一族新的高精度显式差分格式

对求解三维势物型偏微分方程,利用待定参数法构造出一族新的高精度的三层显式差分格式,其精度为Ｏ（△ｔ＾３＋△ｘ＾４＋△ｙ＾４＋△ｚ＾４）,并论证了其稳定性,通过数值实例可见其精度较文「１」提高２位有效数字。     

差分格式收敛性研究的一种新方法

提出了一种对差分格式收敛性进行研究的新方法．应用U变换法和有限差分法，分析了均质简支梁的静力问题，求出了在均布荷载作用下梁的挠度和弯矩的精确解析表达式，并研究其收敛性，得到了收敛率系数的精确值．     

NND格式在非结构网格中的推广

在张涵信提出的无波动、无自由参数的差分格式（ＮＮＤ格式）的基础上，构造了适用于非结构网格的二阶精度ＮＮＤ有限体积格式，解决了现有非结构网格方法中为抑制激波附近的波动而必须引入含自由参数的人工粘性项的困难，并采用网格自适应技术以提高效率．通过对二维平板激波反射和前台阶在管道内的流动问题的计算，表明本方法可有效地用于Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程的求解．     

气浮动压轴承的静特性数值计算与实验研究

为了实现对气浮动压轴承的静特性能进行研究,文中提出并设计了一种圆锥型气浮动压轴承.在数学模型建立的基础上对其求解域进行了保角变换和斜坐标变换,运用局部积分有限差分对控制方程在斜坐标系下的差分式进行了推导,利用VB对控制方程的静特性进行了数值计算求解.结果表明:螺旋槽能很好实现气浮轴承动压效应,轴承的转速N对其动压效应影响比较大,转速N越高其动压效应越明显;轴承的螺旋角和槽深比对轴承的静特性的影响存在一个最佳参数,轴承的槽数和槽宽比增加到一定值后继续增大对轴承的承载力的影响不明显.实验结果与数值计算结果进行了比较,两者基本一致,为气浮动压轴承的研究与发展提供了一种新结构和新思路.     

非线性函数参数的线性化率定方法

非线性函数参数率定基本上都是以误差平方和目标函数为信息依据的,其过程通常包括误差平方和目标函数构建和一阶函数求导为零得其参数优值解这两步操作.本文通过研究发现以上两步操作给非线性函数参数增加了不相关的局部极优值,提出了非线性函数参数的线性化率定方法.该方法对非线性函数以参数为自变量求导,再通过导函数差分线性化,并对线性化的参数用误差平方和目标函数进行率定,然后逐步迫近非线性函数参数的最优值.本文在理论上证明了该方法的收敛性,检验了此方法的合理性、优点和效果,解决了非线性函数参数以误差平方和为目标函数增加不相关的局部极优值的理论性问题,而且该方法的实用性和效果都比较好.     

一种求解双曲方程新有有限差分算法

本文提出一种适于求解一阶双曲系统的新的差分格式。它的建立方法是：将所要求解的方程与解的空间导数所满足的微分方程同时离散化，然后再通过插值函数构成封闭的离散变量代数方程。在线性情况下的误差分析表明：该格式的幅值与位相误差均小于常用的一，二阶差分格式，当其应于非线性气动方程求解时，基本上可以消除数值扩散与振荡这两种非正常现象。     

一种求解双曲方程新的有限差分算法

本文提出一种适于求解一阶双向系统的新的差分格式。它的建立方法是：将所要求解的方程与解的空间导数所满足的微分方程同时离散化，然后再通过插值函数构成封闭的离散变量代数方程。在线性情况下的误差分析表明：该格式的幅值与位相误差均小于常用的一、二阶差分格式；当其应用于非线性气动方程求解时，基本上可以消除数值扩散与振荡这两种非正常现象。     

摄动有限差分方法研究进展

振动有限差分（ＰＦＤ）方法,既离散徽商项也离散非微商项（包括微商系数）,在微商用直接差分近似的前提下提高差分格式的精度和分辨率．ＰＦＤ方法包括局部线化微分方程的摄动精确数值解（ＰＥＮＳ）方法和摄动数值解（ＰＮＳ）方法以及考虑非线性近似的摄动高精度差分（ＰＨＤ）方法。论述了这些方法的基本思想、具体技巧、若干方程（对流扩散方程、对流扩散反应方程、双曲方程、抛物方程和ＫｄＶ方程）的ＰＥＮＳ、ＰＮＳ和ＰＨＤ格式,它们的性质及数值实验．并与有关的数值方法作了必要的比较．最后提出值得进一步研究的一些课题．      

复波数域弥散曲线的求解方法研究

研究了复波数域弥散方程的求解问题,根据相关文献提出了三种求解复波数域弥散曲线的方法,即一种改进的牛顿迭代法——抛物牛顿迭代法、求解方程组的二分法、模值收敛判别法。应用上述三种算法可以求出大部分弥散方程的数值结果。文中引用了参考文献中关于复波数域弥散曲线的算例,应用这三种方法分别对算例中的弥散方程进行求解并绘制相应复波数域弥散曲线。结果表明,这三种方法均可较好地对算例中的弥散方程在复数域中进行求解。通过与参考文献中的算例进行对比,进一步分析了这几种方法的特点和使用范围,介绍了如何应用这几种方法对复波数域弥散方程进行求解。     

