基于简化模型的超高层结构传感器优化布置

对于自由度较多的超高层结构,传感器优化布置时应考虑多阶模态振型.由于存在空间耦合振动,根据振型质量参与系数难以准确选择出结构弱轴方向的高阶振型.基于等效刚度参数识别法,本文提出了一种将有限元模型沿弱轴方向先简化为等效串联多自由度体系,然后根据简化结构的物理参数来计算弱轴方向振型矩阵的方法,有效地解决了这一问题.以某超高层结构为例,根据计算得到的系统振型矩阵,首先由其转置的列主元QR分解得到传感器的初始布置方案,然后以模态置信度(MAC)矩阵的最大非对角元为目标函数,采用逐步累积算法逐步增加可降低此初始布置MAC非对角元的结构自由度,并考虑经济性因素,最终确定出了传感器的布置方案.     

基于改进灰狼优化算法的结构损伤识别

结合模态柔度矩阵、广义模态柔度矩阵和振型三个识别精度较好的指标,构造新的目标函数求解损伤识别问题。通过Nelson方法求解得到的频率与振型的导数,得到对结构刚度发生变化时更具敏感性的位置,然后在这些位置布置传感器以提取结构信息。针对原有的灰狼算法虽然全局搜索能力强,但是存在局部搜索精度差的问题,本文从初始种群和收敛因子等方面着手,改善灰狼算法的局部搜索能力及收敛速度。最后利用提出的方法,通过识别梁模型及桁架模型中的损伤单元说明本文方法的有效性。     

结构健康监测系统中传感器优化布置组合算法

在对结构健康监测中的传感器优化布置方法进行调研和总结的基础上,针对薄板、壳结构开展传感器优化布置的研究.提出了一种有效的传感器优化布置组合算法,由模态动能法、模态保证准则、遗传算法组合而成.该方法所得的传感器位置主要位于动态响应比较大区域,有利于提高信噪比;同时能够有效地保证模态振型的独立性,可以较完整地获得结构模态信息.针对这种组合算法的有效性采用简易机翼模型从数值计算和实验两方面进行了验证.     

基于改进遗传算法主动柔性结构压电元件位置优化

基于改进的遗传算法提出了一种解决多压电片布置在柔性结构上以实现振动主动控制的有效方法.本文采用D优化设计准则,即把Fisher信息矩阵行列式最大值作为目标函数的一种优化方法.通过对结构模态振型和动力特性的研究,使用一种简单的方法将所选择的低阶模态振型转化为归一化形式,最后通过结构模态振型可确定压电片最优位置.为了达到更好的振动控制效果,压电片布置在结构模态应变最大位置处.当在结构不同位置上布置压电片时,结构各阶模态振型也将随之发生不同程度的变化.本文建立了ANSYS软件和遗传算法的接口来实现对结构的模态重分析,从而提取各阶模态振型.     

网壳结构健康监测中的传感器优化布置

针对网壳结构健康监测提出了一种以损伤可识别性与模态可观测性相协调为目标的传感器优化布置的方法.由于模态数目的选取对基于损伤灵敏度分析的传感器优化布置有很大的影响,因此本文建立了一种同时包含模态独立性信息和损伤灵敏度信息的Fisher信息矩阵,并选取合适的模态数目,然后发展了一种以信息矩阵最大和条件数最小为准则的多目标优化算法.空间网壳数值算例表明,本文提出的传感器优化方法能简单、有效地为空间结构传感器优化布置提供可行方案.     

自适应SVD-UKF算法及在组合导航的应用

提出一种新的自适应奇异值分解Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法.该算法利用自适应因子平衡动力学模型信息与观测信息的权比,控制动力学模型误差对导航参数解的影响.用奇异值分解阵(SVD)的迭代计算代替协方差矩阵的迭代变换,提高了协方差矩阵的数值稳定性.将新算法应用于组合导航系统进行计算仿真,结果证明,新算法具有良好的鲁棒性,能有效改善滤波性能,提高组合导航系统的精度.     

线性时变时滞连续-离散描述系统鲁棒故障诊断滤波器设计

针对一类线性时变时滞连续-离散描述系统,设计了基于观测器的鲁棒传感器故障诊断滤波器。首先,提出线性时变时滞连续-离散描述系统模型,并将其转化为非奇异离散模型。然后,基于量测残差,设计基于观测器的鲁棒传感器故障诊断滤波器。该滤波器可保证量测残差对于故障及增广扰动具有鲁棒性,即满足鲁棒H_∞性能指标。鉴于滤波器参数矩阵不等式不是标准的线性矩阵不等式,提出锥补线性化算法以解决该问题。引入残差评价函数及阈值以判断故障是否发生。仿真数据表明,设计的故障诊断滤波器能够有效估计出系统的故障。残差对于故障及扰动的鲁棒性能指标均小于给定值1.18,证明了设计的故障诊断滤波器具有较好的鲁棒性,验证了设计方案的有效性。     

