网格法及其在大变形测量中的应用

网格法具有操作简单、测量范围大、易于自动处理等特点。本文首先介绍了网格法测量的基本原理,其次用仿真的实验对网格法进行了检验,最后用皮革材料进行了拉伸实验。由于对镜头误差得到了修正、变形前后的网格点得到了自动匹配,从而实现了大变形的自动高精度测量。     

软煤拉伸应力-应变关系的实验研究

提供一种用于测量软煤或土的抗拉强度、拉伸应力 应变关系等拉伸特性的实验装置．利用模具压制出均匀的煤环试件，对煤环内壁施加均布径向水压力使其拉伸变形和破坏．根据实验结果，提出了弹脆性拉断破坏的理论模型，并据此对煤的抗拉强度、弹性常数以及等效孔隙压力系数等进行了分析和讨论．实验数据稳定可靠，散布小，重复性好，说明所提供的实验装置和实验方法简单而有效．     

三维DIC在铸铁拉伸试验中的应变测量精度研究

基于三维数字图像相关方法(3D-DIC)的拉伸实验研究了铸铁的拉伸力学性能,分别得到了应力—应变曲线、弹性模量、抗拉强度、延伸率等拉伸力学性能参数.将3D-DIC应力—应变的测试结果与目前实验中使用广泛的接触式引伸计方法的实验结果作了对比,得到两者的应力—应变曲线基本重合,弹性模量相差不超过4%.此外,还对3D-DIC和机械引伸计的应变绝对误差和相对误差作了详细比较,实验表明3D-DIC在铸铁拉伸力学性能测试中具有足够的应变测量精度,完全可以取代传统引伸计成为一种有效的非接触式变形测量手段.     

结合数码显微镜的数字散斑相关方法精度分析及应用

结合数字散斑相关方法和一种新型的显微镜数码显微镜,提出了一种测量多晶材料晶粒尺度面内变形的新方法,并通过零变形校准实验、重聚焦实验和平移实验等一系列验证实验分析了该方法的精度和实用性.作为应用实例,对一种镍基合金试件进行了单向拉伸和疲劳实验,得到了晶粒尺度下具有较大应变梯度的应变分布图像.结果表明,该方法能够得到精确的位移测量数据,是一种理想的测量晶粒尺度变形的光测方法.     

平面应力弹塑性复合型断裂研究

本文对受拉伸载荷的含有不同倾角中心裂纹的铝合金薄板,用直接记录激光散斑法和云纹法测量了裂纹周围的变形场,并测得裂纹稳态扩展过程中载荷与裂纹扩展量的对应关系。同时采用弹塑性大变形的有限元方法进行了数值分析,得到裂纹周围的应力应变分布,计算结果与实验测量值符合良好,并进行了讨论。     

基于数字图像相关方法的材料力学实验教学探索

实验教学是培养学生实践和创新能力的重要手段,如何在有限的实验学时条件下,开展丰富高效的力学实验、关联更多的理论知识点是材料力学教学改革亟需解决的问题。本文引入数字图像相关（digital image correlation, DIC）方法,以带孔低碳钢拉伸和高温镍基合金热变形测量等试验为例,对材料力学实验教学进行改革探索。实践表明,基于DIC方法的实验教学可充分发挥出DIC全场变形可视化、测量过程简单、快速精确等优势,显著调动了学生的学习兴趣,加深了学生对多个关联知识点的理解,同时启迪了学生的科学创新意识。     

激光选区熔化增材制造GP1不锈钢动态拉伸力学响应与层裂破坏

采用选择性激光熔化增材制造技术，制备了GP1不锈钢单轴拉伸板条试样和层裂圆片试样，并对材料微观结构进行了表征。借助Zwick-HTM5020 高速拉伸试验机，并结合数字图像相关性全场应变测量技术，开展了增材制造GP1不锈钢材料的轴向拉伸力学性能实验研究，得到了不同应变率下材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线，结果显示:(1) GP1不锈钢流动应力具有比较显著的应变强化效应；(2)通过回收试样的电子背散射衍射表征，发现GP1不锈钢在拉伸变形过程中会发生奥氏体与马氏体之间的相变；(3) GP1不锈钢的屈服应力随着应变率呈幂指数增大，断裂应变在中低应变率下保持不变，但在高应变率下则显著减小。采用一级轻气炮实验装置和激光干涉粒子速度测量技术，开展了增材制造GP1不锈钢的层裂实验，发现GP1不锈钢的层裂强度随着飞片撞击速度增大而减小。单轴拉伸试样断口和层裂试样断口的显微分析结果表明:随着应变率增大，单轴拉伸断裂模式和断裂机理都发生了转变；层裂损伤易成核于激光熔池边界线的交汇处，断口韧窝形貌明显区别于单向拉伸断口。     

