MIXED HYBRID PENALTY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION

The penalty and hybrid methods are being much used in dealing with the general incompatible element. With the penalty method convergence can always be assured, but comparatively speaking its accuracy is lower; and the condition number and sparsity are not so good. With the hybrid method, convergence can be assured only when the rank condition is satisfied. So the construction of the element isextremely limited. This paper presents the mixed hybrid penalty element method, which combines the two methods together.And it is proved theoretically that this new method is convergent, and it has the same accuracy, condition number and sparsity as the compatible element.That is to say, they are optimal to each other. Finally, a new triangle element for plate bending with nine freedom degrees is constructed with this method (three degrees of freedom are given on each corner——one displacement and two rotations), the calculating formula of the element stiffness matrix is almost the same as that of the old triangle     

A RECTANGULAR ELEMENT OF THIN PLATES BASED UPON THE GENERALIZED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES

Based on generalized variational principles,an element called MR-12 was constructed for the static and dynamic analysis of thin plates with orthogonal anisotropy.Numerical results showed that this incompatible clement converges very rapidly and has good accuracy.It was demonstrated that generalized variational principles are useful and effective in founding incompatible element.Moreover,element MR-12 is easy for implementation since it does not differ very much from the common rectangular element R-12 of thin plate.     

Mixed hybrid penalty finite element method and its application

The penalty and hybrid methods are being much used in dealing with the general incompatible element, With the penalty method convergence can always be assured, but comparatively speaking its accuracy is lower, and the condition number and sparsity are not so good. With the hybrid method, convergence can be assured only when the rank condition is satisfied. So the construction of the element is extremely limited. This paper presents the mixed hybrid penalty element method, which combines the two methods together. And it is proved theoretically that this new method is convergent, and it has the same accuracy, condition number and sparsity as the compatible element. That is to say, they are optimal to each other.Finally, a new triangle element for plate bending with nine freedom degrees is constructed with this method (three degreesof freedom are given on each corner——one displacement and tworotations), the calculating formula of the element stiffness matrix is almost the same as that of the old triangle element for plate bending with nine degrees of freedom But it is converged to true solution with arbitrary irregrlar triangle subdivision. If the true solution u∈H³ with this method the linear and quadratic rates of convergence are obtianed for three bending moments and for the displacement and two rotations respectively.     

USING GENERALIZED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES TO RESOLVE THE ST. VENANT’S TORSIONAL BAR WITH A CRACK

According to generalized variational principles suitable for linear elastic incompatible displacement elements given by Professor Chien Wei-zang, using crack tip singular element and isoparametric surrounding element given by the author of this paper, we will study the St. Venant’s torsional bar with a radial vertical crack and compare the present computed results with the results of reference [2], The present computed results show that, using the method provided in this paper, satisfactory convergent solution can be obtained under lower degree of freedom.     

FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION BASED GRADED ELEMENT MODEL FOR STEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN FGM

A novel hybrid graded element model is developed in this paper for investigating thermal behavior of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The model can handle a spatially varying material property field of FGMs. In the proposed approach, a new variational functional is first constructed for generating corresponding finite element model. Then, a graded element is formulated based on two sets of independent temperature fields. One is known as intra-element temperature field defined within the element domain; the other is the so-called frame field defined on the element boundary only. The intra-element temperature field is constructed using the linear combination of fundamental solutions, while the independent frame field is separately used as the boundary interpolation functions of the element to ensure the field continuity over the interelement boundary. Due to the properties of fundamental solutions, the domain integrals appearing in the variational functional can be converted into boundary integrals which can significantly simplify the calculation of generalized element stiffness matrix. The proposed model can simulate the graded material properties naturally due to the use of the graded element in the finite element (FE) model. Moreover, it inherits all the advantages of the hybrid Trefftz finite element method (HT-FEM) over the conventional FEM and boundary element method (BEM). Finally, several examples are presented to assess the performance of the proposed method, and the obtained numerical results show a good numerical accuracy.     