基于伪距的北斗双星/SINS组合导航系统可观测度分析

在连续的分段式定常系统模型基础上,证明了通过简化分段式定常系统的可观测矩阵来分析其离散化模型可观测性能的可行性;介绍了一种基于奇异值分解的系统状态可观测度分析方法.通过对一个分段间隔的条带化可观测矩阵进行奇异值分解来判断每一个奇异值对应的系统状态及每一个系统状态对应的可观测度;根据北斗双星定位系统的双伪距、高精度原子钟及气压高度信息,建立了北斗双星/SINS伪距组合滤波模型,并将可观测度分析方法应用于该模型中.仿真结果表明:在伪距组合模式下对简化的分段式定常系统可观测矩阵进行奇异值分解的方法能有效反映北斗双星/SINS组合导航系统的可观测程度.     

模型不确定压电柔性结构的多目标振动控制

以压电柔性结构为对象,考虑其被控模态参数的不确定性和因剔除残余模态所引起的动态不确定性,建立了结构的不确定线性分式模型;根据不确定模型设计了一个对结构进行振动控制的动态输出反馈控制器,使闭环系统满足鲁棒稳定、扰动抑制、极点配置约束及控制输入约束等性能要求;并利用线性矩阵不等式,将具有多个性能要求的振动控制问题转化为具有线性矩阵不等式约束和线性目标函数的凸优化问题。最后以简支压电柔性梁为例,设计了一个融合多性能指标的动态输出反馈非同位控制器,并给出了仿真结果。     

基于控制响应的时变系统模态参数辨识的改进子空间方法

提出了一种基于系统控制信号激发的响应数据来辨识时变系统模态参数的改进子空间方法。该方法以系统控制响应信号建立系统的状态空间输出方程并构造了一个广义Hankel矩阵,通过对该矩阵做奇异值分解(SVD),用广义能观阵的估计代替输出矩阵,然后利用奇异值矩阵的正交性,有效地降低了噪声敏感性和计算量,从而容易地辨识出等效状态下的系统矩阵,最后采用转换矩阵辨识出时变系统的模态参数。通过理论分析、仿真和实验,讨论了不同信噪比对辨识结果的影响,验证了该方法的有效性。     

A method for the selection of sensor and actuator locations

A new and efficient technique for determining optimal locations of sensors and actuators of intelligent structures is presented. The optimization of sensor and actuator locations is based on the 1st order singular value perturbations of observability and controllability. Using this method the optimal placements of sensors and actuators of the intelligent structurer can be selected. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the applications of the method. The impulse responses of structures due to different locations of actuators with the same control law are analyzed in detail. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Mechanical Technique Development Foundation of China     

基于动力响应识别结构内部缺陷的损伤指标法

结构振动响应对于检测结构内部损伤具有重要意义,利用距离缺陷不同位置处传感器实测响应与无损结构响应之间的差异,定义各传感器的不同权重, 在此基础上构建结构不同位置处的损伤指标.研究中运用动力扩展有限元法结合水平集法描述结构内部缺陷以避免迭代计算中的网格重划分.首先, 在得到不同位置的传感器权重后,利用阈值函数使原来呈线性的权重转换为非线性权重,即对不同位置处权重大小进行放缩,并通过引入双三次插值得到结构的损伤指标及其分布,结合插值成像技术识别缺陷数目及其所在的大致区域; 最后,在利用智能算法进行反演的过程中, 先剔除不必要的传感器,再引入加权系数改进目标函数进行精确反演. 若干算例的分析表明:损伤指标法能够在缺陷数目未知的情况下通过正向建模快速得出缺陷具体数目及位置初步信息,引入加权系数的目标函数反分析方法相较于以往智能算法可以更快达到收敛,更加高效地得出缺陷精确位置. 为了进一步证明该模型的可行性及工程应用前景,运用本文建立的模型对含圆形孔洞缺陷的钢筋混凝土板进行了缺陷检测,得到了较好的反演结果, 证明提出的模型切实可行且具有一定的工程意义.      

A radiation and convection fluxmeter for high temperature applications

Heat flux is an essential parameter for the diagnostic of thermal systems. In high temperature industrial environment, there are difficulties in measuring incident radiation heat flux as well as in differentiating between the convective and radiative components of heat flux on the heat transfer surface. A new method for heat flux measurement is being developed using a porous sensing element. The gas stream flowing through the porous element is used to measure the heat received by the sensor surface exposed to the hot gas environment. A numerical model of sensor with appropriate boundary condition has been developed in order to perform analysis of possible options regarding its design. The analysis includes: geometry of element, physical parameters of gas and solid and gas flow rate through the porous element. For the optimal selection of parameters, an experimental set-up was designed, including the sensor element with respective cooling and monitoring systems and a high temperature radiation source. The experimental set-up was used to obtain calibration curves for a number of sensors. The linear dependency of the heat flux and respective temperature difference of the gas were verified. The accuracy analysis of the sensor reading has proved high linearity of the calibration curve and accuracy of ±5%.     

