Comparative study of two fluid model and dense discrete phase model for simulations of gas-solid hydrodynamics in circulating fluidized beds

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)has become a valuable tool to study the complex gas-solid hydrodynamics in the circulating fluidized bed(CFB).Based on the two fluid model(TFM)under the Eulerian-Eulerian framework and the dense discrete phase model(DDPM)under the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework,this work conducts the comparative study of the gas-solid hydrodynamics in a CFB riser by these two different models.Results show that DDPM could be used to predict gas-solid hydrodynamics in the circulating fluidized bed,and there are differences between TFM and DDPM,especially in the radial distribution profiles of solid phase.Sensitivity analysis results show that the gas-solid drag model exhibits significant effects on the results for both the two models.The specularity coefficient and the restitution coefficient in the TFM,as well as the reflection coefficient and the parcel number in the DDPM,exhibit less impact on the simulated results.     

Torsional static and vibration analysis of functionally graded nanotube with bi-Helmholtz kernel based stress-driven nonlocal integral model

A torsional static and free vibration analysis of the functionally graded nanotube(FGNT)composed of two materials varying continuously according to the power-law along the radial direction is performed using the bi-Helmholtz kernel based stress-driven nonlocal integral model.The differential governing equation and boundary conditions are deduced on the basis of Hamilton’s principle,and the constitutive relationship is expressed as an integral equation with the bi-Helmholtz kernel.Several nominal variables are introduced to simplify the differential governing equation,integral constitutive equation,and boundary conditions.Rather than transforming the constitutive equation from integral to differential forms,the Laplace transformation is used directly to solve the integro-differential equations.The explicit expression for nominal torsional rotation and torque contains four unknown constants,which can be determined with the help of two boundary conditions and two extra constraints from the integral constitutive relation.A few benchmarked examples are solved to illustrate the nonlocal influence on the static torsion of a clamped-clamped(CC)FGNT under torsional constraints and a clamped-free(CF)FGNT under concentrated and uniformly distributed torques as well as the torsional free vibration of an FGNT under different boundary conditions.     

Analysis on nonlinear effect of unsteady percolation in the inhomogeneous shale gas reservoir

The nonlinear effects of unsteady multi-scale shale gas percolation,such as desorption,slippage,diffusion,pressure-dependent viscosity,and compressibility,are investigated by numerical simulation.A new general mathematical model of the problem is built,in which the Gaussian distribution is used to describe the inhomogeneous intrinsic permeability.Based on the Boltzmann transformation,an efficient semi-analytical method is proposed.The problem is then converted into a nonlinear equation in an integral form for the pressure field,and a related explicit iteration scheme is constructed by numerical discretization.The validation examples show that the proposed method has good convergence,and the simulation results also agree well with the results obtained from both numerical and actual data of two vertical fractured test wells in the literature.Desorption,slippage,and diffusion have significant influence on shale gas flows.The accuracy of the usual technique that the product of viscosity and compressibility is approximated as its value at the average formation pressure is examined.     

Active control of multiscale features in wall-bounded turbulence

This study experimentally investigates the impact of a single piezoelectric(PZT)actuator on a turbulent boundary layer from a statistical viewpoint.The working conditions of the actuator include a range of frequencies and amplitudes.The streamwise velocity signals in the turbulent boundary layer flow are measured downstream of the actuator using a hot-wire anemometer.The mean velocity profiles and other basic parameters are reported.Spectra results obtained by discrete wavelet decomposition indicate that the PZT vibration primarily influences the near-wall region.The turbulent intensities at different scales suggest that the actuator redistributes the near-wall turbulent energy.The skewness and flatness distributions show that the actuator effectively alters the sweep events and reduces intermittency at smaller scales.Moreover,under the impact of the PZT actuator,the symmetry of vibration scales’velocity signals is promoted and the structural composition appears in an orderly manner.Probability distribution function results indicate that perturbation causes the fluctuations in vibration scales and smaller scales with high intensity and low intermittency.Based on the flatness factor,the bursting process is also detected.The vibrations reduce the relative intensities of the burst events,indicating that the streamwise vortices in the buffer layer experience direct interference due to the PZT control.     