Hopkinson拉杆平板挂钩试件结构智能协同优化

与霍普金森拉杆装置中常用的螺纹、胶粘等固定连接方式相比，平板挂钩试件具有连接形式简单、可实现快速组装等优势。针对平板挂钩试件在拉伸过程中因结构几何效应引起的数据测量误差问题，基于影响拉伸试件测量精度的指标:应力平衡达到时间、变形均匀程度、过渡段相对变形以及非轴向力水平，采用正交试验设计、反向传播（back propagation，BP）神经网络与遗传算法相结合的多目标智能协同优化算法对平板挂钩试件的结构参数进行优化，得到了平板挂钩试件最优的结构参数组合，有限元模拟和实验验证了最优结构参数的有效性。该研究结果可为基于平板挂钩试件的霍普金森拉伸实验的数据可靠性分析提供参考。     

基于数字图像相关方法的矿用扁平接链环模型接触变形实验研究

采用分割辅助数字图像相关方法,针对矿用扁平接链环模型在多齿啮合状态下的接触变形进行了实验分析,测量了该结构在承受拉伸载荷时的全场变形分布,并对其接触面附近区域的应变集中现象进行定性与定量分析。实验以Φ26mm×92mm规格的梯齿型接链环模型为研究对象,提出了相应的多分辨率方法进行接触变形场测量。方法中仅采用单个相机实现多分辨率测试,从而避免了传统多分辨率方法中的图像修正误差。采用降采样后的图像计算试件的全场变形,以实现高效的应变分布分析以及应变集中区域定位;采用高分辨率图像进行局部变形计算,以分析应变集中区域的变形分布。实验结果表明,接链环第Ⅱ对和第Ⅲ对啮合齿的齿根部发生的变形最大,是接链环的薄弱部位。该实验结果为梯齿型接链环的变形规律分析和结构设计提供了有效的实验依据。     

新型汽车结构胶剪切实验研究

利用数字图像相关方法(DICM),分别测定了准静态单向剪切拉伸试验条件下,新型汽车结构胶粘接试件和传统点焊连接试件粘接部分的剪切力学性能。实验采用了非接触测量物体应变的方法,运用CCD及其计算机图像处理系统,实时获取变形前后试件表面图像。利用数字相关软件对变形前后的图像进行分析,从而获得试件该时刻的应变。最后确定了试件拉伸过程中的力-位移曲线及应力-应变关系曲线。测试结果及分析表明:采用新型结构胶粘接试件的力学性能与点焊结构相比有明显的优势。这为该结构胶进一步改进提供了一定的实验依据。测试中的数字图像相关法是非接触测量物体应变的方法,在实际应用中有很大的意义。     

Heat transfer to an unconfined ceiling from an impinging buoyant diffusion flame

Impinging flames are used in fire safety research, industrial heating and melting, and aerospace applications. Multiple modes of heat transfer, such as natural convection, forced convection and thermal radiation, etc. are commonly important in those processes. However, the detailed heat transfer mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, a model is developed to calculate the thermal response of an unconfined nonburning ceiling from an impinging buoyant diffusion flame. This model uses an algorithm for conduction into the ceiling material. It takes account of heat transfer due to radiation from the fire source to the ceiling surface, and due to reradiation from the ceiling surface to other items. Using experimental data, the convective heat transfer coefficient at lower surface is deduced from this model. In addition, the predicted heat fluxes are compared with the existing experimental data, and the comparison results validate the presented model. It is indicated that this model can be used to predict radial-dependent surface temperature histories under a variety of different realistic levels of fire energy generation rates and fire-to-ceiling separation distance.     

基于实验的数值反演的滚动轮胎稳态温度场的有限元分析

根据轮胎温度场的单向解耦分析思想,形成了一个基于ABAQUS程序的轮胎稳态温度场的分析方法,单向解耦过程分为变形、损耗、热传导三个分析过程。变形分析中,采用了平衡态的超弹性材料模型;损耗分析中,依据变形分析获得的应力应变场,结合材料粘性损耗特性来获得损耗能量;热传导分析中,依据实测的轮胎胎侧温度场,提出了一种基于实验的数值反演方法来确定胎侧的对流热边界条件。由于轮胎胎侧的形状和结构细节,其对流热边界不同于旋转平圆盘的对流热边界,本文的数值反演方法避免了实测胎侧对流热交换系数的困难。     

高温变形测量中热流场造成畸变的修正方法

目前高温环境中材料的变形测量是研究的热点,基于数字图像特征识别的非接触测量方法促进了高温环境变形测量的发展,但由于高温环境的复杂性,存在很多测量影响因素,其中高温环境中热流场的存在对数字图像法的影响尤为明显。本文提出了一种对高温变形测量中热流场造成畸变影响的修正方法。针对基于光学成像方法的材料高温变形测量中常见的热流场扰动,通过数值仿真得到热流场模型及热流场分布状况,再结合光线追迹原理对热流场造成的图像畸变影响进行分析,用数值分析结果对高温变形测量实验结果进行修正。对比扰动修正结果与真实位移有很好的一致性,从而证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

Study on the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy based on a new crystal plasticity constitutive model

In this paper, a crystal plasticity based constitutive model (Yu et al., 2013) is extended to describe the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy by considering the internal heat production. Two sources of internal heat productions are included in the proposed model, i.e., the mechanical dissipations of inelastic deformation and the transformation latent heat in the NiTi shape memory alloy. With an assumption of uniform temperature field in the alloy specimen, a simplified evolution law of temperature field is obtained by the first law of thermodynamics and the heat boundary conditions. An explicit scale-transition rule is adopted to extend the proposed single crystal model to the polycrystalline version. The capability of the extended polycrystalline model to describe the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy is verified by comparing the predictions with the corresponding experimental ones. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed constitutive model considering the internal heat production predicts the rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy fairly well.     

