温度、压力对甲烷-空气混合物爆炸极限耦合影响的实验研究

为了研究不同初始条件对甲烷-空气混合物爆炸极限的影响,利用容积为20 L的爆炸罐,在不同初始温度(25~200 ℃)和初始压力(0.1~1.0 MPa)条件下测定了甲烷-空气混合物的爆炸极限。实验结果表明,随着初始温度和初始压力的升高,爆炸上限升高,爆炸下限降低,爆炸极限范围扩大。在实验温度和压力范围内,常压/常温条件下,爆炸上限和下限与初始温度/初始压力呈线性相关。爆炸上限与初始温度的相关性受初始压力的影响,其与初始压力的相关性也与初始温度有关。然而,初始压力/初始温度对爆炸下限的影响与初始温度/初始压力的相关性并不显著。初始温度和初始压力对爆炸极限的耦合影响比单一因素对其的影响大,且相较而言,其对爆炸上限的影响更为显著。本文中绘制了影响曲面来描述初始温度和初始压力如何影响甲烷-空气混合物的爆炸极限。     

液态燃料对连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰特性的影响

为了研究液态燃料对连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰特性的影响,采用CE/SE方法对以汽油/富氧空气为燃料的CRDE进行数值模拟,分析了不同液滴半径、当量比对爆轰性能参数的影响。计算结果表明:随着液滴半径增大,爆轰压力峰值、温度峰值以及爆轰波速度均降低,且压力峰值与温度峰值在爆轰波传播过程中出现不稳定现象;当增大到70 μm时,爆轰波将无法成功起爆。随着当量比的增大,CRDE爆轰波速度及平均推力增大,爆轰压力、温度以及气相周向速度的峰值均先增大后减小。在当量比1.1附近,爆轰压力与温度的峰值出现极大值;而气相周向速度峰值的极大值出现在当量比0.9附近。基于燃料的比冲随着当量比增大而减小。     

高温和高压对乙烷在氧气中爆炸极限影响的实验研究

获得高温、高压下可燃介质爆炸极限数值，对完善复杂工况下可燃介质燃爆安全理论、构建可燃介质爆炸防护技术提供支持。搭建了适用于开展高温、高压工况的20 L球形爆炸实验装置，测量了初始温度为20～270 ℃，初始压力为0.5～2.6 MPa下乙烷在氧气中的爆炸极限，分析温度、压力单因素对乙烷在氧气中的爆炸极限的影响以及温度和压力双因素的耦合影响。结果表明，随着初始压力和初始温度的提高，乙烷在氧气中的爆炸极限逐渐扩大。在温度小于140 ℃时，在高压和低压两种情况下，压力对乙烷爆炸上限的影响基本一致。在温度高于140 ℃时，压力的升高使乙烷爆炸上限升高，但其影响的效果逐渐减小。在初始压力小于1.6 MPa时，温度的升高使乙烷的爆炸上限升高，但其影响的效果变化很小。在压力大于1.6 MPa，温度高于140 ℃时，温度的升高使乙烷的爆炸上限升高，且其影响的效果逐渐增大。温度和压力的升高均使乙烷的爆炸下限降低，但其影响较小。初始温度和初始压力对乙烷在氧气中爆炸极限的耦合作用略小于两个因素作用的和，但大于单个因素的作用。通过拟合得到了C₂H₆/O₂爆炸极限随初始压力、初始温度变化的定量规律。     

基于交互正交实验的玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度的影响因素研究

采用Godbert-Greenwald (G-G)恒温炉装置，运用交互正交实验方法，研究了粉尘质量浓度、分散压力、CaCO₃质量分数及其交互作用对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度 (minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud，MITC)的影响规律。通过直观分析法和方差分析法考察了各因素及其交互作用对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度影响，2种分析方法得出的结论一致。结果表明:CaCO₃质量分数和粉尘质量浓度对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度影响高度显著；分散压力与粉尘质量浓度对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度的影响存在交互作用，分散压力与粉尘质量浓度的交互作用对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度的影响显著。     

