冲击载荷下盐岩的力学性能和本构关系研究

利用直径75mm的大尺寸SHPB实验装置开展盐岩的动态压缩性能实验研究,得到了其动态应力应变曲线。分析表明,在冲击压缩载荷作用下,盐岩材料有明显的损伤软化现象和应变率效应。针对实验曲线,通过引入描述材料强度随应变率强化的应变率增强因子和随不可逆变形发展而弱化的损伤因子,提出了含损伤率的相关动态本构模型,拟合得到的本构方程形式比较简单,能够较好地反映盐岩动态实验加载过程的主要特征,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

单向KFRP的应变率相关的本构方程

在旋转盘式杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置上 ,对单向Kevlar 49纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料(KFRP)进行了冲击拉伸试验 ,得到了应变率为 15 0 ,40 0和 15 0 0s-1下的单向KFRP的完整拉伸应力应变曲线 ;结果表明 ,单向KFRP的力学性能是应变率相关的。通过改进复合丝束模型 ,建立了计及应变率效应的单向KFRP的一维损伤宏观本构方程。     

Kevlar/环氧树脂层合材料的动静态力学性能及本构关系

利用MTS和SHPB装置开展了Kevlar / 环氧树脂层合材料动静态力学性能实验研究，详细讨论了应变率和纤维铺设方式的不同所引起的材料力学行为的差异。根据实验结果提出了一种经验型本构模型，该模型不仅考虑了材料的应变率硬化、损伤软化效应，还通过增强系数的引入描述了纤维铺设方式对材料力学性能的影响。     

2D-C/SiC复合材料应变率相关的动态本构模型

分别在电子万能实验机和SHPB（split Hopkinson press bar）实验装置上对2D-C/SiC复合材料进行了静态、动态实验，探讨了该材料在10-4~2.8103 s-1的应变率范围内的层向压缩力学性能。实验结果表明，在动态加载条件下，2D-C/SiC复合材料的应力应变呈非线性关系。随着应变率的提高，破坏强度提高、失效应变减小，弹性模量增加。弹性模量与对数应变率基本呈线性关系。提出了一个含有与应变率相关的损伤变量的动态本构方程，该方程与实验结果吻合较好。     

冲击载荷下猪后腿肌肉的横向同性本构模型

基于纤维增强复合材料连续介质力学理论及粘弹性理论,提出了猪后腿肌肉的率相关本构模型。 通过拟合以往研究中猪后腿肌肉的SHPB和SHTB实验应力应变曲线,确定了本构模型的相关参数。结果 表明:提出的本构模型既能描述猪后腿肌肉沿纤维方向的动态压缩力学性能又能描述其动态拉伸性能,理论 模型与实验模型有较好的一致性。该结果可为安全防护数值模拟提供一定的理论依据。     

立式瓦楞复合纸板的平面压缩本构模型

研究了立式瓦楞复合纸板静态和动态缓冲性能,提出其静态和动态本构模型。对A楞立式瓦楞复合纸板试样进行了静态压缩和动态冲击试验,得到其应力-应变曲线;提出立式瓦楞复合纸板静态本构方程,并利用静态压缩试验数据对静态本构方程进行了参数识别;研究应变率对本构方程的影响,进而提出动态本构方程,并通过动态冲击试验对动态本构方程进行了验证。结果表明:静态压缩和动态冲击试验中,立式瓦楞复合纸板的压缩过程均包括弹性阶段、屈服阶段、平台阶段、密实化阶段;静态本构模型的拟合误差为4.79%,动态本构模型的拟合误差为2.65%,都能较好地表示立式瓦楞复合纸板在压缩过程中的应力-应变情况。所提出的立式瓦楞复合纸板静态和动态本构模型为该新型材料的性能评价提供了理论支持,对其在缓冲包装中的推广应用具有重要参考价值。     

碳纤维复合材料冲击模型率相关修正方法与试验研究

目前先进航空发动机的风扇叶片均采用复合材料结构,为了研究其在工作过程中可能受到的冲击损伤,即碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料受到高速冲击后的损伤与破坏过程,对其准静态下的正交各向异性本构模型和失效准则进行修正,建立了应变率相关的三维动态本构及损伤模型．该模型考虑了材料模量、强度和断裂韧性与应变率的相关性,并采用基于断裂韧性的渐进损伤模式对刚度进行折减来控制破坏过程．开展了不同应变率下的动态试验,得到基体方向拉伸与剪切的动态响应数据,拟合得到相应的动态修正因子．将该模型结合修正因子植入数值软件进行仿真计算,分析结果表明,所建立的率相关本构及损伤模型能够更准确地模拟层合板受冲击过程的损伤和破坏,与试验吻合较好．     