Asymptotics for filtration of polydisperse suspension with small impurities

A model for deep bed filtration of a polydisperse suspension with small impurities in a porous medium is considered.Different suspended particles move with the same velocity as the carrier water and get blocked in the pore throats due to the size-exclusion mechanism of particle retention.A solution of the model in the form of a traveling wave is obtained.The global exact solution for a multiparticle filtration with one high concentration and several low concentrations of suspended particles is obtained in an explicit form.The analytic solutions for a bidisperse suspension with large and small particles are constructed.The profiles of the retained small particles change monotony with time.The global asymptotics for the filtration of a polydisperse suspension with small kinetic rates is constructed in the whole filtration zone.     

低温超导核磁共振陀螺仪模型

建立了单工作物质的三自由度3He低温超导核磁共振陀螺仪结构;利用了量子力学和经典动力学,经过严密的力学分析和数学演算,给出了三轴陀螺仪的工作原理和结构示意图;针对陀螺仪的交叉轴角速率耦合问题,给出了附加磁场线圈解耦法和冗余设计结构,最后建立了基于超导量子干涉仪探测磁矩,并采用最小二乘估计法来推导陀螺进动频率.陀螺仪测速范围可以达到10-9～103 rad/s,漂移为10-4 (°)/h.该陀螺仪结合低温超导技术具有高精度的前景.需要进一步对超导量子干涉磁矩检测仪的精度与陀螺性能进行研究.     

一种Cartesian气动网格的自适应划分算法

提出了针对空间Cartesian结构化网格的自适应划分算法,以满足飞机总体设计过程中进行多学科设计优化时根据方案变化生成CFD计算网格的需要,使气动特性能够得以自动化分析,并且保证优化迭代过程的顺利进行.分析了Cartesian网格划分过程中的两个关键问题,并给出了解决方法.在此基础之上,从理论上推导了能够自动适应飞机布局形式以及几何尺寸任意变化的Cartesian网格生成算法和实际划分步骤,并给出了其中部分主要的计算公式,同时论述了自适应划分过程中的若干重要问题.阐述了自适应划分所需的飞机及其部件特征尺寸的获取途径.最后展示了几个由自适应划分算法生成的Cartesian网格实例以说明其实际应用.     

DEM investigation of macro-and micro-mechanical properties of rigid-grain and soft-chip mixtures

We investigated the macro-and micro-mechanical properties of rigid-grain and soft-chip mixtures(GCMs)through numerical simulations using the discrete element method.We present a novel framework for the discrete modeling of soft chips and rigid grains in conjunction with calibration processes.Several numerical triaxial tests were also performed on GCMs with 0%,10%,20%,and 30%volumetric chip contents,P.The simulation results demonstrate that increasing P leads to higher GCM toughness,higher deviatoric peak stress,and higher corresponding shear strain.Higher P also contributes to more volume contraction and less dilation.The friction angles at both the peak and residual state significantly increase with increasing P.In view of the micro-mechanical features,strong contact force chains develop along the loading direction,which results in considerable anisotropy in the peak and residual states.Both the formation of strong force chains and rotation of grains decrease with increasing P,whereas the grain sliding percentage increases.The tensile force is mobilized with shearing and higher P leads to less mobilization of the tensile force.These findings are useful for better understanding the internal structure of GCMs with different soft-chip contents,especially in granular mixture mechanics and geomechanics.     

Interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress in an infinite elastic plane with two circular holes

Numerous researches have focused on the physical behavior of an elastic material in the vicinity of a single hole under the assumption that the interaction effects arising from the introduction of multiple holes remain negligible if the holes are placed sufficiently far from each other.In an effort to understand hole interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress,we consider the case when two circular holes are embedded in an infinite elastic material and use complex variable methods together with numerical analysis to obtain solutions describing temperature and elastic fields in the vicinity of the two circular holes.The results indicate that the interaction effects on temperature distribution and stress strongly depend on the relative size of the two holes and the distance placed between them but not on the actual size of the holes.     

