腐蚀管道的可靠度分析方法研究

对腐蚀管道的模糊可靠度计算方法进行了深入研究，提出了确定性可靠度和模糊可靠度两个基本概念；提出了基于断裂失效判据、基于FAD失效评估图和基于剩余强度3种方法计算模糊可靠度的方法；提出了3种新的方法计算确定性可靠度，即改进的JC法、GA—JC法和改进的Monte-Carlo法．以胜利油田某试验区已加入缓蚀剂的注水管道为例，采用本文建立的计算模糊可靠度的3种计算方法和确定性可靠度的3种方法，分别计算注水管道可靠度随着时间的变化趋势．在模糊可靠度的3种计算方法中，基于剩余强度失效方法比较适中，是计算模糊可靠度较好的方法；在确定性可靠度的3种计算方法中，改进的Monte-Carlo法较好．     

动态J积分及Rice J积分一致性比较与分析

首先回顾了动态J积分的发展进程,然后给出了两种常用动态J积分和Rice J积分的数学计算式,并对它们的一致性加以讨论,由此提出一种广义J积分的定义。然后通过算例,基于ANSYS软件,建立平面应变情形下纯I型中心裂纹模型,并利用编写的APDL程序计算了各个J积分,通过结果比较,进一步验证了在动态加载条件下,动态J积分比Rice J积分具有更好的路径守恒性,但仍可以看出它们的取值具有一定的一致性。最后,通过J积分间接法和裂尖位移外推法分别计算裂纹动态应力强度因子,所得结果吻合很好,验证了编写程序的正确性。     

考虑水泥环完整性的油气井最大允许井口压力计算方法

在最大允许井口压力计算方法中考虑水泥环的完整性,以厚壁圆筒的弹塑性分析理论为基础,建立了套管-水泥环-地层组合体力学模型,将(内层)水泥环内壁发生破坏作为环空允许带压的限制条件。基于Drucker-Prager与拉伸破坏准则计算了某实例井各环空的最大允许井口压力,并将其结果与采用API RP 90标准推荐做法的计算结果进行了对比。计算结果表明:如果环空带压值增大,对于套管-水泥环-地层组合体而言,垂深最深与最浅处的水泥环内壁将最有可能率先发生破坏;采用本文方法的计算结果有可能会小于依据API RP 90标准的计算结果,依据API RP 90标准计算得到A、B环空的最大允许井口压力分别为17.04MPa和6.39MPa,而采用本文方法计算得到A、B环空的最大允许井口压力分别为15.1MPa和17.5MPa。     

直接边界元法计算J积分及应力强度因子

本文对边界元方法(BEM)中面力不连续性,集中力的处理等提出了改进方法,提高了计算效率和计算精度,在此基础上利用边界元直接法计算了二维弹性断裂问题的J积分和应力强度因子,计算结果表明,用BEM通过J积分计算应力强度因子比用有限元方法省时、高效,应用潜力很大。     

基于数字散斑相关法的紧凑拉伸试样断裂韧性实验研究

本文采用数字散斑相关方法对2A12T4铝合金紧凑拉伸试样的断裂韧性进行了实验研究。应用数字散斑相关方法计算了实验过程中试样的应变场、应力场以及位移场。针对实验所得的结果以及紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹特征,采用了矩形积分路径。选择沿裂纹方向和垂直裂纹方向的J积分路径,并且推导出各方向上J积分的数值计算公式。根据推导得到的公式选择不同的积分路径进行J积分的计算,得到了断裂韧性J0积分路径的合理选择范围,同时验证了J积分的路径守恒性。然后根据所得的路径选择标准,选择合理的积分路径,计算出2A12T4铝合金断裂韧性J0的值。将所得结果与国标计算的J0值对比,误差为1.22%,说明了此种方法的正确性。从而为数字散斑相关方法在紧凑拉伸试样断裂韧性的测试研究中提供参考。     