页岩膨胀性能评价与拟合模型建立

近年来,页岩气作为一种非常规天然气备受关注。在页岩气藏钻井与生产过程中,页岩膨胀是非常关键的问题之一。在页岩矿物组成分析的基础上,采用实际页岩样品和模拟页岩样品,利用高温高压页岩膨胀仪测量了页岩样品在蒸馏水中的膨胀性能,分析了温度、压力与粘土含量等因素对页岩膨胀性能的影响。结果表明,温度、压力对页岩的膨胀性能均有影响。在实验温度和压力区间内,温度越高、压力越低,页岩在蒸馏水中的膨胀越严重。页岩中的粘土矿物是影响页岩膨胀的最主要因素,粘土含量越高,页岩的膨胀率越大。页岩膨胀性能可以用非线性Log-Normal方程来定量描述。     

多因素耦合作用对甲烷爆炸特性的影响

为了探究多因素耦合作用对甲烷爆炸特性的影响，采用1.2 L圆柱形爆炸装置，结合自主设计和搭建的可燃气体爆炸试验平台，从最大爆炸压力的角度分析了不同当量比φ(0.6～1.4)、初始温度T₀ (25～200℃)和初始压力p₀(0.1～0.5 MPa)耦合条件对甲烷爆炸特性的影响规律。在此基础上，基于实验获得的最大爆炸压力数据，利用1stOpt构建了甲烷最大爆炸压力与当量比、初始温度和初始压力的非线性回归预测模型。结果表明：在初始温度和初始压力耦合作用下，初始压力越高，初始温度对最大爆炸压力的影响越大；初始温度越高，初始压力对最大爆炸压力的影响越小。在初始压力和当量比耦合作用下，在研究的实验条件范围内，当φ<0.9或φ>1.2时，初始压力越高，最大爆炸压力的变化越显著。在初始温度和当量比耦合作用下，在实验条件范围内，当φ>1.15时，初始温度越高，最大爆炸压力的变化越显著。此外，通过将基于1stOpt预测模型的预测结果与实验测试结果相比较，发现二者之间的相对误差均小于10%，表明该预测模型具有较高的精度和适应性。     

制动工况对汽车半金属刹车片磨损性能的影响

刹车片是汽车制动器的重要部件材料,其磨损特性直接影响制动器工作性能和使用寿命,现有研究主要采用小样试验,不能真实反映刹车片实际使用工况. 采用汽车盘式制动器模拟制动试验台,分析了制动初速度、制动压力、摩擦面温度对刹车片磨损的影响规律. 结果表明:随制动压力、制动初速度或摩擦面温度的增大,磨损量曲线均呈上升趋势,其中制动压力的变化对磨损量的影响较小,制动初速度的变化对其影响最大. 通过几组补充试验得到,没有外界热源干预,制动初速度和制动压力共同作用比摩擦面温度对磨损量的影响更明显. 基于试验结果数据,利用SPSS软件拟合了制动工况参数与磨损量之间的经验公式. 研究结果对于指导汽车刹车片的设计制造和使用维护具有一定理论意义和实用价值.      

温度影响下不同含水率细砂中土压力盒测试结果试验研究

在长期的工程监测中,土压力盒的测量精度易受到周围土体环境温度变化的影响。为了提高土压力测量值的可靠度,本文将电阻应变式微型土压力盒埋设于装填有不同含水率细砂的标定桶中,运用冻融循环箱模拟温度变化环境,系统研究了温度循环变化时多个因素对土压力盒测量结果的影响。通过试验研究发现：标定桶内砂土的温度从20°C降低到0°C再升高到20°C的单个冻融过程中,温度对土压力盒测量压力值的影响较大,且得到的温度标定系数为负值,细砂的含水率对土压力盒的温度标定系数的影响相对较弱,采用较小量程的土压力盒以及细砂上部载荷量的增加会使土压力盒的温度敏感性增强;冻融循环次数的增多,会造成土压力盒测量值的损失。     

有限长滚子线接触热弹流润滑分析

应用多重网格解法 ,求出了有限长滚子线接触热弹流润滑的完全数值解 .结果表明 :在滚子的中部 ,油膜压力、温度和最小膜厚与无限长线接触热弹流润滑的解几乎一致 ;在滚子端部的圆角处 ,油膜压力、温度和最小膜厚与中部均显著不同 ,且最大油膜压力、最大油膜温度和最小油膜厚度均发生在此处 ,端部圆角半径对弹流润滑性能有显著影响 .同时 ,将有限长线接触热解与有限长线接触等温解进行了比较 .     