粘性液体混合的自型问题的近似分析解

不可压缩粘性液体混合的自型问题,只是少数几种情况得到了分析解,其它情形只能用数值法求解。本文用最小二乘法求出了这个问题的近似分析解。对于壁面具有式(3.2)的形状的渠道中的流动,本文得到了λ_1很小时流速的计算公式。     

Effect of local thermal non-equilibrium on unsteady heat transfer by natural convection of a nanofluid over a vertical wavy surface

This paper uses thermal non-equilibrium model to study transient heat transfer by natural convection of a nanofluid over a vertical wavy surface. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Three-temperature model is applied to represent the local thermal non-equilibrium among the particle, fluid, and solid-matrix phases. Finite difference method is used to solve the dimensionless governing equations of the problem. The obtained results are displayed in 2D graphs to illustrate the influences of the different physical parameters on local skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt numbers for fluid, particle and solid phases and local Sherwood number. The results for velocity component, nanoparticle volume fraction, fluid temperature, particle temperature and solid-matrix temperature are presented in 3D graphs as a function of the axial and transverse coordinates. All the obtained results are discussed.     

Application of a level set method for simulation of droplet collisions

A level set technique for interface tracking is presented, both for the continuum surface force formulation and the ghost fluid method approach. A projection method is used to solve incompressible Navier–Stokes equations that are coupled to a transport equation for the level set function, defined as the algebraic distance to interface. Results are presented for head-on droplet collisions in coalescence and reflexive regimes with a 2D axi-symmetric code, and for an off-center droplet collision in a separation regime for a large impact parameter with 3D code. Simulations provided realistic and various droplet collision behaviors and they correspond to experimental observations.     

Relative Permeability Analysis of Tube Bundle Models,Including Capillary Pressure

The analytical equations for calculating two-phase flow, including local capillary pressures, are developed for the bundle of parallel capillary tubes model. The flow equations that are derived were used to calculate dynamic immiscible displacements of oil by water under the constraint of a constant overall pressure drop across the tube bundle. Expressions for averaged fluid pressure gradients and total flow rates are developed, and relative permeabilities are calculated directly from the two-phase form of Darcy's law. The effects of pressure drop and viscosity ratio on the relative permeabilities are discussed. Capillary pressure as a function of water saturation was delineated for several cases and compared to a steady-state mercury-injection drainage type of capillary pressure profile. The bundle of serial tubes model (a model containing tubes whose diameters change randomly at periodic intervals along the direction of flow), including local Young-Laplace capillary pressures, was analyzed with respect to obtaining relative permeabilities and macroscopic capillary pressures. Relative permeabilities for the bundle of parallel tubes model were seen to be significantly affected by altering the overall pressure drop and the viscosity ratio; relative permeabilities for the bundle of serial tubes were seen to be relatively insensitive to viscosity ratio and pressure, and were consistently X-like in profile. This work also considers the standard Leverett (1941) type of capillary pressure versus saturation profile, where drainage of a wetting phase is completed in a step-wise steady fashion; it was delineated for both tube bundle models. Although the expected increase in capillary pressure at low wetting-phase saturation was produced, comparison of the primary-drainage capillary pressure curves with the pseudo-capillary pressure profiles, that are computed directly using the averaged pressures during the displacements, revealed inconsistencies between the two definitions of capillary pressure.     

An investigation on internal thermal flow of non-Newtonian fluid

In the present paper an unsteady thermal flow of non-Newtonian fluid is investigated which is of the fiow into axisymmetric mould cavity. In the second part an unsteady thermal flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluid is studied, For the flow into mould cavity the constitutive equation of power-law fluid is used as a rheological model of polymer fluid. The apparent viscosity is considered as a function of shear rate and temperature. A characteristic viscosity is introduced in order to avoid the nonlinearity due to the temperature dependence of the apparent viscosity. As the viscosity of the fluid is relatively high the flow of the thermal fluid can be considered as a flow of fully developed velocity field. However, the temperature field of the fluid fiow is considered as an unsteady one. The governing equations are constitutive equation, momentum equation of steady flow and energy conservation equation of non-steady form. The present system of equations has been solved numerically by the splitting differen     

Validation of a 2-D semi-coupled numerical model for fluid–structure–seabed interaction

