三点起爆形成尾翼EFP的数值模拟和实验研究

利用LS-DYNA软件对三点起爆形成尾翼EFP的过程进行了数值模拟,深入研究了爆轰波传播过程中的波形结构和强度的变化规律以及药型罩材料在复合爆轰波作用下驱动变形的特性和规律,加深了对三点起爆条件下药型罩形成带尾翼EFP机理的认识。在此基础上,设计了三点同步起爆装置和EFP装药进行实验。研究结果表明:设计的三点起爆装置作用可靠,满足三点起爆EFP装药的设计要求;形成的EFP弹形稳定,与计算结果吻合较好;尾翼EFP飞行过程中的速度降减小,稳定性提高。     

带尾翼翻转型爆炸成形弹丸试验研究

采用多点起爆方式,设计了带尾翼翻转型爆炸成形弹丸(EFP)试验装置。用X光和SVR数字相机拍摄了EFP的外形和速度;用多层纸靶测试了EFP在不同飞行距离时的飞行姿态;进行了EFP穿靶能力的检验;并利用泡沫和锯末进行了EFP的软回收。由试验结果知,EFP速度为1.56～1.72km/s,长径比最大达到了3.69,由药型罩转变为EFP的质量转换率达到了98%,EFP具有较好的尾翼结构和气动稳定外形。该EFP能穿透厚度为50mm的厚钢靶或厚度为6mm、间距各为1m的5层薄钢靶。     

单点起爆形成多模式EFP的可行性研究

针对同一成型装药形成多模毁伤元问题,利用LS-DYNA 程序,研究了单点起爆位置对爆炸成型 侵彻体(explosivelyformedpenetrator,EFP)成型的影响规律。当起爆点距离药型罩的轴向距离从0倍装药 口径增加到0.72倍装药口径,EFP速度提高了37.8%,长径比增加了1倍多;优化设计成型装药结构,分析 了主装药端面中心点起爆和药型罩顶点起爆爆轰波传播规律,实现了杆式EFP、EFP2种模态的转换。通过 X光成像实验进行了验证,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

环形多点起爆精度对聚能杆式侵彻体成型的影响

针对环形多点起爆网络在多模成型装药上的应用问题,利用LS-DYNA 程序,通过改变延迟时间 和延迟点数,研究了6点起爆网络起爆同步精度对形成侵彻体的速度、长径比等参数的影响规律,并找出了引 起侵彻体弯曲变形的主要原因横向速度梯度的变化规律,得到了延迟时间在200ns以内可使形成的侵 彻体不发生弯曲变形,成型参数基本不变。进行了实验验证,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

偏心对称起爆战斗部破片初速的增益

在极坐标下基于弹塑性基本方程建立了壳体膨胀的运动方程,且考虑了两点对称偏心起爆的碰撞效应,利用Whitham方法对两对称爆轰波的碰撞叠加进行了计算,得到了三波点的迹线、马赫波超压及马赫杆的高度等参数。通过联合求解,导出了马赫波区破片的初速计算公式,并利用AUTODYN软件进行了数值模拟,理论计算与数值模拟结果符合较好,验证了理论模型的可靠性。计算结果表明,两点对称偏心起爆时定向区破片初速增益超过30%,起爆点的夹角变化对破片的初速大小及飞散偏转影响并不明显。     

带尾翼的爆炸成形弹丸三维数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA三维动力有限元程序对三点起爆的翻转型EFP形成过程及三个尾翼进行了数值模拟，结果表明：数值计算结果和实验结果吻合得较好，可为弹丸设计的改进和优化提供重要的参考依据。分别选择Johnson-Cook和Steinberg两种本构模型对药型罩材料进行了数值模拟对比，结果表明：药型罩材料的本构模型选取对形成的尾翼效果有一定的影响，Steinberg本构模型与试验结果符合得更好。     

含偏心起爆对EFP战斗部飞行特性的影响

为研究起爆不对称性对EFP战斗部飞行特性的影响, 对不同偏心量下?60 mm弧锥结合罩EFP战斗部进行飞行弹道实验。实验结果表明:偏心起爆条件下, 当相对偏心量小于3.3%时, EFP在网靶穿孔接近圆形, 弹丸飞行稳定; 起爆相对偏心量达到6.7%时, 弹丸飞行过程中摆动幅值增大, 降低了对目标的打击精度和毁伤效果。利用LS-DYNA及CFX非线性动力学有限元程序对不同起爆偏心量下成型EFP的空气动力学特性进行数值模拟, 描述了偏心起爆影响EFP成型对称性, 改变弹丸在飞行过程中流场的分布特征, 从而导致弹丸飞行过程中无规则运动的全过程。     