低温介质质量传输空化模型的代理分析及优化

利用基于代理模型的整体敏感度分析方法,对考虑模型参数和物质属性的低温介质质量传输空化模型进行了评价,从而获得影响预测精确度的主要因素,并对空化模型参数进行了校准。结果表明：凝结系数对压力和温度预测精度的影响较大,整体敏感度分别为44%和29%;蒸发系数的影响较小,整体敏感度均小于5%。通过代理模型优化分析获得了Merkle空化模型对压力和温度的预测精度随凝结系数的变化趋势：当凝结系数小于20时,随凝结系数的增大,压力预测精度提高,温度预测精度降低;当凝结系数大于20时,压力和温度的预测精度均随凝结系数的增大而降低。优化后的蒸发系数和凝结系数分别为3.8和19.43,满足Pareto最优解,模型预测能力得到提高。     

The influence of temperature on crosshatching

The influence of temperature on crosshatching on ablating cone models made of wax and camphor is studied. Ablation experiments are carried out in supersonic tunnels. The relation between temperature and the wavelength of crosshatching is obtained. The effect of pressure on the wavelength of crosshatching is verified. The influence of temperature and pressure on the initial position of the appearance of crosshatching and on the time required for both the apperance of croosshatching and the formation of stable crosshatching are obtained and analyzed.     

铝制旋转抛物面型激光推力器温度效应的实验研究

研究了激光推进中铝制旋转抛物面型推力器的温度变化情况。采用脉冲TEA-CO2激光器作为推进光源，用响应较快的K型热电偶丝作为温度传感器，分别在大气呼吸和烧蚀两种工作模式下，研究了抛物面上不同点的温度分布情况，以及脉冲个数和环境气压对抛物面温度的影响。文中对冲量耦合系数和气压的关系也作了研究，并将其与温度联系起来。结果发现在旋转抛物面的顶点处温度为最高，随离顶点距离的增大而减小。在大气呼吸和烧蚀两种模式下，抛物面温度随着激光脉冲个数增加，但增加的斜率逐渐减小，有饱和的趋势。在激光脉冲个数确定的条件下，大气呼吸模式的温度随气压的减小先增大后减小，出现一个峰值；烧蚀模式则随气压的减小而增大。在大气呼吸模式下，冲量耦合系数随着气压的减小先略为增大而后迅速减小，在约0．5atm处出现了一个弱峰；在烧蚀模式下，冲量耦合系数随气压减小迅速升高，在气压低于0．5atm后，几乎为定值。     

Peristaltic transport and heat transfer of a MHD Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity

The influence of temperature‐dependent viscosity and magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of an incompressible, viscous Newtonian fluid is investigated. The governing equations are derived under the assumptions of long wavelength approximation. A regular perturbation expansion method is used to obtain the analytical solutions for the velocity and temperature fields. The expressions for the pressure rise, friction force and the relation between the flow rate and pressure gradient are obtain. In addition to analytical solutions, numerical results are also computed and compared with the analytical results with good agreement. The results are plotted for different values of variable viscosity parameter β, Hartmann number M, and amplitude ratio ?. It is found that the pressure rise decreases as the viscosity parameter β increases and it increases as the Hartmann number M increases. Finally, the maximum pressure rise (σ=0) increases as M increases and β decreases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Peristaltic transport of fourth grade fluid with heat transfer and induced magnetic field

We investigate the influence of an induced magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of an incompressible fourth grade fluid in a symmetric channel with heat transfer. Adopting long wavelength, low Reynolds number and small Deborah number assumptions we derive the solutions for stream function, pressure gradient, temperature, magnetic force function, induced magnetic field and current density. Qualitative agreement is demonstrated between the graphs and expected observations.     

Peristaltic flow of a nanofluid with slip effects

The problem of peristaltic flow of a nanofluid in an asymmetric channel is analyzed by taking into account the slip effects. The relevant equations for the nanofluid are presented and simplified by the long wavelength and small Reynolds number. Closed form solutions for stream function and pressure gradient are developed. However series expressions for temperature and Nanoparticle profiles are constructed. Finally, the influence of several parameters on the physical quantities of interest is discussed.     

