全非平稳地震作用下地下空间结构随机反应及可靠度分析

为研究全非平稳地震作用下地下空间结构的随机地震反应特征及可靠度分析方法，本文基于非均匀调制演变随机过程，建立了一种同时考虑强度非平稳和频率非平稳的全非平稳随机地震动输入功率谱分析模型；利用频响函数和脉冲响应函数间的傅里叶变换关系，推导出了适用于地下空间结构随机反应分析的响应功率谱计算表达式，可结合有限元方法对全非平稳地震作用下地下空间结构进行随机反应分析．基于穿越过程为泊松过程假定，采用分部积分方法，进一步推导出了适用于首次超越破坏可靠度计算的互相关函数解析表达式．然后，本文以上海某两层三跨地铁车站为工程背景，建立土-地铁车站结构相互作用体系有限元模型，对全非平稳地震作用下地铁车站结构进行了随机反应分析和中柱可靠度分析．结果表明：在非均匀调制演变功率谱作用下，结构的响应功率谱也具有明显的演变特征；利用文中给出的互相关函数计算公式，可避开调制函数的数值微分，提高计算精度．     

非平稳地震动的双调制模型研究

地震动是工程结构地震反应研究与抗震设计的基础,要分析工程系统的性能,必须要把地震动作为随机过程来建立可靠的模型。本文通过对非平稳过程演变谱的研究,给出双调制函数,建立了双调制非平稳地震地面运动模型。结合双调制函数和三角级数法生成人工地震波,通过对人工波频率和强度的非平稳性研究验证了双调制模型的有效性。同时本文给出了双调制非平稳地震激励的结构响应虚拟激励算法,得到响应的时变功率谱。分析表明,该模型具有明确的物理意义,且更符合实际,为结构抗震可靠性分析提供了一种较好的地震动模型。     

基于Kanai-Tajimi谱的非黏滞阻尼结构地震动响应的简明闭式解

针对非黏滞阻尼结构基于Kanai-Tajimi谱的卷积-微分混合动力方程解法较繁琐的问题,提出了 一种新的简明封闭解法.非黏滞阻尼模型能较好地模拟实际工程材料的阻尼特征,常以指数型核函数的卷积形式表示,给出其对应的微分型本构关系.Kanai-Tajimi谱随机地震动模型能较好地描述场地的随机地震动特性,其工程应用时所获...     

地震动随机场投影展开法

本文发展了随机场投影展开方法,对地震动随机场进行变界近似解析展开。地震动采用自功率谱与具有高斯指数衰减的相关函数模型。本文方法只须求解一次随机场特征值问题,具有简单和展开误差小的特点,非常适应结构多点随机输入分析。     

三维车桥耦合系统的非平稳随机振动分析

推导了线性时变系统非平稳随机响应的多维虚拟激励法,研究了三维车桥耦合系统受轨道激励而产生的非平稳随机振动。桥梁模型采用空间Euler梁单元,轨道激励假设为均匀调制多点异相位非平稳随机激励。采用多维虚拟激励法把轨道不平度转化为一系列简谐不平度的叠加,通过简单分解精细积分格式进行迭代计算,最终得到系统随机响应的时变功率谱及均方根。数值算例中,用时间历程法验证了本文方法的正确性,并且分析了方向、高低、水平三类轨道激励同时作用下三维车桥耦合系统的非平稳随机振动特性。     

建筑结构基于Clough-Penzien谱的随机地震动响应的简明解析解法

针对建筑结构基于Clough-Penzien(C-P)谱下的结构随机地震动响应既有方法复杂的现状,提出了一种简明解析法.C-P谱是将场地的地震动看作基于白噪声激励的两个关联的滤波方程,较准确地模拟场地的平稳地震动特征.首先,提出将C-P谱滤波方程组与建筑结构的运动方程联立,实现了不易求解的非白噪声激励精确转化为简明的白...     

拟平稳高斯随机载荷作用下结构的可靠性估计

本文指出,许多随机载荷,诸如大气紊流、地面强风中紊流、路面不平度及海洋波浪产生的随机载荷,均可模型化为拟平稳高斯随机过程或场。在这种随机载荷作用下,线性结构的应力响应是一个拟平稳高斯随机场,可用一个含慢变参数的空间—时间互谱密度函数与一个这些慢变参数的联合概率密度函数来描述。在此情形下,结构的疲劳寿命与首次超越破坏的时间的概率密度函数与可靠性函数可由平稳高斯随机载荷下的相应结果加权平均得到,其权函数为应力响应谱密度函数中的慢变参数的联合概率密度函数。这样,大大地简化了在一大类统计特性缓慢变化的非平稳随机载荷作用下的结构的寿命与可靠性估计问题。     

