失重状态下旋转液体液面形状分析

本文研究失重状态下圆柱形贮箱内稳态旋转液体的液面形状,液面和贮箱的上下底面相接触.导出了液面形状的计算公式,分析了液面不破裂条件及临界转速,并给出了液面与贮箱底面接触半径及液面中心半径的确定方法.     

用于ALE有限元模拟的网格更新方法

任意拉格朗日欧拉法(ALE)可以通过定义参考网格的运动,实现自由液面跟踪,完成液体晃动的数值计算. 综合用于更新网格节点的3种基本计算方法,将多方向更新网格速度的技术应用于任意拉格朗日欧拉网格节点的速度计算. 给出了水平圆柱形贮箱和椭圆形贮箱内液体晃动算例,实现了多方向更新网格运动与晃动流场计算的耦合,使ALE方法能胜任复杂几何边界下的自由液面流动的数值模拟.      

旋转液体在边界阻力作用下的衰减特性分析

为了分析圆柱形容器内同步旋转液面在边界阻力作用下的衰减机理,采用层流摩阻与湍流摩阻的理论模型和实验测试的方法对同步旋转液面在边壁阻力作用下的衰减规律进行了研究. 通过分析壁面阻力的特性,采用当量湿周对圆柱形容器中旋转液体运动的能量损失进行模拟,建立了壁面糙率、旋转半径,静水深度和液体旋转速度之间的本构方程. 通过对圆柱容器中的同步旋转液面在边界阻力作用下的层流和湍流形态的衰减过程进行实验测试,验证了理论模型的正确性. 基于验证后的理论方法,获得了圆柱容器中旋转液体的角速度、高度等随时间的变化过程,分析了摩阻形态、糙率和直径对旋转液面衰减过程的影响. 结果表明,边壁糙率和容器半径是决定旋转液面的衰减过程主要因素,边壁糙率越大液体旋转速度衰减越快,圆柱形容器半径越大液体旋转的衰减越慢.      

低重环境下俯仰运动圆柱贮箱内液体晃动

考虑低重环境下由于表面张力的影响使得圆柱贮箱内液体呈现弯曲自由液面的情况,以俯仰激励下液体晃动的占优模态振型函数为晃动速度势的基函数,利用傅里叶-贝塞尔级数对贮箱受俯仰激励时的自由液面处的运动边界条件进行展开,得到能描述晃动系统本质的广义状态方程,并分别给出了固有频率、晃动波高、晃动力和晃动力矩等晃动特征的计算方法. 通过具体算例得到了俯仰激励下贮箱内液体晃动特征的动态响应,同时验证了文中方法的收敛性、可行性和正确性.      

低渗油层压裂水平井两相流研究

依据压裂水平井不同流动区域的流动规律, 将压裂水平井的渗流分为裂缝中的高速非达西流 动区、裂缝控制影响的椭圆渗流区、远离裂缝的基质非达西渗流区, 考虑启动压力梯度的影 响, 对压裂水平井两相渗流进行了分析, 得到了低渗透油层压裂水平井的产量公式. 研究结 果表明, 裂缝的导流能力越大, 压裂水平井的产量越高. 但随着开采时间的增加, 其产量递减幅度越 大; 压裂裂缝长度越小, 压裂水平井的初始产量越高. 但随着生产时间的推移, 压裂裂缝的 长度越大, 产量的递减幅度越小; 中间裂缝长, 两翼裂缝短的情况下, 压裂水平井的产量最 高.     

中性润湿平板上液膜的惯性收缩

液滴撞击平板的动力学机理研究具有重要的理论与工程价值, 对该过程中液滴的形貌变化及主要影响因素的研究是科学技术界关注的重点之一. 液滴在高速撞击平板达到最大铺展半径以后发生毛细-惯性收缩, 收缩速率满足类Taylor-Culick公式. 结合实验与有限元方法, 对平板上铺展液滴的收缩过程进行了研究. 结果表明, 在中性润湿(接触角约为90°)平板上液滴/液膜的收缩在经历上述收缩过程以后, 会有一个慢匀速收缩过程, 速度约为第一阶段收缩速度的1/10. 对后一阶段的撞击参数影响测试显示, 该收缩过程主要与液体密度、液膜初始形状有关; 而与液体黏性、壁面润湿条件等无关——其仍然是一种毛细-惯性机制主导的液面演化行为, 类似于液体射流的Rayleigh-Plateau失稳. 尽管黏性效应对于液滴撞击的铺展行为有明显影响, 但上述结论在10倍黏性的液体测试中仍然成立. 本研究可以为液滴反弹机理研究和相关工艺控制提供参考.      