Effects of induced magnetic field on peristaltic flow of Johnson-Segalman fluid in a vertical symmetric channel

In this paper, the influence of heat transfer and induced magnetic field on peristaltic flow of a Johnson-Segalman fluid is studied. The purpose of the present investigation is to study the effects of induced magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of non-Newtonian fluid. The two-dimensional equations of a Johnson-Segalman fluid are simplified by assuming a long wavelength and a low Reynolds number. The obtained equations are solved for the stream function, magnetic force function, and axial pressure gradient by using a regular perturbation method. The expressions for the pressure rise, temperature, induced magnetic field, pressure gradient, and stream function are sketched and interpreted for various embedded parameters.     

Nonisothermal rarefied gas flow through a narrow slit

The nonisothermal flow of gas through a narrow slit under the influence of small pressure and temperature differences is investigated. The flow field and the mass and heat fluxes are found. It is shown that the heat transfer between the gas and the diaphragm, caused by the pressure difference, leads to a thermal polarization effect. The Onsager reciprocity relation is checked.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 171–175, July–August, 1990.     

Coupling Relation Between Air Shockwave and High-Temperature Flow from Explosion of Methane in Air

After a methane-in-air explosion in a coal mine tunnel, a secondary explosion of coal dust is prone to happen. The shockwave in the gas explosion produces a coal dust suspension, and the peak temperature band may detonate that suspension. This secondary detonation depends on the space-time relation between the shockwave and the peak temperature band. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the coupling relation between the air shockwave and high-temperature flow from the explosion of methane in air. The commercial software package AutoReaGas was used to carry out the numerical simulation for the explosion processes of methane in air in the tunnel. Based on the numerical simulation and its analysis, the coupling relation between the leading shock wave and high-temperature flow was demonstrated for a methane-in-air explosion in a tunnel. In the near field of the ignition point, the deflagration wave transmits energy by heat, and the temperature load is in the front of the pressure wave. With development of deflagration and deflagration-to-detonation transition, the corresponding mechanism of energy transmission is changed from heat conduction to shock compression, and a precursor pressure wave is formed gradually. The time interval between the precursor pressure wave and high-temperature flow behind the wave increases with distance. Attenuation of the precursor shock wave and high-temperature flow depends on the length of the methane-in-air space in a tunnel. Beyond the methane-in-air space, the quantitative relation of the time interval between the precursor shock wave and high-temperature flow with axial distance from ignition and the length of methane-in-air space was proposed.     

泄压空间内爆炸温度载荷的影响规律研究(一)——装药质量

基于自主开发的程序开展了泄压空间内炸药爆炸温度场数值计算,初步探讨了装药质量对泄压空间内爆炸温度载荷的影响规律。研究表明:①爆炸发生后,舱室内部气体被迅速加热升高到准静态温度峰值,且随着药量的增大,准静态温度直线上升速率增大;随着泄压口的持续泄压,舱室内部气体温度缓慢衰减到平稳值,且随着药量的增大,准静态温度直线衰减速率加快。②相较同初始条件密闭空间内爆炸,随着药量的增加,泄压对于温度载荷的降低效果更明显。本文的研究可为进一步探讨考虑后燃烧效应爆炸温度场数值计算及毁伤评估提供参考。     

Influence of slip condition on the peristaltic transport in an asymmetric channel with heat transfer: An exact solution

The mechanism of peristaltic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow based on slip and heat transfer effects is studied in an asymmetric channel. An incompressible viscous fluid fills the porous space inside the channel. Long wavelength and zero Reynolds number approximation are used in the flow modeling. Expressions of stream function, longitudinal pressure gradient, and temperature are developed. Various interesting phenomena associated with peristalsis, such as pumping and trapping, are discussed in detail. Further the effects of various pertinent parameters on temperature field and heat transfer coefficient are explained with the help of graphs and tables. It is found that pressure rise over one wavelength decreases in pumping region for large values of slip parameter. Similar behavior is observed for temperature field by increasing the slip parameter. However, the volume of trapped bolus decreases by increasing the slip parameter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.