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编辑部的同志要我写一点回忆,以纪念<力学与实践>创刊30年.往事悠悠,使我又回到20世纪70年代那动荡不安,却又是激情四射的年代.     

基于尖点突变模型的地震液化和孔压研究

地震液化是一种严重的自然灾害，然而如何准确判断液化目前作的还很不成功。本文以经过持时修正的能量函数和经过粘粒及上覆压力修正的标贯击数为控制变量，以孔压发展为状态变量，根据液化的物理意义、室内孔压发展曲线的特点和国内外实测液化资料，建立了基于修正Zeeman突变方程的孔压液化发展模型。在此基础上，利用统计学中控制“弃真”概率的方法，确定了分叉曲线和新旧坐标之间的转换关系并且从统计的角度给出了不同土的孔压发展曲线。从孔压发展曲线看，对于R＞0的任何土，超静水压力均达不到1，其实这正好反映了宏观液化现象。在宏观震害中，只要有喷水冒砂现象即认为是液化，超静水压力只要能克服埋深而无须达到上覆压力即可使地下水到达地面从而显现宏观液化现象。检验结果表明这一模型是合理的。     

透水与隔水夹层对粉质土液化影响试验研究

黄河三角洲沉积物以粉质土为主,循环荷载作用下隔水夹层与透水夹层的存在对粉质土孔压累积、消散及液化的影响如何,目前尚不清楚。本文针对4种隔水夹层与透水夹层的组合情况,利用现场原位振动和室内土样振动试验,研究隔水夹层与透水夹层的存在对循环荷载作用下黄河口粉质海床土液化过程影响,发现循环荷载导致黄河三角洲粉质土孔隙水压力、粒度成分、密度、含水量及孔隙比等物性指标发生的变化,因夹层的不同有明显的差异,并且其液化性能因夹层结构的不同而不同,有透水夹层时,相对提高了粉土的抗液化性能,隔水夹层则相反。     

Liquefaction and displacement of saturated sand under vertical vibration loading

In order to investigate the influence of the vertical vibration loading on the liquefaction of saturated sand, one dimensional model for the saturated sand with a vertical vibration is presented based on the two phase continuous media theory. The development of the liquefaction and the liquefaction region are analyzed. It is shown that the vertical vibration loading could induce liquefaction. The rate of the liquefaction increases with the increase of the initial limit strain or initial porosity or amplitude and frequency of loading, and increases with the decrease of the permeability or initial modulus. It is shown also that there is a phase lag in the sand column. When the sand permeability distribution is non-uniform, the pore pressure and the strain will rise sharply where the permeability is the smallest, and fracture might be induced. With the development of liquefaction, the strength of the soil foundation becomes smaller and smaller. In the limiting case, landslides or debris flows could occur. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40025103, 10202024)     

A discrete element model for simulating saturated granular soil

A numerical model is developed to simulate saturated granular soil, based on the discrete element method. Soil particles are represented by Lagrangian discrete elements, and pore fluid, by appropriate discrete elements which represent alternately Lagrangian mass of water and Eulerian volume of space. Macro-scale behavior of the model is verified by simulating undrained biaxial compression tests. Micro-scale behavior is compared to previous literature through pore pressure pattern visualization during shear tests. It is demonstrated that dynamic pore pressure patterns are generated by superposed stress waves. These pore-pressure patterns travel much faster than average drainage rate of the pore fluid and may initiate soil fabric change, ultimately leading to liquefaction in loose sands. Thus, this work demonstrates a tool to roughly link dynamic stress wave patterns to initiation of liquefaction phenomena.     

