理想气体一维非定常流的一种自相似运动的存在条件

流体力学自相似运动的外延判据不太完备,对微分方程组做无量纲化处理后,得到以空间相对坐标ξ和距离r为自变量的理想气体一维自相似运动微分方程的基本物理特征量解函数,它们具有Y(ξ,r)=y(ξ)r~(C)_Y的形式,即对于确定的ξ,特征量函数Y(ξ,r)具有空间标度不变性.这种标度不变性是理想气体一维不定常流自相似运动的存在条件.     

壁湍流相干结构尺度及边界层内的SL标度律

利用高分辨率、高帧率PIV系统对湍流边界层中相干结构的多种空间尺度和边界层内SL 标度律在不同尺度下的具体表达形式进行了实验研究. 实验在两个动量损失厚度雷诺数 (Re_{\theta}=628.5和Re_{\theta}=1032.9)下测量平板湍流边界层中缓冲 层、对数区和外区的二维瞬时速度场. 应用 小波分析以及传统的统计学方法，在垂直于平板和平行于平板的平面内考察平板湍流边界层 中存在的相干结构的流向和展向尺度，并与已知的相干结构尺度实验结果进行了对比分析. 利用在动量损失厚度雷诺数628.5下测得的数据，对多种脉动结构(脉动速度结构等) 的空间关系及其标度律进行了研究. 第2项工作直接利用湍流边界层空间速度分布，对多种 流场尺度结构内部的She-Leveque(简称SL)标度律及自相似律进行了验证. 结果表明，各 单一流场尺度结构内部，流向脉动速度{\pmb u}'、法向脉动速度{\pmb v}'及 脉动涡分量\d {\pmb v}'/\d {\pmb x}的统计结构量均存在明显的标度律，标度 指数的形式与自相似律和SL标度律均非常吻合，只是常数随流场尺度的不同而不同， 且呈现一定的规律性. 但对于结构量的五阶矩随距离l的研究表明，自相似律和SL 标度律成立的范围并不完全一致，同时标度律成立的范围大小与流场尺度有明显关系.     

变质量非完整力学系统的Noether定理及其逆定理

1 引言动力学系统的守恒定律或运动积分是满足运动微分方程的物理量和几何量之间的某种确定的函数关系;动力学系统的对称性或不变性是指表征系统的某个特征对某个变换在某种意义下是不变的.1918年,A E Nocther 提出的Noether 定理,首先把动力学系统     

基于深部监测的滑坡动态特征分析

通过引力作用下理想气体流体力学方程组的无量纲化, 以空间尺度因子代 换时间参数, 根据量纲理论\Pi定理, 在方程中用与尺度因子对应的统计量物理 为度量单位, 从理论上推导出流体力学微分方程组的分离变量形式, 获得一组具有 分形结构特征一阶微分方程组. 引力作用下理想气体统计特征参量相对于空间尺度因子的一 般函数形式具有广义分形的结构特征, 这个结果表明局域性流体力学微分方程能够作为统计分 形结构的动力学基础.     

关于时空标架变换和物质标架无关性原理

建立了欧几里德标架无关性的一般表述与某一参考标架\phi下作相对刚体运动的一般曲线坐标、分量表述之间的关系,从而使欧几里德标架无关性的张量表述有相应的分量表述形式.建立这种联系的基础是, 参考标架\phi^\ast 下描述的运动在参考标架\phi 中某坐标系下的分量结果, 对应于\phi下另一相对该坐标系作相同刚体运动的坐标系下描述\phi观测的运动的分量结果. 通过例子说明了Truesdell和Noll用等价动力过程,关于物质标架无关性原理的陈述,比Svendsen和Bertram及Liu的本构关系在参考标架变换下的形式不变性更合理且方便,尤其是对微分方程形式的本构关系更是如此.      

关于对称性的注释——————分析力学札记之十二

 讨论对称性研究中发生的两个问题. 一是 X (1) (L)中出现的q能否用微分方程消去, 结果表明对Noether 对称性应慎用. 二是Noether对称性在调整规范函数时其他对称性有否变化, 结果 表明对形式不变性会有变化.     