圆柱壳体装药偏心多点起爆下破片速度的分布

针对偏心起爆战斗部破片速度增益的问题,提出爆轰波碰撞形成马赫超压是引起破片速度增加的原因。利用AUTODYN软件,模拟偏心起爆战斗部从壳体径向膨胀、表面产生裂纹到最后形成破片的整个过程,并将模拟得到的破片速度与实验数据对比,两者吻合较好;简化Whitham方法并结合Gurney速度公式得到偏心起爆战斗部定向破片速度和定向区域的计算方法,同时在保证破片初速的前提下,研究偏心多点起爆下起爆点数的选择标准。研究结果表明:偏心多点起爆下定向破片初速增益约34%,定向区域范围约30°,起爆点数的选择与壳体长度和装药口径相关。     

带尾翼的翻转型爆炸成形弹丸的三维数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA三维动力有限元程序对三点起爆的翻转型EFP形成过程及三个尾翼进行了数值模拟。计算结果与实验结果的比较表明:数值计算结果和实验结果吻合较好,可为弹丸优化设计提供重要参考依据。对药型罩材料分别选择Johnson-Cook和Steinberg两种本构模型进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:药型罩材料的本构模型选取对形成的尾翼效果有一定影响,Steinberg本构模型与实验结果符合更好。     

凝聚炸药的短脉冲冲击起爆

本文介绍了利用电炮研究两种凝聚炸药（TNT/RDX=35/65和PBH-9）的短脉冲冲击起爆的实验结果。炸药样品为直径20mm,长度分别为3.0、5.0、10.0mm的圆柱及楔形药块。在所研究的实验条件下,当药柱长度大于5.0mm时,两种炸药的起爆判据可用p?=常数描述。当药柱长度小于3.0mm时,撞击飞片的阈值速度明显增加。我们还观测了飞片直径对起爆阈值速度的影响,用楔形药块观测了不同加载条件下的到爆轰时间和距离。     

Research on the optimum length–diameter ratio of the charge of a multimode warhead

This paper outlines our research on a multimode warhead in which we adopted center point and annular initiation modes to form multimode penetrators. Using LS-DYNA software, we studied the effect of the configuration parameters, namely the length/diameter ratio of the shaped charge, on the formation parameters, such as the velocity and length/diameter ratio, of multimode penetrators. We found that when the charge length was in the range of 0.9–1.2 times the charge diameter, the same structure of shaped charge can form suitable multimode penetrators. Either an explosively formed penetrator (EFP) or a long stretchy rod-shaped EFP penetrator can be formed. We establish an optimum charge length for penetrator formation of 1.4 times the charge diameter. Simulation results were validated using X-ray imaging experiments and they were in good agreement. The results found that by increasing the charge length from 0.9 to 1.4 times the charge diameter, the penetration depth of the EFP increased by 74.5%, while increasing the charge length from 1.4 to 1.6 times the charge diameter only increased the penetration depth by 1.9%.     

爆轰波波形与药型罩结构匹配对杆式射流成形的影响

为提高杆式射流对钢靶的侵彻能力,设计了一种偏心亚半球药型罩,通过爆轰波碰撞理论推导出药型罩压垮速度,并结合改进的PER理论建立了杆式射流成形的模型。分析了药型罩结构参数对爆轰波碰撞压力的影响规律,获得了等质量变壁厚药型罩射流质量及速度分布的变化规律。结果表明:马赫反射压力随偏心距的增大而增大,随外壁曲率半径的增大而减小,而正规斜反射压力与马赫反射压力变化规律相反,且马赫反射压力受药型罩结构影响较大;通过对比不同方案,罩顶与罩口部厚、中间薄形状药型罩形成的射流质量提高了29.5%,头部速度提高了21.3%,且速度梯度最大,相同炸高条件下侵彻深度提高了约2倍装药直径。针对优化结构进行了数值模拟和实验验证,通过对爆轰波波形与药型罩结构合理的匹配设计,使形成的杆式射流成形及侵彻性能得到显著提升。     