A hybrid-stress element based on Hamilton principle

A novel hybrid-stress finite element method is proposed for constructing simple 4-node quadrilateral plane elements, and the new element is denoted as HH4-3fl here. Firstly, the theoretical basis of the traditional hybrid-stress elements, i.e., the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, is replaced by the Hamilton variational principle, in which the number of the stress variables is reduced from 3 to 2. Secondly, three stress parameters and corresponding trial functions are introduced into the system equations. Thirdly, the displacement fields of the conventional bilinear isoparametric element are employed in the new models. Finally, from the stationary condition, the stress parameters can be expressed in terms of the displacement parameters, and thus the new element stiffness matrices can be obtained. Since the required number of stress variables in the Hamilton variational principle is less than that in the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, and no additional incompatible displacement modes are considered, the new hybrid-stress element is simpler than the traditional ones. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the stress solutions, two enhanced post-processing schemes are also proposed for element HH4-3β. Numerical examples show that the proposed model exhibits great improvements in both displacement and stress solutions, implying that the proposed technique is an effective way for developing simple finite element models with high performance.     

Plastic limit analysis of incompatible finite element method

This paper describes an incompatible finite element model satisfying the consistencycondition of energy to solve the numerical precision problem of finite element solution inperfectly plastic analysis.In this paper the reason and criterion of the application of themodel to plastic limit analysis are discussed,and an algorithm of computing plastic limitload is given.     

DAMPING FEATURE OF DYNAMIC PROBLEM AND“VELOCITY”FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In order to reduce the amount of computation and storage ofdynamic problem,this paper based on[16]is intended to an-alyse damping feature,and study the relations among the dam-ping and the material as well as frequencies and the size ofmesh of finite element,besides giving the estimation theoremof maximum norm and a corollary.Examples have been analyzed numerically with limitednorm.The influence of damping on the dynamic tense stressis assumed to be limited.in value,but it can be both positiveand negative.This means that to regard damping as always tending todecrease the stress incline is incorrect.The feature of“velocity”finite element method is sum-marized further in the paper.Some necessary numerical resultsare given in the appendix.     

MORE GENERALIZED HYBRID VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND CORRESPONDING FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

According to recent studies of the generalized variational principle by Professor ChienWeizang,the more generalized hybrid variational principle for finite element method isgiven,from which a new kind of the generalized hybrid element model is etablished.Using the thin plate bending element with varying thickness as an example,wecompare various hybrid elements based on different generalized variational principles.     

Hybrid graded element model for transient heat conduction in functionally graded materials

This paper presents a hybrid graded element model for the transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials (FGMs). First, a Laplace transform approach is used to handle the time variable. Then, a fundamental solution in Laplace space for FGMs is constructed. Next, a hybrid graded element is formulated based on the obtained fundamental solution and a frame field. As a result, the graded properties of FGMs are naturally reflected by using the fundamental solution to interpolate the intra-element field. Further, Stefest’s algorithm is employed to convert the results in Laplace space back into the time-space domain. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is assessed by several benchmark examples. The results demonstrate well the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.     

APPLICATION OF PENALTY FUNCTION METHOD IN ISOPARAMETRIC HYBRID FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

By the aid of the penalty function method, the equilibrium restriction conditions were introduced to the isoparametric hybrid finite element analysis, and the concrete application course of the penalty function method in three-dimensional isoparametric hybrid finite element was discussed.The separated penalty parameters method and the optimal hybrid element model with penalty balance were also presented. The penalty balance method can effectively refrain the parasitical stress on the premise of no additional degrees of freedom. The numeric experiment shows that the presented element not only is effective in improving greatly the numeric calculation precision of distorted grids but also has the universality.     

横观各向同性轴对称问题的非协调元和杂交应力元计算

基于变分原理得出各向同性轴对称问题下的非协调元和杂交应力元方法仍然适用于分析横观各向同性轴对称问题的结论，同时对应用于各向同性问题的罚平衡优化方法进行了修改，使之能够应用于横观各向同性问题的分析。文中给出了分析算例。并对各种单元结果进行了比较，计算结果表明非协调元和杂交应力元方法不但适用于横观各向同性轴对称问题分析，而且将提高其数值解的精度，改善单元内部应力分布。     

Stream function finite element solution of Stokes flow with penalties

A finite element method for solution of the stream function formulation of Stokes flow is developed. The method involves complete cubic non-conforming (C⁰) triangular Hermite elements. This element fails the patch test. To correct the element and produce a convergent method we employ a penalty method to weakly enforce the desired continuity constraint on the normal derivative across the inter-element boundaries. Successful use of the method is demonstrated to require reduced integration of the inter-element penalty with a 1-point Gauss rule. Error estimates relate the optimal choice of penalty parameter to mesh size and are corroborated by numerical convergence studies. The need for reduced integration is interpreted using rank relations for an associated hybrid method.     