A 2-D semi-coupled model PORO-WSSI 2D (also be referred as FSSI-CAS 2D) for the Fluid-Structure-Seabed Interaction (FSSI) has been developed by employing RANS equations for wave motion in fluid domain, VARANS equations for porous flow in porous structures; and taking the dynamic Biot's equations (known as "u − p" approximation) for soil as the governing equations. The finite difference two-step projection method and the forward time difference method are adopted to solve the RANS, VARANS equations; and the finite element method is adopted to solve the "u − p" approximation. A data exchange port is developed to couple the RANS, VARANS equations and the dynamic Biot's equations together. The analytical solution proposed by Hsu and Jeng (1994) and some experiments conducted in wave flume or geotechnical centrifuge in which various waves involved are used to validate the developed semi-coupled numerical model. The sandy bed involved in these experiments is poro-elastic or poro-elastoplastic. The inclusion of the interaction between fluid, marine structures and poro-elastoplastic seabed foundation is a special point and highlight in this paper, which is essentially different with other previous coupled models The excellent agreement between the numerical results and the experiment data indicates that the developed coupled model is highly reliablefor the FSSI problem.     

A Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium Analysis of Fully Developed Forced Convective Flow in a Tube Filled with a Porous Medium

A local thermal non-equilibrium model has been considered for the case of thermally fully developed flow within a constant heat flux tube filled with a porous medium. Exact temperature profiles for the fluid and solid phases are found after combining the two individual energy equations and then transforming them into a single ordinary differential equation with respect to the temperature difference between the solid phase and the wall subject to constant heat flux. The exact solutions for the case of metal-foam and air combination reveal that the local thermal equilibrium assumption may fail for the case of constant heat flux wall. The Nusselt number is presented as a function of the Peclet number, which shows a significant increase due to both high stagnant thermal conductivity and thermal dispersion resulting from the presence of the metal-foam.     

Sloshing simulation of standing wave with time-independent finite difference method for Euler equations

The numerical solutions of standing waves for Euler equations with the nonlinear free surface boundary condition in a two-dimensional(2D) tank are studied.The irregular tank is mapped onto a fixed square domain through proper mapping functions. A staggered mesh system is employed in a 2D tank to calculate the elevation of the transient fluid.A time-independent finite difference method,which is developed by Bang-fuh Chen,is used to solve the Euler equations for incompressible and inviscid fluids.The numer...     

NEW DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FLUIDELASTIC INSTABILITY IN HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE BUNDLES

Design equations are presented to determine the critical velocities for the occurrence of fluidelastic instability in uniform single-phase cross-flow. These equations are an essential part of a new guideline in the “VDI-Wärmeatlas” for estimating vibration excitation in real tube bundle heat exchangers. Six existing guidelines for fluidelastic instability were tested and compared with about 300 experimental data from 34 papers (eight of them being not yet considered in a guideline before). New equations for the stability factor K as a function of the pitch ratio for different tube configurations were derived with statistical methods by a variation of the reference definitions for the structural parameters and the exponents of either the dimensionless mass and the damping or the mass-damping parameter. The criterion used here was first to be on the safe side with a minimum number, and minimum deviation, of experimental data below the recommended threshold line, and second a minimum r.m.s. error for all data considered. The pitch ratio has the strongest influence for the normal triangular array and the influence becomes less for the rotated as well as for the in-line square configuration. This significant gradation of the stability constants as a function of the pitch ratio and the tube bundle configuration enables a reasonable interpolation for non-standard configurations. The exponent of the dimensionless mass-damping parameter for gas cross-flow depends on the tube configuration and is 0·5 for the 30°- and 45°-configuration, and 0·4 for the 60°- and 90°-configuration. For liquid flow, an average exponent of 0·15 has been observed.     

3D phase field modeling of electrohydrodynamic multiphase flows

A 3D phase field model is developed to investigate the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) two phase flows. The explicit finite difference method, enhanced by parallel computing, is employed to solve the coupled nonlinear governing equations for the electric field, the fluid flow field and free surface deformation. Numerical tests indicate that an appropriate interpolation of densities within the interface is critical in ensuring numerical stability for highly stratified flows. The 3D phase field model compares well with the Taylor theory for the deformation of a single dielectric droplet in an electric field. Computed results show that the deformation of a leaky dielectric droplet in an electric field undergoes various stages before it reaches the final oblate shape. This is caused by the free charge relaxation near the fluid–fluid interface. The coalescence of four droplets in an electric field illustrates a truly 3D deformation behavior and a complex evolving fluid flow field associated with the participating droplets. The coalescence is a result of combined actions produced by the global electric force, the circulatory flows generated by the local electrohydrodynamic stress and the electrically-induced deformation. The 3D phase field model is also applied in modeling of an electrohydrodynamic patterning process for manufacturing nanoscaled structures, in which complex 3D flow structures develop as the electrically-induced deformation evolves.     

Determination of added fluid area in the homogenization model of beam bundles

A unique scalar parameter arises in the 3-D homogenization model for the beam bundle, which has the significance of the added fluid area fraction. The parameter is determined by solving a local problem defined on a unit cell, and its relation to the porosity of the bundle is investigated in this paper. This is made possible by obtaining an analytical solution of the local problem based on Weierstrass’s doubly periodic functions.