干燥和饱水砂岩孔隙度对应力波能耗的影响

为探讨应力波穿越干燥、饱水砂岩时孔隙度对能耗的影响规律,开展了孔隙砂岩的SHPB试验,并采用核磁共振分析了SHPB试验前后孔隙的变化特征。结果表明:(1)砂岩冲击试验前后T2谱波峰数没变,但对应小孔径孔隙的波峰峰值有所增加。这说明,砂岩结构内部仍停留在微裂纹形成阶段,应力波能量仅能够促使新的微裂纹形成,而不足以撕裂扩展孔隙使其孔径更大。(2)相同孔隙度时,饱水砂岩比干燥砂岩能耗小;随着孔隙度增加,前者能耗相应减小,后者能耗反而增加。这一现象可分别解释如下:(a)由断裂力学理论可知,水的表面张力和Stefan效应使裂纹扩展受到很大阻力,因而,相对干燥砂岩,相同孔隙度的饱水砂岩更难产生新表面耗散应力波能量。(b)冲击加载时饱水砂岩处于不排水状态,饱水砂岩变形可近似等于砂岩和水的压缩变形之和。由于水比砂岩压缩变形小,随着孔隙度增大,即含水量增加,饱水砂岩变形量减小,出现塑性变形和新裂纹的概率减小,能耗值也随之减小。(c)随着孔隙度增大,干燥砂岩的动态强度相应降低,加载时更易出现新裂纹以表面能形式耗散应力波能量,因而孔隙度越大则能耗越大。     

基于基底长度的粗糙表面分形接触模型的构建与分析

为建立更为精确的粗糙表面接触模型,根据微凸体变形特征、分形理论以及摩擦的作用,从微观角度基于基底长度建立了粗糙表面分形接触模型.通过与其他粗糙表面接触模型和实验数据的比较,验证了本文模型的正确与合理,并由数值仿真分析了分形维数、接触载荷与真实接触面积之间的相互关系.分析结果表明:特征尺度一定时,要维持一定的真实接触面积,分形维数越大,所需要的力也越大;分形维数与特征尺度一定时,随着载荷的增加,接触面积也在增加;特征尺度与接触力一定时,随着分形维数的增大,真实接触面积在减小.该模型的建立为进一步研究粗糙表面的摩擦、磨损与润滑提供了理论依据.     

不同加载速率下砂岩弯曲破坏的细观机理

岩石细观破裂形貌是岩石破坏机制的重要反映，为研究不同加载速率对砂岩弯曲破坏的影响，通过三点弯曲实验和扫描电镜方法，对某煤矿关键层砂岩弯曲破断裂纹细观形态以及裂纹的自相似性进行了研究。选取6个不同加载速率对岩样进行三点弯曲实验，观察其宏观断裂情况，并利用扫描电镜对弯曲断裂面表面裂纹细观结构进行观察，并拍摄不同倍数下的扫描电镜图片。对图片进行图像处理后得到砂岩弯曲断裂破坏细观裂纹信息，并计算得到微裂纹的分形盒维数值。结果显示:随着加载速率的提高，砂岩穿晶断裂的比例也随之升高，裂纹分形维数亦随着加载速率的增大而增加，同时，分形维数还与弯曲断裂破坏荷载和抗弯强度成正比。可见，加载速率对断裂方式有一定的影响，且加载速率越大断裂所需的破坏能越大，裂纹分布越广，表明开采速度与岩爆等岩体动力灾变有密切关系。     

考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型

基于三维分形理论，建立了考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型，并且考虑了微凸体的弹性变形、弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形. 通过该模型，分析了摩擦系数、分形维数、分形粗糙度和接触载荷对热接触热导的影响. 研究结果表明:接触热导随着摩擦系数和分形粗糙度的增大而减小，随着分形维数和接触载荷的增大而增大. 该研究为开展接合面的热传递提供了一定的理论基础.      

冲击速度和轴向静载对红砂岩破碎及能耗的影响

地下岩体工程爆破开挖中，距爆源不同距离处岩体承受的地应力和动载荷大小不同，从动载荷的角度表征岩石动态破坏结果与工程实际更吻合。为研究动载荷和地应力大小对岩体破碎和能量耗散特性的影响，利用动静组合加载试验装置，分别设置7个冲击速度和轴向静应力等级，对红砂岩试件进行冲击试验。根据试件的破碎状况，分析不同静应力工况下冲击速度对岩石破坏模式和机理的影响。计算不同工况下的应力波能量值，研究冲击速度和轴向静应力对岩石能耗特性的影响。对破坏试件进行筛分试验，研究岩石破碎分形维数随冲击速度和轴向静应力的变化关系。结果表明，随着冲击速度的增大，试件的破坏程度逐渐加大。无轴压时岩石试件破坏后整体仍是一个圆柱体，属于张拉破坏；有轴压时岩石试件宏观破坏后呈沙漏状，属于拉剪破坏。岩石耗散能随冲击速度的升高呈二次函数关系递增；轴向静应力越高，递增幅度越小。随着冲击速度的升高，岩石分形维数由零逐渐增加；随着轴向静应力的升高，分形维数由零转为大于零的临界冲击速度先升高后降低。     

