横向冲击载荷下伪弹性TiNi合金矩形悬臂梁结构响应的实验研究

利用改装的霍普金森压杆装置对伪弹性TiNi合金矩形截面悬臂梁进行了横向冲击实验研究.结果表明:冲击自由端时,只在根部附近产生一个相变铰,冲击梁中间某位置时,则可能在多处形成相变铰;相变铰形成时拉伸和压缩两侧应变存在一定的不对称性,但是差别并不明显;相变铰的形成与发展过程中,应变并不是单调增加的,而是带有波动性;卸载后相变铰消失,TiNi悬臂梁形状完全回复;自由振动前期,应变的平衡位置与挠度的平衡位置有一定偏离,并且这种偏离随着梁的振动逐渐减小直至消失.TiNi悬臂梁的冲击特性受热弹性马氏体相变和逆相变的支配,不同于传统的弹塑性机制.     

TiNi合金圆薄板的横向冲击特性实验

利用改装的霍普金森压杆装置对周边固支伪弹性TiNi合金圆薄板进行了冲击实验,初步得到了该结构在时空2个尺度上的动态力学响应的演变发展现象和规律,包括板中弯曲波的传播、相变区的演化和全场的离面位移等,并和A3钢做了对比。结果表明,由于圆板的二维扩散效应,冲击过程中仅在TiNi板中心很小区域(约5 mm)内形成相变区和相变铰,卸载后相变铰消失,钢试件则留下明显的残余变形。TiNi合金圆板的冲击特性受热弹性马氏体相变和逆相变的支配,不同于传统的弹塑性机制。     

相变柱壳的径向冲击特性

采用改进的SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar)装置和高速CCD (charge-coupled device)相机对TiNi合金圆柱壳进行了径向冲击实验研究,得到了动态载荷-位移曲线,并采用数字边界提取技术和纯弯曲假定对结构的动态全场变形过程进行了定量分析。结果表明,相变柱壳经受动态冲击后可以恢复,其加、卸载非线性行为与相变状态和相变铰的演化相关。同时,该结构具有良好的横向抗冲效应,对冲击加速度和冲击载荷的衰减量达到95%以上,耗能率为42.4%,可望在可重复使用的抗冲装置中得到应用。     

子弹冲击下TiNi固支梁的结构动态响应特性研究

采用改装的霍普金森压杆装置结合数值模拟对伪弹性TiNi合金固支梁的结构动态响应特性进行了研究。结果表明,在子弹冲击下,撞击点和固定端附近首先发生相变,并随着载荷增加,进一步产生相变铰,梁演变为二杆铰接机构。由于轴力作用,此处相变铰为拉伸侧的单边铰。与传统塑性铰不同,卸载后相变铰完全消失,梁回复原状没有残余变形。此外,对固支边界条件的实现及其对实验结果的影响进行了专门研究。     

TiNi合金冲击相变过程中温度变化规律的实验研究

针对初始SME(shape memory effect)和PE(pseudo-elastic)状态TiNi合金试样,采用带有红外测温系统的SHPB冲击压缩装置,实时测量了冲击相变过程中两种材料试样表面瞬态温度,并根据实验结果计算了相应的温度变化。实验结果表明,冲击加载相变过程中,温度随相变应变的增大而升高,当应变最大时,温度最高;卸载过程中,对初始PE状态试样,温度降低,对初始SME状态试样,温度保持最高温度不变或降低,这同加载最高温度有关;卸载完成后,两种试样温度均高于其初始温度。计算温度结果表明,相变耗散功对加、卸载相变过程中温度变化的作用不可忽略。     

圆柱薄壳的动相变屈曲行为

利用MTS809材料试验机对TiNi圆柱薄壳进行了轴向动渐进相变屈曲实验,对轴向冲击下处于伪弹性状态的TiNi合金柱壳的动相变屈曲行为进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,不同的加载强度将会激发出柱壳不同的动屈曲响应模态。当冲击速度较高时,柱壳两端首先形成轴对称环形相变屈曲波纹,并产生应力平台;随着马氏体含量不断增加,环形相变屈曲波纹逐渐贯穿整个壳体,名义应力缓慢抬升;当名义应变超过一定阈值时,对称环形屈曲模态突变为非轴对称块状屈曲模态,名义应力大幅下降。撞击速度为40 m/s的算例（含10％随机缺陷）与S.Nemat-Nasser等的实验结果很好吻合,说明本文中计算模型、方法和结果的有效性经过了实验的考核。结果还表明,相变耗能是TiNi柱壳吸收冲击能量的主要机制,适合制作可重复使用的高效吸能元件,并给出了相应的理想厚径比。     