有限空间爆炸静态压力的温度补偿方法

为改善压阻式压力传感器的温度漂移特性，构建了基于遗传算法和小波神经网络的压力传感器温度补偿模型。针对小波神经网络收敛速度慢且易陷入局部最优解的问题，采用遗传算法对小波神经网络的连接权值、伸缩参数和平移参数进行优化。基于压力传感器的标定数据，分别采用BP神经网络、小波神经网络和遗传小波神经网络对其进行温度补偿研究，结果表明:遗传小波神经网络兼容了小波分析的时频局部特性和神经网络的自学习能力，表现出良好的收敛速度和补偿精度，经补偿后传感器的输出值更接近于标定值，其最大误差由?17.44 kPa变至0.38 kPa，最大相对误差由?14.0%变至0.38%。将该模型应用于有限空间爆炸静态压力的温度补偿中，取得了较好的实际应用效果。     

遗传-神经网络算法优化飞机垂尾

通过优化垂尾复合材料蒙皮铺层体系，可以减少垂直尾翼的气动变形，进而改善飞机的方向安定性。采用遗传算法能够较好地分析这类复杂优化问题，但遗传算法的计算工作量大，计算所需时间过长。本文提出遗传一神经网络的算法，该算法首先采用神经网络预测遗传变量的值，进而缩短遗传变量的范围，然后采用遗传算法优化得到最优解。结果表明，这种方法在保证计算精度的情况下，减少了计算时间，提高了工作效率。     

含不同尺寸双腐蚀缺陷L245NCS钢管剩余强度计算

基于非线性有限元方法，建立含腐蚀缺陷管道的剩余强度计算模型，采用实验数据验证模型的准确性。在此基础上，以L245NCS管道为对象，研究了管道内腐蚀缺陷间轴向和环向的距离对剩余强度的影响。通过多因素影响分析，修正了ASME B31G标准中含双点腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度的公式。结果表明：缺陷间在一定距离内会存在相互作用且发生相互作用的极限距离随缺陷深度的增加而增加；采用DNV-RP-F101标准计算的双缺陷相互影响的极限轴向间距和极限环向角度偏大，标准计算值与有限元计算值的最大相对误差达41%;修正后的剩余强度计算公式可用于计算含不同尺寸双腐蚀缺陷的中低强度管道的剩余强度，且计算结果相比于ASME B31G公式更接近实验值，平均相对误差为1.80%,较ASME B31G下降了9.86%。     

压力管道爆裂压力模型比较研究和改进的剩余强度评价方法

在役管道剩余强度评价使用传统评价方法B31G和APIRP-579时,由于存在一些不确定因素使评价结果偏保守,但它能确保管道安全运行.同时,现在国内外研究机构又制定了一些新的管道爆裂压力预测模型.一些科研机构通过预测管道爆裂压力来对比这些评价方法.但在他们的对比中,使用B31G时并没有对安全因子修正,不能准确的预测管道的爆裂压力,所以在可靠性评价和剩余强度评价中使用B31G不能达到好的效果.本文使用安全因子对这些模型进行修正,预测管道的爆破压力极限,并与常用极限情况模型评价公式进行对比.结果表明,在极限情况时,双剪条件模型是一个较为准确的爆破压力极限预测模型,同时,它适合于结构可靠性评价.     

材料动态强度直接测量的磁压剪实验技术及应用

提出一种用于直接测量动载荷下材料强度的新方法，即磁驱动压剪联合加载实验技术。从理论和数值计算上分析了压/剪联合作用下材料的应力偏量与屈服强度关系，计算斜波加载下压/剪联合作用时应力偏量与屈服强度的时空演化特性，给出材料强度数值的计算方法。并基于自行研制的强脉冲电流装置和10 T准静态磁场发生器，利用多点双光源外差位移干涉仪(dual laser heterodyne velocimetry, DLHV)，开展磁压剪实验对2种铝样品的动态强度进行测量，得到不同加载压力下铝样品的强度。结果表明:磁驱动压/剪联合加载技术为材料的高压强度直接测量提供了一种新途径，是可靠的实验技术。     