含有周期涡结构的湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间的迟滞效应

针对存在时空周期涡旋结构的湍流场，对湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间的空间迟滞效应进行了实验研究，发现二者流向相位差呈周期变化．在低速回流式水槽中，利用二维高时间分辨率粒子图像测速(TimeResolved Particle Image Velocimetry, TRPIV)技术，对Re=324的圆柱尾流流场进行测量．经过49个周期166个相位的8 215个PIV瞬时流场，经过周期相位平均，得到一个周期内不同相位典型的湍流雷诺应力和平均速度梯度的空间分布．利用湍流雷诺应力相位平均图像和平均速度梯度图像在不同时间相位下的空间互相关函数最大值对应的流向空间距离，得到湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间沿流向的空间相位差，并绘制流向相位差随周期相位的演变过程．本文验证了湍流复涡黏模型的合理性，为建立符合周期涡旋结构物理机理的湍流模型研究提供了实验依据．     

大跨屋盖结构非高斯风场的快速模拟算法研究

针对屋盖结构风压场的非高斯特性,本文提出一种多变量平稳非高斯风压场模拟的新方法。文中首次采用四参数指数函数表达风压过程和高斯过程之间的转换关系,推导出关于指数函数所含参数的非线性方程组,利用双变量联合高斯分布的特性获得相关函数的转换关系。通过上述方法,将非高斯风压场表达为虚拟高斯过程的函数,从而采用谐波合成法生成风压时间序列。工程实例表明,本文算法计算效率和模拟精度高,适合实际工程应用。     

爆炸地震波模拟研究

基于能够描述爆炸地震波的非平稳随机过程模型进行爆炸地震波的模拟研究。基于爆炸地震能量守恒以及经验关系,提出了能够考虑装药量和爆距影响的爆炸地震波功率谱密度和幅值包络线模型,并且利用实测的爆炸试验数据,对模型参数进行标定,给出单点、两点（微差）和多点（微差）爆炸地震波实用模拟方法。结果表明模拟得到的爆炸地震波时程能够很好地再现爆炸地震波的一些特性。     

Stochastic modeling for starting-time of phase evolution of random seismic ground motions

In response to the challenge inherent in classical high-dimensional models of random ground motions, a family of simulation methods for non-stationary seismic ground motions was developed previously through employing a wave-group propagation formulation with phase spectrum model built up on the frequency components' starting-time of phase evolution. The present paper aims at extending the formulation to the simulation of non-stationary random seismic ground motions. The ground motion records associated with N—S component of Northridge Earthquake at the type-II site are investigated. The frequency components' starting-time of phase evolution of is identified from the ground motion records, and is proved to admit the Gamma distribution through data fitting. Numerical results indicate that the simulated random ground motion features zero-mean, non-stationary, and non-Gaussian behaviors, and the phase spectrum model with only a few starting-times of phase evolution could come up with a sound contribution to the simulation.     

桁架拱结构在地震动双向多点激励下的反应分析

基于经验相干损失函数和《建筑抗震设计规范》定义的反应谱模拟了空间变化地震动,进行了空间变化水平向和竖向地震动共同激励下桁架拱结构的反应分析。数值分析结果表明,与一致激励引起的结构反应相比,考虑地震动的空间变化增大了桁架拱结构的地震反应,引起地震动空间变化的每一个因素对于结构反应都有重要的影响。传统的基于一致地震动和仅考...     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INSECT FLIGHT

In the non-inertial coordinates attached to the model wing, the two-dimensional unsteady flow field triggered by the motion of the model wing, similar to the flapping of the insect wings, was numerically simulated. One of the advantages of our method is that it has avoided the difficulty related to the moving-boundary problem. Another advantage is that the model has three degrees of freedom and can be used to simulate arbitrary motions of a two-dimensional wing in plane only if the motion is known. Such flexibility allows us to study how insects control their flying. Our results show that there are two parameters that are possibly utilized by insects to control their flight: the phase difference between the wing translation and rotation, and the lateral amplitude of flapping along the direction perpendicular to the average flapping plane.     

Efficient and accurate procedure for selecting ground motions matching target response spectrum

Linear and nonlinear response history analyses have become popular in seismic design and seismic performance evaluation procedures. The accuracy of analysis results depends not only on the accurate analytic models for structures but also on the proper selection of input ground motions. The purpose of this study is to develop a computationally efficient and accurate procedure for selecting ground motions considering the target response spectrum mean and variance, and the correlations between response spectra of different periods. In this procedure, a number of response spectra are simulated equal to the number of ground motions to be selected, using a Monte Carlo simulation. Subsequently, ground motions are selected from a ground motion library to individually match the simulated response spectra, using the proposed selection procedure. This procedure is computationally efficient and accurate in selecting a ground motion that best matches a simulated response spectrum and in determining a scaling factor for the selected ground motion. In order to further improve the selection result, multiple sets of simulated response spectra are considered. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed procedure are verified with numerical examples.     