基于静力柔度灵敏度的网架结构损伤识别

采用模态参数来组集网架结构的柔度矩阵面临较多困难，如所需模态数量较多、测点数量有限和密集模态识别精度较低等．相比之下，基于静力测试的柔度矩阵具有测试精度较高、无截断误差的优点．文中提出一种基于静力柔度灵敏度、先定位后定量的网架结构损伤识别方法．首先，针对柔度灵敏度方程容易产生病态解的问题，构造一种奇异值贡献指标以合理截断柔度灵敏度矩阵的奇异值，从而提高解的精度．其次，结合前述奇异值截断策略，在不更新刚度矩阵的前提下，通过多次计算来逐步缩减疑似损伤杆件，从而降低未损杆件的干扰和实现损伤杆件的定位．最后，仅保留灵敏度矩阵中已定位损伤杆件对应的列，在迭代计算中不断更新刚度矩阵来进行损伤杆件的定量识别．以某网架结构为例进行数值分析．结果表明：提出的奇异值贡献指标具有明显的突变位置，可方便地指出灵敏度方程奇异值截断位置；提出的两步识别法在仅利用竖向自由度的情况下具有较好的抗噪能力，可有效定位和定量识别损伤杆件．     

Damage diagnosis in intelligent tires using time-domain and frequency-domain analysis

Tire durability plays an important role in road transportation safety and is taken very seriously by all tire manufacturers. Defects in tires can cause vehicle instability and create catastrophic accidents. In this article, a finite element model of the intelligent tire is developed using implicit dynamic analysis and is used for defect detection. Processing and analyzing the acceleration signals, measured at the center of the tire inner-liner, for the undamaged and damaged tires, can result in detecting the crack locations around the tire circumference. Additionally, prediction models used for damage diagnosis based on optimized number and location of sensors, was developed. Several sensors located at different locations around the circumference of the damaged tire and away from the crack surface, are used in order to assess sensor location sensitivity from the crack surface. It is observed that the radial component of the acceleration signal has the highest potential to be used as the signal of choice in defect detection as compared to circumferential acceleration signals.     

FEEDBACK CONTROL OPTIMIZATION FOR SEISMICALLY EXCITED BUILDINGS

A feedback control optimization method of partially observable linear structures via stationary response is proposed and analyzed with linear building structures equipped with control devices and sensors. First, the partially observable control problem of the structure under horizontal ground acceleration excitation is converted into a completely observable control problem. Then the It6 stochastic differential equations of the system are derived based on the stochastic averaging method for quasi-integrable Hamiltonian systems and the stationary solution to the Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov （FPK） equation associated with the It6 equations is obtained. The performance index in terms of the mean system energy and mean square control force is established and the optimal control force is obtained by minimizing the performance index. Finally, the numerical results for a three-story building structure model under E1 Centro, Hachinohe, Northridge and Kobe earthquake excitations are given to illustrate the application and the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Shape Monitoring of a Beam Structure from Measured Strain or Curvature

This paper presents results of numerical simulations and an experimental investigation of a method to determine shape of a beam from curvature and/or strain measurements. The purpose of this work was to develop an efficient and accurate method that can be used in real time shape monitoring of beam type structures with possible extension to more complex systems. A method based upon solving a set of continuity equations is presented. Numerical simulations were implemented to minimize the number of sensors and to determine the most beneficial sensor locations and sensor/model configuration to capture the shape in a timely and effective manner. Simulations showed that dividing the beam into segments (elements) and placing sensors at the Gauss point locations of each segment gave only 0.14% systematic error while using three elements and two Gauss points per element. An experiment was designed using an aluminum beam combined with a data acquisition system and a shape reconstruction algorithm. The real-time reconstruction of shape from curvature data was accomplished using strain gages for the curvature estimates. The results were compared to a technique based on position only data and point cloud image data. Overall, consistent results were obtained. The percent difference between the experimental and photogrammetry results fluctuated from 1.4 to 3.5% when various magnitudes of concentrated loads were applied to the beam. This methodology may be useful in real-time shape control and shape modification systems with potential applications in structural health monitoring and damage detection.     

弹性板振动的多模态主动控制

采用多对压电片对板振动的多阶模态进行主动控制。为了改善结构振动控制的效果，本文对选用结构振动能量和控制信号能量作为控制目标函数的LQR控制算法作了初步研究。首先，按能量准则推导了控制目标函数中权系数矩阵(Q矩阵和R矩阵)的理论计算公式，为权系数矩阵的选取提供了一定的理论依据。然后，运用该算法，在研究了单对压电片进行振动主动控制的基础上．本文深入分析了压电层合板振动的多阶模态控制的问题，用Matlab进行系统仿真，得到了压电层合板受到初始位移激励下板中心点的位移和控制电压大小随时间变化的曲线。数值模拟的结果表明，该方法能达到更有效控制结构振动和减小控制能量消耗的目的．进一步验证了该方法能达到有效控制结构振动和减小控制能量消耗的目的。