固体跨尺度压痕标度律的研究与展望

压痕标度律是对通过压痕试验方法测定固体材料力学性能参量问题所给出的一般性结论, 具有重要的理论意义, 是探寻材料力学性能潜在规律的方法论研究. 本综述论文系统而简要地介绍如下主要内容: 采用传统理论对传统固体材料压痕标度律的研究回顾; 采用跨尺度力学理论对先进固体材料的跨尺度压痕标度律的研究回顾. 总结并得到了如下主要结论: 传统固体材料压痕标度律可由一空间曲面完整描绘, 若进一步已知某类无量纲独立参量的取值范围, 则该空间曲面可退化为系列平面曲线族; 先进固体材料(新材料)的跨尺度压痕标度律可由一个三维函数关系完整描绘, 若存在某类独立无量纲参量取值范围已知, 则该三维函数关系将退化为系列空间曲面族. 压痕标度律的未来研究发展仍将重点集中在建立新材料的跨尺度压痕标度律上, 以试图从根本上解决新材料力学性能标准规范难以建立的理论问题. 除此之外也将重点关注建立各类功能新材料的多尺度及跨尺度压痕标度律规律.      

空间轴对称问题的两类基本应力函数束及其应用

<正> 1.两类基本应力函数束众所周知,空间轴对称问题的基本应力函数(?)(r,(?))由双调和方程确定.本文采用变换(?)(r,z)=r~2f(r,z)或(?)(r,z)=(?)~2g(r,z)将方程(1)化为 f(r,z)或 g(r,z)的新方程,再利用[2]提出的变换-分离变量法求解此新方程,从而得到空间轴对称问题的两类基本应力函数.     

加权残数法用于侧向力作用下开有n排孔列的剪力墙的近似解

本文推导了侧向力作用下开有n排孔列的剪力墙的微分方程,选择了连梁剪应力r(x)的试函数,用加权残数法确定试函数中的待定常数,获得了描述真实的r(x)曲线的近似解析解.对剪力墙计算结果表明,加权残数法所得的结果与有限元法比较十分接近,但是加权残数法具有未知量少、误差估计方便,工作量减省、可得解析表达式等优点.     

空间轴对称问题的两类基本应力函数束及其应用

1.两类基本应力函数束众所周知,空间轴对称问题的基本应力函数(?)(r,(?))由双调和方程确定.本文采用变换(?)(r,z)=r~2f(r,z)或(?)(r,z)=(?)~2g(r,z)将方程(1)化为 f(r,z)或 g(r,z)的新方程,再利用[2]提出的变换-分离变量法求解此新方程,从而得到空间轴对称问题的两类基本应力函数.     

Ideal gas flow behind a finite-amplitude shock wave

The equations of one-dimensional (with a plane of symmetry) adiabatic motion of an ideal gas are transformed to a form convenient for studying flows between a moving piston and a shock wave of variable intensity. The solution is found for the equations of a motion containing a shock wave which propagates through a quiescent gas with variable initial density and constant pressure. This solution contains four arbitrary constants and, in a particular case, gives an example of adiabatic shockless compression by a piston of a gas initially at rest.     

Ovsyannikov plane vortex: The equations of the submodel

A submodel of the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics is constructed that generalizes the classical motion of an ideal continuous medium with plane waves. It is shown that, in contrast to classical motion, in this submodel the velocity and magnetic-field vectors can change direction in a plane orthogonal to a distinguished spatial direction. The submodel is described by a system of equations with two independent variables and a finite relation specifying the orientation of the vector fields in space. The solutions of the submodel define substantially spatial processes and singularities in the motion of continuous media which cannot be studied in the classical one-dimensional formulation. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 27–40, September–October, 2008.     

Is Intersonic Dislocation Motion Possible? Singularity Analysis for an Edge Dislocation Accelerating through the Shear Wave Speed Barrier

The analysis of Markenscoff and Clifton (J Mech Phys Solids 29:253–262, 1981) for a generally nonuniformly moving Volterra edge dislocation, valid both for subsonic and intersonic/supersonic motion, is focused on the instant in which the dislocation accelerates through the shear-wave speed barrier. Mathematically, the roots (of the argument of the step function that defines the intervals of the path of the motion that contribute to the field point) change from a pair of complex conjugate to a double real, splitting into two real ones, and, at the instant of the transition to intersonic motion, the stress analysis is performed at this double root maximum of . The stress at the forming Mach front contains a singularity in the coefficient of the delta function, which can be removed by a ramp-core (delta sequence rather than delta function) model of the core displacement.     