断裂力学判据的评述

从Inglis和Griffith的著名论文到Irwin和Rice等的奠基性贡献,对断裂力学中的线弹性断裂力学的K判据,界面断裂力学的G判据,和弹塑性断裂力学的J判据作了扼要的综述.介绍了在界面断裂力学G判据的基础上提出的界面断裂力学的K判据,以说明断裂力学的判据存在改进的可能性.在综述中归纳出断裂力学判据中目前还没有较好解决的几个问题.在总结以往断裂力学研究经验的基础上,指出裂纹端应力奇异性的源是对断裂力学判据存在的问题作进一步研究的切入点.探讨了裂纹端应变间断的奇点是裂纹端应力奇异性的源的问题,从而对裂纹端应力强度因子的物理意义进行了讨论.最后,阐述了进行可靠的裂纹端应力场的弹塑性分析是改进弹塑性断裂力学判据的关键,而进行可靠的裂纹端应力场的弹塑性分析的前提是要通过裂纹端应力奇异性的源的研究来获得作用在裂纹端的造成裂纹端应变间断的有限值应力.     

The principle of equivalent eigenstrain for inhomogeneous inclusion problems

In this paper, based on the principle of virtual work, we formulate the equivalent eigenstrain approach for inhomogeneous inclusions. It allows calculating the elastic deformation of an arbitrarily connected and shaped inhomogeneous inclusion, by replacing it with an equivalent homogeneous inclusion problem, whose eigenstrain distribution is determined by an integral equation. The equivalent homogeneous inclusion problem has an explicit solution in terms of a definite integral. The approach allows solving the problems about inclusions of arbitrary shape, multiple inclusion problems, and lends itself to residual stress analysis in non-uniform, heterogeneous media. The fundamental formulation introduced here will find application in the mechanics of composites, inclusions, phase transformation analysis, plasticity, fracture mechanics, etc.     

Fracture mechanics based design procedures for pressurized components having part-through cracks

This paper presents a fracture mechanics based design procedure for pressurized components having part-through cracks. Fracture critical stresses are evaluated for the assumed crack configurations and the fracture envelopes are obtained for these configurations. For small size crack configurations, Feddersen's type correction is made for proper estimation of critical stress values. Residual strength of unbroken ligament is a more appropriate criterion for the design of thin sections with parth-through cracks. A criterion based on the ligament failure is defined for cases where the critical fracture stresses are above the material yield stress value. The procedure is illustrated by presenting an example of a pressurized tankage used in aerospace industry.     

Transverse cracking of orthotropic composite laminates: a fracture mechanics approach

This research is concerned with the fracture mechanics of a laminated composite medium, which contains a central layer sandwiched by two outer layers. There is a periodic array of cracks in the central layer along the central axis of the medium. Fourier transform is used to reduce the problem to the solution of a system of dual integral equations, which are solved by the singular integral equation technique. Rigorous fracture mechanics analysis, which exactly satisfies all boundary conditions of the problem, is conducted. Numerical solutions for the crack tip field and the stress in the medium are obtained for various values such as crack length, crack spacing and layer thickness. Results are also given for the reduction of the equivalent Young’s modulus of the laminate due to multiple cracking. The cases of axial extension and residual temperature change of the composite medium are accounted for.     

On determination of mode II fracture toughness using semi-circular bend specimen

The cracked semi-circular specimen subjected to three-point bending has been recognized as an appropriate test specimen for conducting mode I, mode II and mixed mode I/II fracture tests in brittle materials. The manufacturing and pre-cracking of the specimen are simple. No complicated loading fixture is also required for a fracture test. However, almost all of the theoretical criteria available for mixed mode brittle fracture fail to predict the experimentally determined mode II fracture toughness obtained from the semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen. In this paper, a modified maximum tangential stress criterion is used for calculating mode II fracture toughness K_IIc in terms of mode I fracture toughness K_Ic. The modified criterion is used for predicting the reported values of mode II fracture toughness for two brittle materials: a rock material (Johnstone) and a brittle polymer (PMMA). It is shown that the modified criterion provides very good predictions for experimental results.     