毫秒延时爆破等效单响药量计算及振速预测

毫秒延时爆破存在同段雷管离散及分段振波叠加效应,对单响药量取值及质点峰值振速的预报带来极大困扰。设计开展毫秒延时爆破试验,建立群孔齐发爆破振速的计算模型,研究并构建炮孔数目对齐发爆破等效药量影响及其取值方法;并基于单孔爆破回归分析结果,提出修正的质点峰值振速与比例距离关系公式。结果表明,群孔齐发爆破等效药量比名义单响药量小,可利用缩比系数和折算炮孔数目进行计算,缩比系数随炮孔数目增加呈指数形式衰减;修正的质点峰值振速与比例距离公式引入的振波叠加因子可反映振波叠加对速度的影响,依据该公式计算得到的质点峰值振速预测值与实测值间平均绝对误差、平均相对误差及均方根误差分别为0.05 cm/s、9.52%、0.059 cm/s,用于现场爆破振动预测切实可行。     

一种基于能量法则的爆炸成形弹丸速度的工程计算方法

为了准确预报爆炸成形弹丸的速度,提出了以药型罩中所有内部微元都变处于流动状态的时刻作为爆炸成形弹丸成形结束的标志,并因此得出药型罩自身变形时所消耗的变形能应与使整个药型罩都处于流动状态的熔化能相等。在此基础上利用能量守恒原理,建立了爆炸成形弹丸速度的计算公式,并通过试验和数值模拟验证。实验和计算结果表明,本文中所建立的爆炸成形弹丸速度的计算公式具有较好的工程实用价值。     

Study of unsteady flow past bodies behind shock waves

Several theoretical and experimental studies have been devoted to the problem of the nonstationary action of the stream behind a shock wave on bodies of varied shape. In particular, in [1], the pressure and density are calculated for flow about bodies of the more typical shapes in the initial stage of the process. The basic relations which accompany the interaction of shock waves are considered in [2, 3]. The analysis of the phenomena of diffraction of shock waves on the sphere, cylinder, and cone is presented in [4]. Problems of unsteady flow about a wing are examined in [5, 6]. A detailed review of the foreign studies on unsteady flow is given in [7]. Of great practical interest is the question of the time for flow formation and the magnitudes of the unsteady loads during this period. Experimental investigations have been made recently [8, 9] in which some criteria are presented for estimating the bow shock formation time for supersonic flow about the sphere and cylinder with flat blunting. However the question of the formation time of the stationary pressure on the body surface is not referred to in these studies and no relationship is shown between the transient position of the reflected wave and the corresponding unsteady pressure on the surface. Moreover, in [8] the dimensionless time criterion is determined very approximately, independently of the Mach number of the shock wave. The present study was undertaken with the object of determining the basic criteria which characterize unsteady flow about bodies behind a plane shock wave which has time-independent parameters, and clarification of the shock wave reflected from the body and the pressure on the surface of the body during the transient period. The most typical body shapes were studied: 1) a cylinder with flat face aligned with the stream; 2) a spherically-blunted cylinder; and 3) a cylinder transverse to the stream. The experiments were conducted in a conventional shock tube using the single-diaphragm scheme. The measurements of the pressure on the models and the velocity of the incident shock wave were made using the technique analogous to that of [10, 11]. A highspeed movie camera was used to record the pattern of the wave diffraction on the body. The Mach number of the incident shock wave varied in the range from M=1.5 to M≈6.0, which corresponded to a range of Mach numbers M_∞ of the stream behind the shock wave from 0.6 to 2.1. The calculations of the required gas dynamic parameters for high temperatures were made with account for equilibrium dissociation of the air on the basis of the data of [10, 12, 13]. The magnitude of the relative maximal shock wave standoff Δ at the stagnation point obtained in the present experiments was compared with the values of Δ from other studies. In the case of the flat-blunted cylinder it was in good agreement with the results of [8–14], and in the case of the spherically-blunted cylinder and the transverse cylinder it was in agreement with the results of [15].     

金属铅在斜冲击波对碰加载下动态行为的数值模拟

高强度冲击加载作用下金属材料的动态物理行为是当前冲击波领域基础研究和工程应用最为关注的焦点。采用光滑粒子法(SPH)开展不同位置起爆诱发的斜冲击波对碰加载金属铅的二维数值模拟研究,得到了金属铅内入射斜冲击波的角度和强度,并利用极曲线方法理论上导出发生马赫反射时的临界入射角和入射马赫数关系。根据计算结果可知,金属铅内入射斜波对碰后将发生马赫反射。随着起爆位置与金属铅表面距离的增加,不仅金属铅内入射冲击波强度和入射角增加,而且形成的马赫杆宽度也在增加。由自由面速度剖面给出了马赫杆宽度及张角,结果与理论预测的结果吻合较好。