基于共轭梯度法和快速傅立叶变换的粗糙表面微动接触数值研究

实际工程表面多为粗糙表面,研究粗糙表面的表面形貌对微动接触中压力和应力的影响具有重要意义。本文研究接触过程中法向载荷保持不变,切向载荷为周期性的交变载荷。首先,建立接触算法和模型,算法核心是利用共轭梯度法CGM(Conjugate gradient method)计算微动接触中的表面压力及切向应力并利用快速傅里叶变换FFT(Fast Fourier transform)加快计算速度。然后,对单峰表面、正弦表面和随机粗糙表面的接触进行数值研究。结果表明,表面幅值对切向载荷-位移曲线以及接触过程中的能量耗散有影响,表面幅值越大,相同切向载荷作用下产生的切向位移越大,能量耗散也越大。     

节理岩体断裂的损伤与分形效应

本文在岩石断裂的基础上,利用损伤的概念,建立起岩体断裂能与初始损伤的关系,并借助于岩石断裂能与断裂面分形维数的关系,给出了节理岩体的断裂能与断裂面分形维数之间的关系.本法为直接从岩石的断裂参数推出节理岩体断裂参数,提供了一条简捷的途径.     

材料损伤断裂中的分形行为

本文概述了分形几何学在材料损伤断裂研究中的应用,指出断裂表面的粗糙程度及不规则性可用分形维数给予很好的定量描述,而且分形维数与材料的断裂韧性密切相关。损伤演化过程与逾渗现象极为相似,临近断裂和破碎时,某些物理量所表现出来的异常行为往往满足一定的标度关系。这方面的深入研究有助于认识断裂过程的复杂性及损伤断裂的物理机理。      

岩石节理面在剪切中表面损伤的分形演化

通过剪切实验，对岩石节理的表面损伤演化进行了研究，探讨了描述节理粗糙面分形维数Ｄ和截距Ａ在剪切过程中的变化规律，提出岩石节理表面损伤的分形演化经验公式．     

岩石节理面在剪切中表面损伤的分形演化

通过剪切实验，对岩石节理的表面损伤演化进行了研究，探讨了描述节理粗糙面分形维数Ｄ和截距Ａ在剪切过程中的变化规律，提出岩石节理表面损伤的分形演化经验公式．     

Study on stress wave propagation in fractured rocks with fractal joint surfaces

This paper presents the experimental and theoretical investigation of property of stress wave propagation in jointed rocks by means of SHPB technique and fractal geometry method. Our aim focuses on the influence of the rough joint surface configuration on stress wave propagation. The comparison of behavior of reflection and transmission waves, deformation and energy dissipation of a rough joint surface characterized by its fractal feature with that of a smooth plane joint has been carried out. It has shown that the rough joint surface distinctly affects the stress wave propagation and energy dissipation in the jointed rocks. The rougher the joint surface was, the more permanent deformation occurred and the more attenuation stress wave took place as well. A nonlinear relationship between the normalized energy dissipation ratio W_J/W_I of the jointed rock and the joint roughness in terms of the fractal dimension has been formulated. It seems that the ratio W_J/W_I, presenting how much energy has been dissipated in the joint, nonlinearly increased with the increment of the fractal dimension D of the jointed surface. The ratio W_J/W_I of a roughly jointed rock, however, tends to be the same as that of a smoothly jointed rock if the fractal dimension is less than a critical value D_c = 2.20. The energy dissipation ratio at the critical point D_c seem to be a constant, not dependent of rock type but fractal joint configuration.     

单轴压缩条件下破裂岩样声发射及能耗特性试验研究

为揭示岩石变形破裂的内在机理及正确评价工程破裂岩体的特性,本文对破裂岩石再破裂过程声发射、能耗特性进行了综合研究。借助MTS伺服试验机及AE21C声发射检测仪,对破裂岩样进行了单轴压缩条件下再破裂过程中的声发射及能耗特性实验研究。研究结果表明:破裂岩样声发射事件-时间曲线主要属于峰前阶段加速增长型,其声发射事件-时间曲线大致可分为声发射初始发展、剧烈、降低三个阶段;在整个压缩破裂过程中,声发射活跃程度总体上大于相对完整岩样;峰值点是声发射特征、能耗特征的转折点;岩样变形破裂过程中,声发射与能耗指标之间存在内在的、必然联系;随着破裂程度的提高,破裂岩样峰值点吸收能量与峰前段耗散能量均逐步降低;破裂岩样表面破裂面分布分形维数同峰值点吸收能量与峰前段耗散能量之间总体上均遵循非线性的二次多项式函数关系。     