V形切口的断裂研究

对Ｃａｒｐｅｎｔｅｒ的求解Ｖ形切口应力强度因子的围线积分法作改进，提高了计算精度，减少了计算工作量，在大量有限元计算数据的基础上，本文拟合了远场拉伸单边和双边Ｖ形切口板应力强度因子的计算公式。进一步，结合文献（４）所提出的Ｖ形切口断裂准则，可以方便地对切口试件的断裂载荷进行预测。     

Upper bound limit analysis of active earth pressure with different fracture surface and nonlinear yield criterion

Conventional calculations of static and seismic active earth pressures of soils on a retaining wall are formulated assuming the soils obeying a linear Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. However, experimental evidences show that the strength envelopes of almost all geomaterials are nonlinear in nature over a wide range of normal stresses. In this paper, the strength envelope of the backfill behind a retaining wall is considered to follow a nonlinear yield criterion. A simple method is proposed for calculating the static and seismic active earth pressures acting against a retaining wall using a nonlinear yield criterion. This method is based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis. Both translational and rotational fracture surfaces are employed in the formulation for calculating active earth pressures. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept is adopted for seismic active earth pressure calculations. Instead of using directly the actual nonlinear yield criterion, a linear Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, which is tangential to the nonlinear yield criterion, is used to formulate the active earth pressure problem as a classical nonlinear programming problem. A nonlinear sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used to search for the maximum solution. In order to assess the validity of the proposed method, values of active earth pressures for different values of seismic coefficients and nonlinear parameters in the yield criterion are calculated and compared with solutions obtained using an extended Rankine’s active earth pressure theory. For the case of static active earth pressure, the upper bound solutions using the present method with a translational fracture surface are equal to the extended Rankine’s theoretical solutions and are slightly smaller than those obtained using the present method with a rotational fracture surface. For the case of seismic active earth pressure, numerical results obtained using the present method with a rotational fracture surface is very close to the extended Rankine’s theoretical solutions. A study is conducted to investigate the effects of the parameters in the nonlinear yield criterion on the active earth pressures.     

Multiple cracking of fiber/matrix composites—Analysis of normal extension

This paper is concerned with the fracture of a fiber embedded in a matrix of finite radius. There is a periodic array of cracks in the fiber along the central axis of the medium. The paper accounts for the cases of axial extension and residual temperature change of the composite medium. Fourier and Hankel transforms are used to reduce the problem to the solution of a system of dual integral equations, which are solved by the singular integral equation technique. Rigorous fracture mechanics analysis, which exactly satisfies all boundary conditions of the problem, is conducted. Numerical solutions for the crack tip field and the stress in the fiber are obtained for various values such as crack radius, crack spacing and fiber volume fraction.     

热端部件低温热腐蚀疲劳损伤机理、寿命模型和抗腐蚀设计方法

对于沿海地区或海洋环境中使用的航空发动机来说, 由于高温、机械载荷和盐雾环境的共同作用, 热腐蚀疲劳破坏是影响其热端部件服役寿命的主要因素. 本文对热端部件低温热腐蚀疲劳损伤机理、寿命模型和防腐蚀设计方法进行了总结、归纳及评述, 提出了未来的研究趋势与发展方向. 首先介绍航空发动机热端部件的热腐蚀疲劳故障案例、损伤演化机理; 其次, 重点分析了低温腐蚀疲劳寿命的唯象模型、损伤力学模型、断裂力学模型以及机器学习模型; 再次, 对几种代表性的考虑腐蚀演化不同阶段的分段式腐蚀疲劳全寿命模型进行综述, 还分析指出了腐蚀疲劳全寿命模型的发展趋势; 从次, 对航空发动机材料选择、零件制造、结构强度设计和外场运行维护不同阶段的抗腐蚀方法进行了综述. 最后, 对增材制造零部件的热腐蚀疲劳问题以及无损检测技术、人工智能等与热腐蚀疲劳研究的结合进行了展望.