Transformation and some solutions of the equations of motion of an ideal gas

The equations of one-dimensional and plane steady adiabatic motion of an ideal gas are transformed to a new form in which the role of the independent variables are played by the stream function and the function introduced by Martin [1, 2], It is shown that the function retains a constant value on a strong shock wave (and on a strong shock for plane flows). For one-dimensional isentropic motions the resulting transformation permits new exact solutions to be obtained from the exact solutions of the equations of motion. It is shown also that the one-dimensional motions of an ideal gas with the equation of state p=f(t) and the one-dimensional adiabatic motions of a gas for which p=f() are equivalent (t is time, is the stream function). It is shown that if k=s=–1, m and n are arbitrary (m+n0) and =1, the general solution of the system of equations which is fundamental in the theory of one-dimensional adiabatic self-similar motions [3] is found in parametric form with the aid of quadratures. Plane adiabatic motions of an ideal gas having the property that the pressure depends only on a single geometric coordinate are studied.     

Sonic discontinuities in a relaxing gas

Following Elcrat [1] the phenomena associated with the sonic discontinuities in non-equilibrium gasdynamics have been studied here. The sonic wave in non-equilibrium gaseous medium propagates with the frozen speed of sound. The magnitude of discontinuities of the first derivatives of flow quantities in the unsteady flow of relaxing gas are shown to satisfy Riccatti equations along the orthogonal trajectories of surface S(t). In order to integrate them in full generality, they are transformed to an equation along the bicharacteristic curve in the characteristic manifold S(t). These equations have been solved completely. The criteria for decay or blow up of sonic discontinuities are given and the particular cases of plane and spherical waves existing in an ideal dissociative gasdynamics have been discussed. In the case of planewave for uniform propagation, it is shown that the dissociating character of the gas is to decrease the critical time. Other cases of shock formation have been studied in detail.     

Nonlinear periodic waves in a gas

A system of equations describing the one-dimensional time-dependent polytropic motion of a gas is considered. In special cases the general solutions of this system of equations are obtained and exact solutions with the initial conditions which are periodic with respect to the spatial variable are found. For an arbitrary polytropic exponent an asymptotic solution, which is uniformly suitable till the onset of the gradient catastrophe, is constructed in the form of expansions in series in a small parameter, namely, the initial wave amplitude. Asymptotic dependences of the time of onset and the location of the gradient catastrophe are obtained. The complex correspondence between the initial system of equations and the system of equations describing the motion of quasi-gas media is given. An example of using this correspondence is considered.     

基于原子体积场拉普拉斯算子对金属玻璃剪切转变区的预测

剪切转变区(shear transformation zone, STZ)作为金属玻璃塑性事件的一个基本特征单元, 已被研究者们逐渐接受,但STZ产生的机制和来源仍具争议. 本文采用分子模拟方法对 Cumetallic glasses,shear transformation zones,nonaffine displacements,atomic volume,molecular simulation,1)国家自然科学基金(11790292);国家自然科学基金(11672298);国家自然科学基金(11432014);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB22040501)2019-12-242020-04-10剪切转变区(shear transformation zone, STZ)作为金属玻璃塑性事件的一个基本特征单元, 已被研究者们逐渐接受,但STZ产生的机制和来源仍具争议. 本文采用分子模拟方法对 Cu$_{64}$Zr$_{36}$金属玻璃在受简单剪切加载时的变形行为展开了研究. 结果表明,体系的初始构型与加载后STZ的产生是相关的. 虽然原子体积场及其梯度可以用来有效表征金属玻璃中局部原子构型的非均匀性, 但它们与STZ产生的区域没有直接明显的对应关系. 基于此, 提出一个新的局域结构参数 $\xi $ 来用于金属玻璃中STZ产生区域的预测,它由两部分构成: 原子体积场的拉普拉斯算子和体积场梯度分量的绝对差值. 原子体积场的拉普拉斯算子为负且绝对值较大时, 体积场梯度向量呈现向内指的分布特征, 代表体系中的局域软区; 而体积场梯度分量的绝对差值则用于遴选体积场梯度不同的分布模式. 进一步地,建立了该结构参数与非仿射位移和剪切局部化三者关系, 发现特定的体积场梯度向量分布模式, 将导致局部剪切增强的非仿射位移场, 从而更容易诱发STZ的形成. 相关性分析表明,该参数与STZ区域平均相关性高于78%, 因此, 该参数能有效用于金属玻璃剪切转变区的预测,且运用拉普拉斯算子的思想有望应用于金属玻璃力学行为的理论分析.     