基于分形理论的高强混凝土动态损伤本构关系

基于高强混凝土（HSC）试块在SHPB冲击实验中的分形损伤演化规律，推导了HSC的分形损伤变量表达式，标定了HSC裂纹的分形维数范围。然后参考ZWT模型，并结合HSC实验过程中的应变率相关性、动态损伤特性及近似恒应变率，推导了分形损伤演化的HSC动态损伤本构方程。采用4组应变率工况下的C60、C80混凝土应力-应变曲线对本构方程进行验证，理论曲线和实验曲线吻合较好。     

Al2O3陶瓷材料应变率相关的动态本构关系研究

采用改进的SHPB实验方法对Al2O3陶瓷的动态力学性能进行了研究,得到了材料在较高应变率范围内的动态应力应变曲线。结果表明,Al2O3陶瓷为弹脆性材料,其动态应力应变呈非线性关系,在较高的应变率范围内,陶瓷材料的动态应力应变关系是应变率相关的;材料的初始弹性模量、破坏应力、破坏应变值随应变率的增大而增大。基于损伤力学的基本理论,给出了Al2O3陶瓷的一维损伤型线性弹脆性本构模型。根据SHPB实验结果确定模型中的参数,得到了Al2O3陶瓷应变率相关的损伤型动态本构方程。     

酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为及本构模型

为了研究酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为并获得本构模型，利用万能试验机和整形修正的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置，对材料试样进行了应变率范围为10-3~103 s-1的单轴压缩实验，得到了不同加载应变率下的应力应变曲线，对其在准静态、动态载荷下的压缩破坏机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明，酚醛层压材料具有较强的应变率效应，与准静态(1.67×10-3 s-1)时相比，在动态载荷(7×102 s-1)下，峰值应力增加了约10倍；破坏应变减少了约一半；在准静态和动态加载条件下试样力学性能的差异是由于纤维基体界面特性以及不同应变率下破坏模式的不同；采用朱-王-唐本构方程描述了酚醛层压材料力学行为，拟合得到了本构方程的系数，在加载过程中，理论计算值与实验结果吻合较好。     

Modeling fracture in large scale shell structures

We consider a problem of modeling fracture and failure preceded by large scale yielding of ductile shells from the point of view of large-scale structural analysis. We place a special emphasis on the computational efficiency of the constitutive formulation. In this context, we seek the formulation embedded in the shell mechanics framework, which is both theoretically sound and easily implementable into a large-scale explicit dynamic finite element code without precluding vectorization or parallelization. This is achieved through the elasto-plastic damage constitutive model for finite-element analysis of plates and shells. The proposed damage model is purely phenomenological with a scalar damage parameter, which has no physical interpretation, except that it represents on a global scale the micromechanical changes the material undergoes during the process of necking and fracture. The localization leading to softening and fracture is represented by the damage calibration function with exponential damage growth after the onset of necking. The proposed phenomenological damage model uses a general plasticity and shell mechanics frameworks which makes it general and easily implementable into existing finite element codes. The proposed formulation has been implemented into the explicit dynamic finite element software code EPSA (Atkatsh et al., 1980, Atkatsh et al., 1983).     

复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的CDM模型简

基于连续介质损伤力学,提出了一个预测复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的模型,它包括损伤表征、损伤判定和损伤演化3 部分. 模型能够区分纤维拉伸断裂、纤维压缩断裂、纤维间拉伸损伤和纤维间压缩损伤4 种损伤模式,定义了与4 个损伤模式对应的损伤状态变量,导出了材料主轴系下损伤前后材料本构之间的关系. 损伤起始采用Puck 准则判定,损伤演化由特征长度内应变能释放密度控制. 假定材料服从线性应变软化行为,建立了损伤状态变量关于断裂面上等效应变的渐进损伤演化法则. 模型涵盖了复合材料面内损伤起始、演化直至最终失效的全过程. 完成了含孔[45/0/-45/90]_2S 层合板在拉伸和压缩载荷下失效分析,结果表明该模型能合理进行层合板的强度预测和损伤失效分析.     