柴油机废气涡轮增压器压气机的气动噪声源特性研究

基于雷诺时均方程(RANS)及双方程湍流模型,建立了船用大功率增压器压气机的内部流场计算模型;计算了压气机叶轮流道内的流速分布和湍流流场,得到叶片顶部出口附近的流速分布在1.02马赫和1.1马赫之间;采用基于声比拟的数值积分方法(FW-H方程),得到了压气机叶轮的气动噪声源,并比较了主叶片和分流叶片顶部出口位置的气动噪声频谱特征,发现两者的噪声级及叶频分布存在差异。计算表明:压气机在轴频及其谐波频率处的噪声远小于叶频噪声,主流叶片及分流叶片紊流的噪声成因不同;压气机内部流噪声源的大小主要取决于气流速度;压气机转速由8000r/min增加至16000r/min、由16000r/min增加至22000r/min,流噪声的幅值约增加12dB。     

多因素耦合作用对甲烷爆炸特性的影响

为了探究多因素耦合作用对甲烷爆炸特性的影响，采用1.2 L圆柱形爆炸装置，结合自主设计和搭建的可燃气体爆炸试验平台，从最大爆炸压力的角度分析了不同当量比φ(0.6～1.4)、初始温度T₀ (25～200℃)和初始压力p₀(0.1～0.5 MPa)耦合条件对甲烷爆炸特性的影响规律。在此基础上，基于实验获得的最大爆炸压力数据，利用1stOpt构建了甲烷最大爆炸压力与当量比、初始温度和初始压力的非线性回归预测模型。结果表明：在初始温度和初始压力耦合作用下，初始压力越高，初始温度对最大爆炸压力的影响越大；初始温度越高，初始压力对最大爆炸压力的影响越小。在初始压力和当量比耦合作用下，在研究的实验条件范围内，当φ<0.9或φ>1.2时，初始压力越高，最大爆炸压力的变化越显著。在初始温度和当量比耦合作用下，在实验条件范围内，当φ>1.15时，初始温度越高，最大爆炸压力的变化越显著。此外，通过将基于1stOpt预测模型的预测结果与实验测试结果相比较，发现二者之间的相对误差均小于10%，表明该预测模型具有较高的精度和适应性。     

台阶式溢洪道掺气水流水深的试验研究

根据紊流边界层理论,整理分析了前人对台阶式溢洪道掺气位置的研究成果,提出了掺气发生点的计算方法。通过模型试验,研究了坡度分别为30°、51．3°、60°台阶式溢洪道上掺气水深的分布规律。研究结果表明当台阶尺寸一定时,掺气水深主要与堰上流能比、台阶坡度、台阶以上总水头有关;流能比越小,单宽流量越小,台阶上的水层越薄,掺气越充分,相对掺气水深越大;随着坡度的变陡,来流速度增加,掺气发生点前移,水流破碎严重,水深增加越大;沿程相对掺气水深随流程的增加而增加。     

基于水力空化技术的降解特性研究

在多孔板水力空化反应器实验装置的基础上,分析研究了污水初始浓度、循环周期及进水压力等因子对罗丹明B 溶液、生活污水中污染物降解效果的影响. 结果表明进口压力越大,空化程度越强,自由基数量充足则降解效果越好,最佳降解初始浓度在10 mg/L 附近,亚甲基蓝作为催化剂能促进罗丹明B 的降解. 对生活污水中总磷的降解程度优于氨氮的效果近一倍.     

不同重力下90°弯管内气液两相流流型及流动特性研究

研究了不同重力条件下90°弯管内气液两相流流型分布形态及流动特性. 通过建立90°弯管内气液两相流流动的三维数学物理模型,采用VOF 方法,对10-6g₀, 10-4g₀, 10-2g₀, 1g₀ (g₀= 9.8m/s2) 重力下的90°弯管内气液两相流流型分布特征、截面空隙率、滑速比及气相尾部最大斜向角进行了比较分析. 研究结果表明:所建立的模型能够正确模拟不同重力条件下90°弯管内气液两相流流型和截面空隙率,并得到气液两相弯管二次流与单相二次流的不同特性. 随着重力水平的提高,90°弯管对气相流型的影响作用减弱,气相整体向弯管内侧积聚靠拢,弯管对尾部的斜向作用减弱.      