Large deformation of incompressible rubber cylinder under plane strain

The large deformation of incompressible rubber cylinder under inner pressure is analyzed by a kind of new rubber materials strain energy function. The theory formulation for the displacement and stress is presented. The penalty finite element formulation is established in order to analyze nonlinear rubber materials, and the results of finite element method agree well with theoretical ones. A new method for controlling the calculating stability and convergence rates is put forward. The selection of the appropriate penalty factor and its influence on calculated results are discussed.     

Spectral/hp penalty least‐squares finite element formulation for unsteady incompressible flows

In this paper, we present spectral/hp penalty least‐squares finite element formulation for the numerical solution of unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Pressure is eliminated from Navier–Stokes equations using penalty method, and finite element model is developed in terms of velocity, vorticity and dilatation. High‐order element expansions are used to construct discrete form. Unlike other penalty finite element formulations, equal‐order Gauss integration is used for both viscous and penalty terms of the coefficient matrix. For time integration, space–time decoupled schemes are implemented. Second‐order accuracy of the time integration scheme is established using the method of manufactured solution. Numerical results are presented for impulsively started lid‐driven cavity flow at Reynolds number of 5000 and transient flow over a backward‐facing step. The effect of penalty parameter on the accuracy is investigated thoroughly in this paper and results are presented for a range of penalty parameter. Present formulation produces very accurate results for even very low penalty parameters (10–50). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new stable space–time formulation for two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional incompressible viscous flow

A space–time finite element method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in a bounded domain in ?^d (with d=2 or 3) is presented. The method is based on the time‐discontinuous Galerkin method with the use of simplex‐type meshes together with the requirement that the space–time finite element discretization for the velocity and the pressure satisfy the inf–sup stability condition of Brezzi and Babu?ka. The finite element discretization for the pressure consists of piecewise linear functions, while piecewise linear functions enriched with a bubble function are used for the velocity. The stability proof and numerical results for some two‐dimensional problems are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analysis of creeping flows using marker particles

The penalty function formulation of the finite element method is described for the analysis of transient incompressible creeping flows. Marker particles are utilized to represent moving free surfaces and to visualize the flow patterns. For determining the movement of markers from element to element, the area coordinate system of the linear triangular element is introduced. With the method presented, a punch indentation problem and an injection problem for an L-shaped cavity are solved for Newtonian and power-law fluids.     

不连续温度场问题的间断Galerkin方法

针对不连续温度场问题建立了一种间断Galerkin有限元方法,该方法的主要特点是允许插值函数在单元边界上存在跳变.在建立有限元方程时,通过在单元边界上引入数值通量项和稳定性项来处理间断效应,并且数值通量可以直接由接触热阻的定义式导出.数值算例表明该方法可以很方便且准确地捕捉到结构内部由于接触热阻而引起的温度跳变,同时在局部高梯度温度场的模拟方面也比常规连续Galerkin有限元方法效率明显要高.该方法也为研究由接触热阻引起的温度场与应力场之间的耦合问题提供了一种新的数值模拟手段.     

构造满足特征值要求的杂交元应力子空间

通过引进适当参数给出了杂交元应力空间特征值与参数之间的关系,从而可以通过调节参数来构造满足特征值即模态刚度要求的杂交元应力子空间。本在位移元本征应力模式基础上引进调节参数,同时,利用矩阵H对角化方法计算杂交元应力子空间的本征应力模式,然后由此方便有效地计算特征值,从而大大提高了计算效率。本通过建立Q4杂交应力元特征值与参数之间关系说明了这一方法是确定可行的。     

Derivation of geometric stiffness and mass matrices for finite element hybrid models

An unifying approach in deriving the geometric stiffness and mass matrices for finite element hybrid models is presented. The variational formulation is based on a modified Reissner Principle. Numerical verification is illustrated through a simple beam example. The element interchangeability in the finite element method and an alternative way of deriving the loading vector for the hybrid stress model are also discussed.