基于强度表征的混凝土脆性指标影响因素研究

借鉴岩石脆性指标的评价方法，依据峰值抗压强度和残余抗压强度对混凝土脆性指标进行了计算．讨论了粗骨料粒径和试样形状对混凝土脆性指标的影响，分析了抗压强度、峰值应变、单位体积吸收能、破碎分形维数与脆性指标的关联．结果表明：棱柱体试样的脆性指标均比同粒径的圆柱体试样脆性指标高；棱柱体试样与圆柱体试样的脆性指标均随粗骨料粒径的增大、抗压强度的降低而呈增大趋势；棱柱体试样与圆柱体试样的脆性指标均随峰值应变的减小、单位体积吸收能的减小和破碎分形维数的减小而增大．     

缺陷演化过程中缺陷温度场的实验研究

本文以缺陷演化过程中的共性－流变与耗散现象为研究对象，利用红外扫描技术，对缺陷演化过程中的热耗散、缺陷温度场的形成及其演变规律进行了实验研究．在此基础上，对缺陷演化过程中缺陷温度场的形成及其演变规律、缺陷间相互作用进行了初步探讨．研究结果表明：缺陷演化过程是一个能量耗散过程，且缺陷演化过程中由于热耗散而形成的缺陷温度场具有分形特性，其分形维数不仅与缺陷间相互作用有关，而且是时间的函数，体现了缺陷演化过程跨越不同层次以及过程中层次间的协同作用效应．     

Effect of the notch opening angle on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of mild steel samples at different strain rates

The mechanical properties of notched samples of St.10 steel under tension at different strain rates were studied. Fracture surfaces of the notched samples after the dynamic bending were investigated, the mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture were determined, and the fractal dimension of the fracture contours were obtained.     

综放顶煤爆破能量的分形研究

基于综放开采预爆破弱化坚硬顶工艺,利用分形理论建立岩石断耗能量与块度分维值之间的理论关系,推导出岩石爆破块度分数维与炸药单耗之间关系,进行了室内相似材料模型爆破实验,验证了上述理论关系,利用爆破岩石表面裂隙分布的分形维数值作了衡量指标,优化爆破孔网参数。     

A slip-line plasticity analysis of sliding friction of rough surfaces exhibiting self-affine (fractal) behavior

A plasticity analysis of sliding friction of rough (fractal) surfaces sliding against smooth surfaces was developed based on a slip-line model of a rigid spherical asperity (wear particle) plowing and cutting through a soft semi-infinite medium. Solutions of the fraction of fully plastic asperity microcontacts responsible for the evolution of friction and energy dissipation were obtained in terms of the total normal load (global interference), interfacial adhesion characteristics, topography (fractal) parameters of the hard surface, and elastic–plastic material properties of the soft surface. This was accomplished by incorporating the slip-line model of a single microcontact into a friction analysis of sliding surfaces demonstrating multi-scale roughness. Numerical results provide insight into the effects of global interference (normal load), fractal parameters (surface roughness) of the hard surface, interfacial shear strength (adhesion), and material properties of the soft surface on plastic deformation at the microcontact level, global coefficient of friction, and frictional energy dissipated during sliding.     

Fractal effect and anisotropic constitutive model for concrete

An elasto-anisotropic damage constitutive model for concrete is developed in this work. Disregarding the coupling between the isotropic and the anisotropic damage, the isotropic damage variables are defined as functions of the microcrack fractal dimension, and the anisotropic parts are expressed by the lengths of cracks in concrete which various in different directions. The Helmholtz free energy is decomposed into the elastic deforming, damage and irreversible deforming components, with the last component used to replace the plastic deformation. Therefore the damage constitutive formulas for concrete are derived based on continuum damage mechanics. Evolution laws for both isotropic and anisotropic damage variables are derived, in which the anisotropic parts are obtained by modifying an empirical model. The critical fracture stress and the fracture toughness are investigated for materials with a single fractal crack based on the fractal geometry and the Griffith fracture criterion. Numerical computation is conducted for concrete under the uniaxial and the biaxial compression. The results indicate that the material stiffness degradation can be well addressed when the anisotropic damage is incorporated; the irreversible deformation is greatly related to the behavior of the descending branch beyond the peak load. The validation of the presented model is proofed by comparing results with the experimental data. This model provides an approach to link the macro properties of a material with its micro-structure change.