Propagation of discontinuities against a static background

The solution of the ideal gasdynamic equations describing propagation of a shock wave initiated, for example, by the motion of a piston against an inhomogeneous static background is considered. The solution is constructed in the form of Taylor series in a special time variable which is equal to zero on the shock wave. In the case of weak shock waves divergence of the series serves as the constraint for such an approach. Then the solution is constructed by linearizing the equations about the solution with a weak discontinuity. In the case of a given background the last solution can be always found exactly by solving successively a set of transport equations, all these equations are reduced to linear ordinary differential equations. The presentation begins from the one-dimensional solutions with plane waves and ends by discussion of spatial problems.     

Statistical Analysis of Scalar Dissipation Rate Transport in Turbulent Partially Premixed Flames: A Direct Numerical Simulation Study

Statistically planar turbulent premixed and partially premixed flames for different initial turbulence intensities are simulated for global equivalence ratios ??>?=?0.7 and ??>?=?1.0 using three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) with simplified chemistry. For the simulations of partially premixed flames, a random distribution of equivalence ratio following a bimodal distribution of equivalence ratio is introduced in the unburned reactants ahead of the flame. The simulation parameters in all of the cases were chosen such that the combustion situation belongs to the thin reaction zones regime. The DNS data has been used to analyse the behaviour of the dissipation rate transports of both active and passive scalars (i.e. the fuel mass fraction Y _F and the mixture fraction ξ) in the context of Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. The behaviours of the unclosed terms of the Favre averaged scalar dissipation rates of fuel mass fraction and mixture fraction (i.e. \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_Y =\overline {\rho D\nabla Y_F^{\prime \prime } \cdot \nabla Y_F^{\prime \prime } } /\overline{\rho }\) and \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_\xi =\overline {\rho D\nabla \xi ^{\prime \prime }\cdot \nabla \xi ^{\prime \prime }} /\overline {\rho })\) transport equations have been analysed in detail. In the case of the \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_Y \) transport, it has been observed that the turbulent transport term of scalar dissipation rate remains small throughout the flame brush whereas the terms due to density variation, scalar–turbulence interaction, reaction rate and molecular dissipation remain the leading order contributors. The term arising due to density variation remains positive throughout the flame brush and the combined contribution of the reaction and molecular dissipation to the \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_Y \) transport remains negative throughout the flame brush in all cases. However, the behaviour of scalar–turbulence interaction term of the \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_Y \) transport equation is significantly affected by the relative strengths of turbulent straining and the straining due to chemical heat release. In the case of the \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_\xi \) transport, the turbulent transport term remains small throughout the flame brush and the density variation term is found to be negligible in all cases, whilst the reaction rate term is exactly zero. The scalar–turbulence interaction term and molecular dissipation term remain the leading order contributors to the \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_\xi \) transport throughout the flame brush in all cases that have been analysed in the present study. Performances of existing models for the unclosed terms of the transport equations of \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_Y \) and \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_\xi \) are assessed with respect to the corresponding quantities obtained from DNS data. Based on this exercise either suitable models have been identified or new models have been proposed for the accurate closure of the unclosed terms of both \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_Y \) and \(\widetilde {\varepsilon }_\xi \) transport equations in the context of Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations.     

Gas-dynamic analogy for vortex free-boundary flows

The classical shallow-water equations describing the propagation of long waves in flow without a shear of the horizontal velocity along the vertical coincide with the equations describing the isentropic motion of a polytropic gas for a polytropic exponent γ = 2 (in the theory of fluid wave motion, this fact is called the gas-dynamic analogy). A new mathematical model of long-wave theory is derived that describes shear free-boundary fluid flows. It is shown that in the case of one-dimensional motion, the equations of the new model coincide with the equations describing nonisentropic gas motion with a special choice of the equation of state, and in the multidimensional case, the new system of long-wave equations differs significantly from the gas motion model. In the general case, it is established that the system of equations derived is a hyperbolic system. The velocities of propagation of wave perturbations are found. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 8–15, May–June, 2007.