TiNi合金圆柱薄壳静压屈曲失稳特性的实验研究

对马氏体相变支配的伪弹性TiNi合金圆柱薄壳进行了准静态屈曲实验研究和分析,结果表明,TiNi柱壳的屈曲模态以非轴对称钻石型为主,卸载时可恢复,与马氏体相变和相变铰的行为相关,明显不同于传统弹塑性柱壳。还讨论了长径比和边界条件对屈曲模态、比能、临界失稳阈值等的影响。研究发现：随着长径比和边界条件的变化,TiNi圆柱薄壳呈现出多样化的屈曲模态发展。相同长径比下,两端简支的TiNi圆柱薄壳比能Se较大;随着长径比增大,边界条件的影响有逐步弱化趋势。相同边界条件下,长径比较小的TiNi圆柱薄壳比能较大。     

TiNi合金的动态伪弹性行为和率相关相变本构模型

采用万能材料试验机和SHPB实验技术对TiNi形状记忆合金在10-3s-1和102s-1应变率下的伪弹性相变行为进行了实验研究。实验数据表明:TiNi合金的相变过程具有应变率效应,其原因主要是相变阻力受应变率影响应变率越大,相变阻力越大。在三线性热弹性相变模型的基础上,考虑了应变率对相变阻力的影响,并给出了相变阻力的具体形式,建立了一个一维率相关相变本构模型。模型对TiNi合金相变行为的模拟与实验数据吻合较好。     

TiNi相变圆柱壳的径向压缩特性实验研究

对不同几何尺寸和边界约束条件的TiNi合金圆柱壳进行了准静态径向压缩实验研究,利用数字摄像和图像处理技术得到了不同位置柱壳的变形特征和应变分布,结果表明,在柱壳表面受压处先出现相变铰,随着名义应变的增大,相变铰将发展成相变铰区;在柱壳表面受拉处出现相变铰,但此处材料先进入马氏体相.当径厚比和边界约束不变时,随着名义应变的增大,柱壳的耗能率和比能不断增加.当名义应变不变时,柱壳的耗能率和比能随边界约束个数的增多而增加,吸能效果更好,随径厚比的增加而减小,吸能效率下降.     

伪弹性TiNi合金圆薄板的准静态力学行为实验研究

采用阴影云纹和应变片方法对伪弹性TiNi合金圆板在固支条件下的准静态力学行为进行了实验研究,得到了载荷位移曲线、全场离面位移和局部应变等数据.载荷位移曲线呈现非线性、滞回耗能和无残余变形的特性,表明试样已经发生马氏体相变.应变测量显示,相变局限于加载中心较小区域,相变区内,环向应变大于径向应变,且拉伸侧应变大于压缩侧的应变.有限元模拟揭示出相变区内两侧表层的相变范围、相变铰区和马氏体相含量的不对称分布规律.     

Analysis of axisymmetric phase strains in plates and shells

The axisymmetric strain problem for a shell in the direct phase transformation interval is formulated approximately as a nonlinear boundary-value thermoelastic problem with an implicit temperature dependence (through a phase parameter simulating the volume fraction of the new-phase crystals). The buckling problems for a circular plate and a shallow spherical dome of TiNi alloy loaded by normal pressure in the direct phase transformation interval are solved numerically. The branches of buckled equilibrium states are obtained for various values of the loading and phase parameters. It is found that the deflections increase abruptly with an increase in the phase parameter for a fixed value of the loading parameter. The evolution of the buckling modes and the phase-strain distribution along the meridian are studied. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 163–171, March–April, 2007.     

Dynamics of propagating phase boundaries in NiTi

Propagating boundaries of phase transformation have been generated in polycrystalline NiTi specimens under a tensile impact loading condition. Multiple strain gages were used to monitor the time evolution of the strain at different spatial locations in the specimen. Nucleation and propagation of multiple phase fronts were detected in these experiments; the phase front speed was found to be in the range between 37 and 370 m/s. The strain measurements were interpreted through the one-dimensional analysis of Abeyaratne and Knowles [1997. On the kinetics of an austenite→martensite phase transformation induced by impact in Cu-Al-Ni shape-memory alloy. Acta Mater. 45, 1671-1683] and a model of partial phase transformation in the polycrystalline specimen. The driving force for the motion of the phase front was evaluated from the measurements in order to establish the kinetic relation.     

Phase-Transformation Fronts Evolution for Stress- and Strain-Controlled Tension Tests in TiNi Shape Memory Alloy

Nucleation and development of phase transformation fronts in TiNi shape memory alloy subjected to the stress- and strain-controlled tension tests were investigated. A thermovision camera was applied to register the distribution of infrared radiation emitted by the specimen and to find its temperature variations. During the loading, narrow bands of considerably higher temperature corresponding to the martensitic phase, starting from the central part of the specimen and developing towards the specimen grips, under both approaches, were registered. The inclined bands of heterogeneous temperature distribution were observed also during the unloading process of the SMA, while the reverse transformation accompanied by temperature decrease took place. Thermomechanical aspects of martensitic and reverse transformations for various strain rates were analyzed under both stress- and strain-controlled tests.