Seismic behaviour of isolated multi-span continuous bridge to nonstationary random seismic excitation

This paper concentrates on the results of responses of a multi-span continuous bridge isolated with double concave friction pendulum bearings subjected to non-stationary random seismic excitation characterized by the incoherence, the wave-passage, and the site-response effects. The earthquake excitation is modelled as a non-stationary random process as uniformly modulated broad-band excitation. To perform the seismic isolation procedure, the double concave friction pendulum bearings which are sliding devices that utilize two spherical concave surfaces are placed at each of the six support points of the deck. The non-stationary response of the isolated bridge is compared with the corresponding stationary response in order to study the effects of non-stationary characteristics of the earthquake input motion. Solutions obtained from the stationary and non-stationary stochastic analyses for the isolated bridge to spatially varying earthquake ground motions are compared for the special cases of the earthquake ground motion model. The spatially varying earthquake ground motions are described stochastically based on an empirical coherency loss function and a filtered power spectral density function. The site effect is considered by a transfer function derived from one dimensional wave propagation theory. It is observed that the stationary assumption is reasonable for the considered ground motion duration.     

Instantaneous spectrum estimation of earthquake ground motions based on unscented Kalman filter method

Representing earthquake ground motion as time varying ARMA model,the instantaneous spectrum can only be determined by the time varying coefficients of the corresponding ARMA model.In this paper,unscented Kalman filter is applied to es- timate the time varying coefficients.The comparison between the estimation results of unscented Kalman filter and Kalman filter methods shows that unscented Kalman fil- ter can more precisely represent the distribution of the spectral peaks in time-frequency plane than Kalman filter,and its time and frequency resolution is finer which ensures its better ability to track the local properties of earthquake ground motions nd to identify the systems with nonlinearity or abruptness.Moreover,the estimation results of ARMA models with different orders indicate that the theoretical frequency resolving power of ARMA model which was usually ignored in former studies has great effect on the estima- tion precision of instantaneous spectrum and it should be taken as one of the key factors in order selection of ARMA model.     

Fragility analysis of bridges under ground motion with spatial variation

Seismic ground motion can vary significantly over distances comparable to the length of a majority of highway bridges on multiple supports. This paper presents results of fragility analysis of highway bridges under ground motion with spatial variation. Ground motion time histories are artificially generated with different amplitudes, phases, as well as frequency contents at different support locations. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to study dynamic responses of an example multi-span bridge under these ground motions. The effect of spatial variation on the seismic response is systematically examined and the resulting fragility curves are compared with those under identical support ground motion. This study shows that ductility demands for the bridge columns can be underestimated if the bridge is analyzed using identical support ground motions rather than differential support ground motions. Fragility curves are developed as functions of different measures of ground motion intensity including peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, spectral acceleration, spectral velocity and spectral intensity. This study represents a first attempt to develop fragility curves under spatially varying ground motion and provides information useful for improvement of the current seismic design codes so as to account for the effects of spatial variation in the seismic design of long-span bridges.     

Probabilistic models and simulation methods for seismic ground acceleration

Probabilistic models of seismic ground acceleration are reviewed. The review includes uniformly modulated, oscillatory, amplitude and phase modulated, ARMA, and other processes. Moreover, a novel and general nonstationary Gaussian model is presented. The model consists of a superposition of harmonics with correlated Gaussian amplitudes. The harmonic frequencies and the amplitude probabilistic characteristics depend on the duration and the correlation of the target seismic ground motion, respectively. The model can be generalized to represent the seismic ground motion at two or more sites. Methods are also presented for generating realizations of the probabilistic models in the paper. The methods are applied to demonstrate the generation of artificial seismic ground motions and to evaluate the usefulness of various probabilistic models in earthquake engineering.Invited lecture presented at the 6th Italian National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Perugia, 13–15 October, 1993     

爆炸地震动的反应谱拟合

本文提出采用拟动力试验方法解决爆破工程和防护工程中由于炸药爆炸和核爆炸地震动而引起的安全问题和结构抗震问题,并提出采用该方法时应解决的爆炸地震动的设计反应谱和爆炸地震动人工模拟的反应谱拟合技术。     

地震动速度脉冲对高温气冷堆核电厂地震反应的影响

为探讨近断层地震动的速度脉冲对结构抗震能力的影响特征,以某高温气冷堆核电厂结构为研究对象,利用有限元软件建立线性三维模型,选择4组具有速度脉冲特性的近断层地震动加速度记录及人工模拟的具有相同加速度反应谱而无速度脉冲的地震动时程分别作为地震动输入,对模型进行动力时程分析,对比在有、无速度脉冲地震动作用下模型的地震反应。研究发现,虽然反应过程中结构仍处于弹性阶段但是地震动的速度脉冲对结构的位移反应具有一定的不利影响,这一点与已有的基本认识不同。因此对于需要安装对位移反应较为敏感设备的高温气冷堆核电厂房,应充分关注地震动速度脉冲对结构反应的影响。