一个综合模糊裂纹和损伤的混凝土应变软化本构模型

本文研究就变软化材料的本构关系，提出了一个考虑损伤的粘塑性模型，损伤不仅影响材料的临界应力，而且影响材料的粘塑性，为模拟材料的应变软化行为，假设受损混凝土的破坏局部区域由模糊裂纹和损伤所统治，软化模量和局部区域尺度参量依赖于模糊裂纹扩展时释放的断裂能的参变量，用文中提出的模型计算了混凝土单轴压缩时不同应变速率下的瞬时应力应变响应以及等应力长期作用下的徐变，均得到很的结果。     

Micromechanics-based elastic-damage analysis of laminated composite structures

Based on the micromechanics-based constitutive model, derived in our preceding work [Lee, H.K., Pyo, S.H., 2009. A 3D-damage model for fiber-reinforced brittle composites with microcracks and imperfect interfaces. Journal of Engineering Mechanics-ASCE, in press, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943.7889.0000039.], incorporating a multi-level damage model and a continuum damage model, the overall elastic behavior and damage evolution of laminated composite structures are studied in detail. The constitutive model is implemented into the finite element program ABAQUS using a user-subroutine UMAT to solve boundary value problems of the composite structures. The validity of the implemented constitutive model is assured by comparing the predicted stress–strain curves with experimental data available in literature under uniaxial tension with various fiber orientations. The results show that the proposed micromechanics-based constitutive model accurately predict the overall elastic-damage behavior of laminated composite structures having different material compositions, thicknesses and boundary conditions.     

A micromechanics based damage model for composite materials

The predictive capacity of ductile fracture models when applied to composite and multiphase materials is related to the accuracy of the estimated stress/strain level in the second phases or reinforcements, which defines the condition for damage nucleation. Second phase particles contribute to the overall hardening of the composite before void nucleation, as well as to its softening after their fracture or decohesion. If the volume fraction of reinforcement is larger than a couple of percents, this softening can significantly affect the resistance to plastic localization and cannot be neglected. In order to explicitly account for the effect of second phase particles on the ductile fracture process, this study integrates a damage model based on the Gologanu–Leblond–Devaux constitutive behavior with a mean-field homogenization scheme. Even though the model is more general, the present study focuses on elastic particles dispersed in an elasto-plastic matrix. After assessing the mean-field homogenization scheme through comparison with two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element calculations, an extensive parametric study is performed using the integrated homogenization-damage model. The predictions of the integrated homogenization-damage model are also compared with experimental results on cast aluminum alloys, in terms of both the fracture strain and overall stress–strain curves. The study demonstrates the complex couplings among the load transfer to second phase particles, their resistance to fracture, the void nucleation mode, and the overall ductility.     

On coupled gradient-dependent plasticity and damage theories with a view to localization analysis

Combinations of gradient plasticity with scalar damage and of gradient damage with isotropic plasticity are proposed and implemented within a consistently linearized format. Both constitutive models incorporate a Laplacian of a strain measure and an internal length parameter associated with it, which makes them suitable for localization analysis.The theories are used for finite element simulations of localization in a one-dimensional model problem. The physical relevance of coupling hardening/softening plasticity with damage governed by different damage evolution functions is discussed. The sensitivity of the results with respect to the discretization and to some model parameters is analyzed. The model which combines gradient-damage with hardening plasticity is used to predict fracture mechanisms in a Compact Tension test.     

A computational model of viscoplasticity and ductile damage for impact and penetration

A coupled constitutive model of viscoplasticity and ductile damage for penetration and impact related problems has been formulated and implemented in the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. The model, which is based on the constitutive model and fracture strain model of Johnson and Cook, and on continuum damage mechanics as proposed by Lemaitre, includes linear thermoelasticity, the von Mises yield criterion, the associated flow rule, non-linear isotropic strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, temperature softening due to adiabatic heating, isotropic ductile damage and failure. For each of the physical phenomena included in the model, one or several material constants are required. However, all material constants can be identified from relatively simple uniaxial tensile tests without the use of numerical simulations. In this paper the constitutive model is described in detail. Then material tests for Weldox 460 E steel and the calibration procedure are presented and discussed. The calibrated model is finally verified and validated through numerical simulations of material and plate perforation tests investigated experimentally.     

A linked FEM-damage percolation model of aluminum alloy sheet forming

A so-called damage percolation model is linked with a finite element model of a sheet forming process to offer a comprehensive study of ductile damage evolution. In the current study, a damage percolation code is linked with LS-DYNA, an explicit dynamic FEM code used to introduce local strain gradients and compliance effects due to damage-induced softening. The linked model utilizes a Gurson-based yield surface to account for the softening effects of void damage, while the local damage development and void linkage events are modeled using the damage percolation code. The percolation code accepts detailed second phase particle fields from image analysis of a 2.0×1.6 mm optical micrograph of AA5182 aluminum alloy sheet. The model is applied to a stretch-flange stamping process which is known to be a damage-sensitive operation. The critical conditions for fracture are predicted for various initial stretch flange hole sizes.