辽西风积土动应力试验研究

通过对辽西地区风积土动三轴试验, 研究了动荷载作用下辽西风积土的动强度特性和抗液化特性.通过控制不同的动荷幅值、固结比和固结围压等试验条件, 获得了抗震设防烈度为7 度时, 辽西风积土的动应力值和抗液化剪应力比. 利用Excel 软件, 对试验数据进行回归处理, 得到了该土试样的动应力与固结比和固结围压两种因素的经验关系式. 试验和回归分析结果表明, 风积土的动应力与固结比和固结围压成正比. 试验研究了不同固结比条件下辽西地区风积土的液化强度特性, 获得了不同固结比条件下的抗液化剪应力比. 试验结果表明, 风积土的抗液化剪应力随着固结比的增加而增大. 上述试验结果对于辽西地区工程的抗震设计具有重要的指导意义和工程实用价值.     

行车荷载作用下冲填土变形特性试验研究

本文以上海临港新城冲填土地层分布区的道路在车辆振动荷载作用下路基变形为研究对象,以一定的动应力、不同的振动频率来模拟车辆振动荷载,进行了振动三轴试验研究,试验结果表明:在固结比相同,振动幅值相同的情况下,轴向应变随着振动次数的增加呈线性增大;轴向应变随孔隙水压力的增加先缓慢增长,当孔压比达到一定值后,轴向应变会迅速增加,直到破坏;轴向应变与剪应变和径向应变呈良好的线性关系。     

结构性饱和黄土动力特性试验研究

基于室内不排水动三轴试验，研究了5种因素，即围压、超固结比、偏压固结比、动剪应力比、加载频率等对饱和黄土动力特性的影响。本文强调了结构性在饱和黄土动力特性研究中的重要性，结构性的破坏是影响土体动力力学特性的一个重要转折点。并阐明了用塑性残余变形来表征土体内部结构的变化并以此作为孔压增长函数自变量的合理性。     

循环剪切荷载作用下软土的力学性状研究

利用从现场取得的原状土样，通过室内动三轴试验对循环荷载作用下的变形、孔压和强度特性进行研究。试验研究主要考虑了周围固结压力、循环剪切应力比、荷载频率和循环次数等因素的影响。研究表明，在循环荷载作用下，孔隙水压力和轴向应变均是一个波动上升的过程。当循环应力比增大时，动孔隙水压力变化幅值显著增加，而残余孔压也较大。同时，孔隙水压力值也随着周围压力的增大而明显增大。当作用荷载频率比较大时，需要更多的循环次数才能达到小频率作用荷载能达到的孔隙水压力值。但是，随着循环荷载作用次数的增加，频率对孔隙水压力的影响有减小的趋势。     

运用轻便触探和静载荷试验研究黄土的湿陷性(英文)

黄土在应力作用下迂水时力学强度迅速下降 ,产生大范围的快速沉陷。这就是黄土的湿陷性 ,是黄土的诸多特性之一。鉴于对黄土湿陷性以往用各种实验室试验指标进行评价 ,这里提出运用动力触探和静载荷试验进行黄土湿陷性原位评价的一种简便的新方法。该方法的试验程序是 ,先用轻便可变动能触探仪在天然状态和饱水状态下进行触探试验 ,而后在触探孔完成静载荷压缩性试验。运用中国黄土高原黄土原位动力触探和静载荷试验测得的资料 ,详细分析了天然状态的黄土对探头阻力 qdnat,饱水状态的黄土对探头阻力 qdsat,实验室测得的湿陷性指数δs压缩曲线参数 (即触探极限压力 ppf,触探蠕变压力ppl 和触探载荷模量Epn)的关系。结果证明所提出的方法适用于原位判定黄土的湿陷性。     

垂向动载下饱和砂土液化发展的数值模拟

针对一维应变情况,建立了垂向荷载作用时饱和砂土的一维应变动力学模型,然后进行了分析。得到了在垂向荷载作用下,饱和砂土液化发展过程的特性。结果表明,渗透系数越小,骨架强度越低,扰动强度越大,液化发展越快。