Inertial instability of the Stewartson -layer

Inertial stability of a vertical shear layer (Stewartson E^1/4-layer) on the sidewall of a cylindrical tank with respect to stationary axisymmetric perturbations is inverstigated by means of a linear theory. The stability is determined by two non-dimensional parameters, the Rossby number Ro = U/2ΩL and Ekman number E = v/ΩH², where U and L = (E/4)1/4H are the characteristic velocity and width of the shear layer, respectively, Ω the angular velocity of the basic rotation, v the kinematic viscosity and H the depth of the tank.

For a given Ekman number, the flow is more unstable for larger values of the Rossby number. For E = 10⁻⁴, which is a typical value of the Ekman number realized in rotating tank experiments, the critical Rossby number Ro_c for instability and the critical axial wavenumber m_c non-dimensionalized by L⁻¹ are found to be 1.3670 and 8.97, respectively. The value of Ro_c increases and that of m_c decreases with increasing E.     

Mixed convection of an incompressible viscous fluid in a porous medium past a hot vertical plate

This paper analyses steady two-dimensional mixed convection of an imcompressible viscous fluid in a porous medium past a hot vertical plate. Assuming Darcy-Brinkman model for the flow in a porous medium, the boundary layer equations are integrated numerically to obtain the non-similar solution for the velocity and temperature distribution for several values of the permeability and viscous dissipation parameters. It is shown that for a fixed value of Prandtl number Pr and dissipation parameter E, the skin-friction at the plate decreases with increase in the permeability parameter K₁. However for the same value or Pr and E, the heat transfer rate at the plate increases with increasing K₁. The dimensionlcss velocity and temperature functions in the flow are plotted for several values of E and K₁ with Pr = 0.73. It is also shown that for fixed values of K₁, and KPr, the skin-friction increases with increase in the dissipation parameter E.     

Aspect ratio effect on natural convection in water near its density maximum temperature

The effect of the aspect ratio on natural convection in water subjected to density inversion has been investigated in this study. Numerical simulations of the two-dimensional, steady state, incompressible flow in a rectangular enclosure with a variety of aspect ratios, ranging from 0.125 to 100, have been accomplished using a finite element model. Computations cover Rayleigh numbers from 10³ to 10⁶. Results reveal that the aspect ratio, A, the Rayleigh number, Ra, and the density distribution parameter, R, are the key parameters to determine the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for density inversion fluids in an enclosure. A new correlation for predicting the maximum mean Nusselt number is proposed in the form of , with the constants a and b depending on density distribution number R. It is demonstrated that the aspect ratio has a strong impact on flow patterns and temperature distributions in rectangular enclosures. The stream function ratio Ψ_inv/|Ψ_reg| is introduced to describe quantitatively the interaction between inversional and regular convection. For R=0.33, the density inversion enhancement is observed in the regime near A=3.     

Asymptotic soliton train solutions of Kaup–Boussinesq equations

Asymptotic soliton trains arising from a ‘large and smooth’ enough initial pulse are investigated by the use of the quasiclassical quantization method for the case of Kaup–Boussinesq shallow water equations. The parameter varying along the soliton train is determined by the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization rule which generalizes the usual rule to the case of ‘two potentials’ h₀(x) and u₀(x) representing initial distributions of height and velocity, respectively. The influence of the initial velocity u₀(x) on the asymptotic stage of the evolution is determined. Excellent agreement of numerical solutions of the Kaup–Boussinesq equations with predictions of the asymptotic theory is found.     

Flow and heat transfer in a rotating cavity with a radial inflow of fluid Part 1: The flow structure

Flow visualization has been conducted in a rotating cavity, comprising two steel discs and a peripheral polycarbonate shroud, for dimensionless flow rates of air up to |C_w|8000 and rotational Reynolds number up to Re_φ10⁶. For all the experiments, the ratio of the inner to outer radii of the discs was 0.1 and the ratio of the axial clearance between the discs to their outer radii was 0.133; five different shroud geometries were tested. The flow visualization has confirmed that the flow structure comprises a source region near the shroud, laminar or turbulent Ekman layers on the discs, a sink layer near the centre of the cavity, and an interior core of rotating fluid. Above a certain flow rate, this structure was found to be unstable; heating one disc tended to stabilize the flow. For isothermal flow, measurements of the size of the source region were in good agreement with values predicted from a simple theoretical model.     

