人体运动膝关节咬合的协调约束条件

本文基于人膝关节的解剖特征，建立了人体下肢在矢状面运动时，膝关节咬合的运动协调约束方程这些方程对于建立人体下肢的解剖基生物动力模型是十分重要的它们包含了运动膝关节股骨与胫骨相咬合时的滚动和滑动两种运动     

一个三维人膝关节弹性咬合的生物力学模型

基于人膝关节的解剖特征,在文献和试验的基础上,对膝关节解剖结构作了适当的简化,从而建立了一个完整的三维人膝关节弹性咬合的生物力学模型。     

一个解剖基人体下肢的生物动力模型--第一部分: 模型描述

建立一个完整的解剖基人体下肢二维（矢状面内）生物动力模型,该模型仿真了人体下肢的生物动力运动,并可用来计算人体下肢在冲击外载荷或肌肉活性力的作用下,下肢的重要承力部位－膝关节处的结构力（包括：膝关节的咬合接触力、膝关节处四个主要韧带张力等）和人体下肢的肌肉群力;同时本模型也可用来计算人体下肢在运动期间,膝关节处的咬合位移以及膝关节和髋关节的屈伸位移等。另外,模型还为研究人工关节、人工韧带和人工肌肉     

一个三维人膝关节刚性咬合的生物力学模型

基于人膝关节的解剖特征,在献和试验的基础上,对膝关节解剖结构作了适当的简化,从而建立了一个完整的三维人膝关节刚性咬合的生物力学模型。     

人工膝关节置换中的生物力学研究进展

膝关节是人全身最大最复杂的关节, 它的任何一个主要组成部分的损坏都会引起膝关节的反常运动, 久之软骨和半月板发生磨损、变性而形成骨性关节病, 从而影响人的日常生活. 通常采用的方法是进行膝关节矫形或置换, 对严重病变的膝关节, 则采用全膝置换手术.随着人工膝关节置换成为非常普遍的外科手术, 与膝关节假体相关的研究也越来越多的被人所关注. 从生物力学角度对人工膝关节假体的类型和材料、假体生物力学性能的理论和实验研究、骨重建的理论模型、骨整合的理论和实验、与理论和实验相关的有限元分析模型等几个主要方面进行了详尽的综述. 同时, 指出了人工膝关节置换和目前研究中存在的问题,并对其未来的发展方向进行了一定的预测.      

生物力学中人体关节运动规律的一种实验方法

本文介绍研究人体关节运动规律的一种离体实验方法及原理,按照此种方法可以测量出生物关节的运动规律,这对建立生物力学模型和生物工程设计都是必需的。根据我们的实验,人体肘关节和膝关节都不是通常的运动付,而是特殊的生物铰。     

正常和早期膝骨关节炎的软骨生物力学研究

膝骨关节炎是导致膝关节疼痛和慢性残疾的一种常见的关节疾病. 膝关节的软骨生物力学是评价膝骨关节炎程度的重要指标. 然而, 早期膝骨关节炎的软骨生物力学依然有待研究, 正常、内侧和内外侧早期膝骨关节炎的软骨生物力学差异尚不清楚. 本文基于固?液双相纤维增强的软骨有限元建模方法, 分别建立了正常膝关节模型、内侧早期膝骨关节炎模型和内外侧早期膝骨关节炎模型, 在步态周期中最大载荷时刻和最大屈曲角度时刻下分别对比分析了正常、内侧和内外侧早期膝骨关节炎3种情况下的软骨生物力学差异. 结果表明, 与正常膝关节相比, 内侧早期膝骨关节炎模型的内侧软骨的流体压力减少, 固相等效应力减少以及应变增大; 外侧软骨的结果基本没有差异. 然而, 内外侧早期膝骨关节炎模型的内外侧软骨的流体压力都减少, 固相等效应力都减少以及应变都增大. 早期膝骨关节炎中退变软骨的属性变化会导致软骨的承载能力下降以及变形增大, 从而增加软骨进一步退变的风险. 本文提出的基于双相纤维增强软骨模型的膝关节有限元模型有效预测了正常和关节炎情况下的软骨生物力学差异, 该模型也可以推广应用于髋、踝和脊柱等其他关节生物力学的研究.      

