料是一种新型的结构功能一体化材料,在机械、交通、建筑等领域具有重要的应用前景。本文制备了纯泡沫铝及空心玻璃微珠四种体积分数的泡沫铝-复合泡沫试件,通过摆锤冲击实验研究了其冲击韧度,讨论了其断口形貌与结构性能的关系,通过单轴压缩的应力松弛实验研究其黏弹性性能。研究表明：空心玻璃微珠体积分数为10%的泡沫铝-复合泡沫试件的冲击韧度最大,随后其冲击韧度随空心玻璃微珠体积分数的增加而减小;当空心玻璃微珠体积分数较小时,泡沫铝的结构形貌决定了冲击断口的形貌,但当其体积分数达到30%时,空心玻璃微珠的破坏是形成断口形貌的主要原因;复合材料的黏弹性性能随着玻璃微珠体积分数的增加而增大。     

Size effects and energy disposition in impact-specimen testing of ASTM A 533 grade B steel

A series of impact-type specimens, ranging in thickness from 0.1 to 12 in., have been tested. The effects of size on the impact energy per unit volume of the plastically deformed material of the specimens tested are investigated using the laws of similitude. Complementary to this, a model illustrating the disposition of energy between shear lip and flat fracture is proposed and satisfactorily verified by the test results. It is shown that significant size effects on impact energy exist at all temperatures and, in particular, a size effect of around five exists even at upper-shelf temperature for 12-in.-thick impact specimens when compared to the energy from thinner specimens, say a Charpy impact specimen. This is to say that, on the upper shelf, the impact energy of a 12-in.-thick specimen is equivalent to between 25 and 30 ft-lb Charpy impact energy. To lend further support to the behavior thus defined, it is shown that the nil-ductility type behavior in 12-in. thicknesses is exhibited at around 145° F as compared to the similar behavior exhibited by regular drop-weight specimens at around 0° F. That is, the nil-ductility temperature, if redefined as a type of behavior and not confined to a given size specimen for 12-in.-thick plate, is about 145° F.     

Influence of the Flame Straightening Process on Microstructural, Mechanical and Fracture Properties of S235 JR, S460 ML and S690 QL Structural Steels

The flame straightening of steel components is based on heating a local region of the part by means of a torch in order to induce a permanent deformation through a field of residual stresses. Although this is a very common practice, it is not devoid of serious drawbacks. In this paper, the influence of the flame bending procedure on the microstructure of three very different structural steels (S235 JR, S460 ML and S690 QL, respectively), widely used for the construction of metallic structures, is analysed. The consequences of the heat treatment on the mechanical and fracture properties were characterised through micro-hardness Vickers and Charpy impact tests; in addition, some elastic-plastic fracture tests were performed on precracked Charpy specimens manufactured with the S235 JR steel. The relationship between the microstructural features and the material mechanical and fracture behaviour was studied in depth in all cases, correlating the changes induced by the flame heat treatment on the microstructure with the macroscopic mechanical and fracture response. For a proper understanding of the microstructural consequences of this straightening heat treatment, it was necessary to develop a Finite Element numerical model. Based on the experimental results, this study has revealed that the consequences of the flame straightening on the microstructure, mechanical or fracture behaviour strongly depend on the nature of the material; for this reason, it is not possible to establish general recommendations. Nevertheless, the paper proposes a series of guidelines for good practice for steels similar to those characterised here.