A numerical study of droplet motion/departure on condensation of mixture vapor using lattice Boltzmann method

Droplet motion/departure, which is governed by external force acceleration coefficient, droplet radius and surface wettability on solid surfaces under external forces such as gravitational force, play a significant role in characterizing condensation heat transfer, especially when high fractional non-condensable gases (NCG) present. However, due to the challenge in visualizing the vapor/steam velocity field imposed by droplet motion/departure, the detailed mechanism of droplet motion/departure on condensing surfaces has not been completely investigated experimentally. In this study, droplet motion/departures on solid surfaces under external forces and their interactions with steam flow are simulated using two dimensional (2D) multiphase lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Large external force acceleration coefficient, droplet radius and contact angle, lead to large droplet deformation and high motion/departure velocity, which significantly shortens the droplet residual time on the solid surface. Our simulation shows that steam vortices (lateral velocity) induced by droplet motion/departure can greatly disturb the vapor flow and would be intensified by increasing external force acceleration coefficient, droplet radius, and contact angle. In addition, the location of vortex center shifts in the ascending direction with increase of these factors. The average lateral velocities induced by droplet motion/departure at various conditions are obtained. The mass transfer resistance is substantially reduced owing to the droplet motion/departure, leading to an enhanced heat flux. The experimental results are compared to validate the influence of droplet motion/departure on condensation heat transfer performance, especially for steam–air mixture with the presence of high fractional NCG.     

明渠湍流边界层中颗粒的运动与分布

利用直接数值模拟、点球浸入边界法和颗粒离散元法相结合的方法, 模拟了颗粒在明渠湍流边界层中的运动, 并对颗粒的瞬时位置进行了Voronoi 分析, 定量研究了颗粒在湍流边界层中的运动和分布规律. 研究发现:颗粒的输运对湍流的统计特征有影响, 其运动与近壁区湍流拟序结构密切相关, 在"喷发"结构作用下被带离壁面, 在"扫掠" 结构和自身重力作用下回到壁面; 在湍流边界层中, 颗粒倾向于聚集在低流速带, 呈条带状分布;颗粒在大部分时间处于"簇"状态, 偶尔跳跃到"空" 状态, 但能够很快回到邻近低速区域.      

Flow in a cylinder driven by rotating split-disk endwalls

Flow of an incompressible viscous fluid contained in a cylindrical vessel (radius R, height H) is considered. Each of the cylinder endwalls is split into two parts which rotate steadily about the central axis with different rotation rates: the inner disk (r < r₁) rotating at Ω₁, and the outer annulus (r₁ < r < R) rotating at Ω₂. Numerical solutions to the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations are secured for small system Ekman numbers E ( v/(ΩH²)). In the linear regime, when the Rossby number Ro

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, the numerical results are shown to be compatible with the theoretical prediction as well as the available experimental measurements. Emphasis is placed on the results in the nonlinear regime in which Ro is finite. Details of the structures of azimuthai and meridional flows are presented by the numerical results. For a fixed Ekman number, the gross features of the flow remain qualitatively unchanged as Ro increases. The meridional flows are characterized by two circulation cells. The shear layer is a region of intense axial flow toward the endwall and of vanishing radial velocity. The thicknesses of the shear layer near r = r₁ and the Ekman layer on the endwall scale with E and E , respectively. The numerical results are consistent with these scalings.     

Fluid flow and heat transfer around circular cylinder – flat and curved plates combinations

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the fluid flow and heat transfer around a heated circular cylinder which was placed at various distances of a wall boundary with different geometries (flat or curved plate) with subcritical Reynolds number ranging from 3.5×10³ to 10⁴. The effects of plate geometry (aspect ratio: W|H=1.0,1.5 and 2.0, and rim angle, φ=0°,60°,90°, and 120°) and gap ratio, (G|D=0.0,0.86,2.0,7.0,10.0) on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics (static pressure around cylinder surface, wake width, base pressure, pressure drag coefficients, velocity distribution, and both local and mean Nusselt numbers) were presented. Also flow visualization was carried out to illustrate the flow patterns around the cylinder at various gap ratios (G|D). It was found that the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics are dependent on the plate geometry at all tested gap ratios, except for G|D=7.0 and 10.0, they are independent of the plate geometry.