ADVANCE IN BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN EAR AS HEARING SYSTEM

耳是人体重要的听觉器官. 人耳是一个典型的在声波激励下的传导振动,继而将振动转变成听神经纤维的脉冲发放结构. 建立完整有效的人耳结构生物力学模型,研究它的生物动力学行为,有助于我们认识和分析人耳的传音及感音机理,研究人耳病理状态下和手术后的传声及感音机制的变化,进一步为研究相关临床疾病的生物力学机制提供理论依据. 本文总结了人耳听力系统生物力学模型及临床应用的研究进展,并展望了今后的研究工作.     

混凝土静力与动力损伤本构模型研究进展述评

对混凝土材料在静力和动力载荷作用下的损伤本构关系模型进行了评述.梳理了混凝土本构关系研究的历史脉络和逻辑脉络;归纳总结了在混凝土本构关系研究发展过程中具有代表性意义、并且对重大工程建设具有参考意义的若干混凝土静力和动力损伤本构模型.基于对混凝土材料非线性及随机性的理解和诠释,阐述了混凝土静力和动力本构关系研究的发展趋势.      

生物力学的几个问题

引言生物力学是力学与生物学、生理学、病理学、解剖学、医学等学科之间的边缘学科。近二十年以来,医学科学技术的进一步发展,仿生学的发展,以及由于新技术的出现而产生的人对特种环境适应性问题的研究等提出了一系列的生物力学问题,促进了生物力学作为一个新的学科蓬勃发展起来。目前,生物力学已经以人体正常生理力学为中心,包括生物材料的力学性质、血流动力学、微循环力学、肌肉力学与骨骼力学、人体动力反应及人体耐受性问题、生物运动力学等,形成了一...     

骨与膝关节生物力学行为研究

膝关节的运动损伤和累积疲劳损伤引起的骨性关节炎非常普遍,膝关节生物力学行为的研究在探求膝关节疾病的病因和发病机制、治疗和预防关节病方面起到重要作用,同时也有助于膝关节康复与矫形支具的设计。对于膝关节生物力学的研究可以采用实验法和有限元法,近年来有限元方法得到广泛的应用,而其进一步发展还有赖于关节骨及其组织细观结构与宏观力学性能间关系的研究。     

DETERMINATION OF QUADRICEPS FORCES IN SQUAT AND ITS APPLICATION IN CONTACT PRESSURE ANALYSIS OF KNEE JOINT

While the quadriceps muscles of human body are quite important to the daily activities of knee joints,the determination of quadriceps forces poses significant challenges since it cannot be measured in ...     

人体肌骨的多柔体系统动力学研究进展

人体肌肉骨骼系统简称肌骨系统, 包括骨骼、骨骼肌与关节连接, 其力学模型是典型的多柔体系统. 从多体动力学角度研究肌骨系统, 主要关注其在运动过程中的肌肉内力、关节力矩及产生的动力学影响, 属于动力学与生物力学的交叉融合. 肌骨系统的多体动力学模型已被广泛地应用于临床医学、竞技体育、军事训练、人机工程等诸多领域, 其仿真结果可为提高人体运动能力、降低关节载荷与能耗、避免运动损伤、加快康复进程等提供重要计算参考数据. 与此同时, 上述研究亦对肌骨动力学研究提出了许多新挑战. 本文综述了人体肌骨多柔体系统动力学相关研究进展, 包括骨骼肌功能解剖与生物力学建模、神经与肌肉控制理论、肌骨系统动力学问题与求解方法, 以及近年来肌骨多体动力学在步态分析、飞行员抗荷动作、口颌手术规划等领域的典型应用. 与工程领域的机械多体系统相比, 人体肌骨多体系统具有肌肉内力主动性与肌肉控制冗余性两大特征. 现有骨骼肌模型难以同时考虑肌肉的解剖结构、三维几何与肌力产生的生物化学机制. 已有大多数肌骨模型采用静态优化假设消除肌肉冗余性, 忽略了肌肉与肌腱内力平衡及兴奋收缩耦联机制. 此外, 目前仍缺乏实现肌骨模型个性化的无创在体测试手段. 未来, 人体肌骨多体动力学研究将会向更精确、智能、个性化的方向发展, 成为动力学与生物力学交叉的热点研究领域.      