Analytical model for melting in a semi-infinite PCM storage with an internal fin

The most PCMs with high energy storage density have an unacceptably low heat conductivity and hence internal heat transfer enhancement techniques such as fins or other metal structures are required in latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) applications. Previous work has concentrated on numerical and experimental examination in determining the influence of the fins in melting phase change material. This paper presents a simplified analytical model based on a quasi-linear, transient, thin-fin equation which predicts the solid-liquid interface location and temperature distribution of the fin in the melting process with a constant imposed end-wall temperature. The analytical results are compared to the numerical results and they show good agreement. Due to the assumptions made in the model, the speed of the solid-liquid interface during the melting process is slightly too slow.     

Thermo-Mechanically Coupled Thermo-Elasto-Visco-Plastic Modeling of Thermo-Induced Shape Memory Polyurethane at Finite Deformation

A series of mono tonic tensile experiments of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane(TSMPU) at different loading rates were carried out to investigate the interaction between the internal heat production and the mechanical deformation. It is shown that the temperature variation on the surfaces of the specimens due to the internal heat production affects the mechanical properties of TSMPU remarkably. Then, based on irreversible thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy was decomposed into three parts, i.e., the instantaneous elastic free energy,visco-plastic free energy and heat free energy. The total deformation gradient was decomposed into the mechanical and thermal parts, and the mechanical deformation gradient was further divided into the elastic and visco-plastic components. The Hencky's logarithmic strain was used in the current configuration. The heat equilibrium equation of internal heat production and heat exchange was derived in accordance with the first and second thermodynamics laws. The temperature of specimens was contributed by the internal heat, production and the ambient temperature simultaneously, and a thermo-mechanic ally coupled thermo-elas to-visco-plastic model was established. The effect of temperature variation of specimens on the mechanical properties of the material was considered in this work. Finally, the capability of the proposed model was validated by comparing the simulated results with the corresponding experimental data of TSMPU.     

竖直流道宽度对气泡运动行为影响的数值模拟

用数值方法模拟了竖直通道宽度对气泡在液体中的非定常运动、变形以及传热特性的影响。在这个模拟中,界面跟踪采用了VOF方法,并采用PL IC进行界面重构。主流场计算采用有限容积方法将控制方程离散,其中扩散项采用中心差分格式,对流项采用一阶迎风格式。用成熟的S IM PLE算法求解N-S方程的速度与压力的耦合问题。引入CSF模型处理运动界面的表面张力。利用所编制的程序计算了竖直流道中的单个气泡的形状、运动特性以及气泡内外流场与传热特性,并对竖直通道宽度在不同情况下,对气泡的形状、运动特性以及传热特性进行了进一步的研究。得到了一系列有价值的结果,并与实验结果比较。表明数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合的较好。     

相变材料接触熔化的研究

对有关相变材料接触熔化的研究成果进行了全面的综述, 内容包括:封闭空间的接 触熔化、围绕热源的接触熔化、滑动接触熔化、滚动接触熔化、冰的压力熔化、接 触熔化的量级分析与修正、由液体边界层内的热扩散引起的熔化、不连续接触点上 熔化与润滑、固体内部传热的影响、玻璃的软化与接触熔化.     

Plastic deformation and latent strain energy in a polycrystalline aluminum model

A crystalline aggregate model of aluminum is evaluated for nearly uniaxial stressing. Progression of crystallographic slip, a hysteresis effect in a strain cycle, and heat generated and latent strain energy stored during plastic deformation are investigated. Close correspondence is found between calculated and experimental results for percentages of heat and latent energy. A proof is included that total mechanical energy dissipated is absolutely less than macroscopic plastic work for all paths.     

Melting heat transfer along a horizontal heated tube immersed in a fluidized liquid ice bed

An experimental study was performed to determine the melting heat transfer characteristics along a horizontal heated circular tube immersed in a solid-air-liquid three-phase fluidized liquid ice bed. A mixture of fine ice particles and ethylene glycol acqueous solution was adopted as the liquid ice for the test. Measurements were carried out for a range of parameters such as airflow rate, heated tube diameter, and initial concentration of acqueous binary solution. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient for the fluidized liquid ice bed might be more than 20 times as large as that for the fixed liquid ice bed.