A new nonlinear multibody/finite element formulation for knee joint ligaments

The focus of this investigation is to study the mechanics of the human knee using a new method that integrates multibody system and large deformation finite element algorithms. The major bones in the knee joint consisting of the femur, tibia, and fibula are modeled as rigid bodies. The ligaments structures are modeled using the large displacement finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) with an implementation of a Neo-Hookean constitutive model that allows for large change in the configuration as experienced in knee flexion, extension, and rotation. The Neo-Hookean strain energy function used in this study takes into consideration the near incompressibility of the ligaments. The ANCF is used in the formulation of the algebraic equations that define the ligament/bone rigid connection. A unique feature of the ANCF model developed in this investigation is that it captures the deformation of the ligament cross section using structural finite elements such as beams. At the ligament/bone insertion site, the ANCF is used to define a fully constrained joint. This model will reflect the fact that the geometry, placement and attachment of the two collateral ligaments (the LCL and MCL), are significantly different from what has been used in most knee models developed in previous investigations. The approach described in this paper will provide a more realistic model of the knee and thus more applicable to future research studies on ligaments, muscles and soft tissues (LMST). Current finite element models are limited due to simplified assumptions for the spatial and time dependent material properties inherent in the anisotropic and anatomic constraints associated with joint stability, and the static conditions inherent in the analysis. The ANCF analysis is not limited to static conditions and results in a fully dynamic model that accounts for the distributed inertia and elasticity of the ligaments. The results obtained in this investigation show that the ANCF finite elements can be an effective tool for modeling very flexible structures like ligaments subjected to large flexion and extension. In the future, the more realistic ANCF models could assist in examining the mechanics of the knee to study knee injuries and possible prevention means, as well as an improved understanding of the role of each individual ligament in the diagnosis and assessment of disease states, aging and potential therapies.     

A multi-body optimization framework with a knee kinematic model including articular contacts and ligaments

Multi-body optimization is one of the methods proposed to reduce the errors due to soft-tissue artifact in gait analysis based on skin markers. This method uses a multi-body kinematic model driven by the marker trajectories. The kinematic models developed so far for the knee joint include a lower pair (such as a hinge or a spherical joint) or more anatomical and physiological representations including articular contacts and the main ligaments. This latter method allows a better representation of the joint constraints of a subject, potentially improving the kinematic and the subsequent static and dynamic analyses, but model definition and mathematical implementation can be more complicated. This study presents a mathematical framework to implement a kinematic model of the knee featuring articular contacts and ligaments in the multi-body optimization. Two penalty-based methods (minimized and prescribed ligament length variations) consider deformable ligaments and are compared to a further method (zero ligament length variation) featuring isometric ligaments. The multi-body optimization is performed on one gait cycle for five asymptomatic male subjects by means of a lower limb model including the foot, shank, thigh and pelvis. The mean knee kinematics, ligament lengthening and contact point positions are compared over the three methods. The results are also consistent with results from the literature obtained by bone pins or biplanar fluoroscopy. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate how the joint kinematics is affected by the weights used in the penalty-based methods. The approach is purely kinematic, since the penalty-based framework does not require the solution of the joint static or dynamic analyses and makes it possible to consider ligament deformations without the definition of ligament stiffness that generally cannot be identified through in vivo measurements. Nevertheless, as far as a knee kinematic model is concerned, particularly in musculoskeletal modeling, this approach appears to be a good compromise between standard non-physiological kinematic models and complex deformable dynamic models.