超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展

综述无损检测中的超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展。给出导波的频散及多模式特征,着重评述超声导波的模式和频率选择、导波的激励和接收方法、导波与缺陷的相互作用、信号处理与特征提取以及导波技术在无损检测中的应用前景。      

SH_0导波在粘接结构中传播时的相位变化

对粘接结构进行超声导波无损检测与评估是一个有挑战性的前沿性课题.针对此问题,研究了SH_0导波在界面为理想连接的三层板状粘接结构中传播时的相位变化情况.首先基于波传播的控制方程,建立了粘接结构中反射和透射SH_0导波相对于入射SH_0导波的相位差解析模型.然后利用数值模拟计算了铝/环氧树脂/铝粘接结构中反射和透射SH_0导波的相位差曲线.最后分析了入射角度和频厚积的变化对反射和透射SH_0导波相位差的影响.结果表明,对于具体的粘接结构,反射和透射SH_0导波在其中传播时的相位差变化主要依赖于入射角度、频率等参数.在特定的频厚积下,当声波水平入射时,反射和入射SH_0导波同相位.无论入射角度为多大,随着频厚积的增大,反射SH_0导波的相位差曲线均会产生周期性谐振.对于透射SH_0导波,当声波垂直入射时,其相位差曲线的改变无规律可循;但是随着入射角度逐渐增大,透射SH_0导波的相位差曲线逐渐变规则.所得结果可为实验时研究板状粘接结构中SH_0导波的传播特性以及提取SH_0导波回波中的有用信息和定位提供一定的理论指导.     

SH0导波在粘接结构中传播时的相位变化1）

对粘接结构进行超声导波无损检测与评估是一个有挑战性的前沿性课题.针对此问题,研究了SH₀导波在界面为理想连接的三层板状粘接结构中传播时的相位变化情况.首先基于波传播的控制方程,建立了粘接结构中反射和透射SH₀导波相对于入射SH₀导波的相位差解析模型.然后利用数值模拟计算了铝/环氧树脂/铝粘接结构中反射和透射SH₀导波的相位差曲线.最后分析了入射角度和频厚积的变化对反射和透射SH₀导波相位差的影响.结果表明,对于具体的粘接结构,反射和透射SH₀导波在其中传播时的相位差变化主要依赖于入射角度、频率等参数.在特定的频厚积下,当声波水平入射时,反射和入射SH₀导波同相位.无论入射角度为多大,随着频厚积的增大,反射SH₀导波的相位差曲线均会产生周期性谐振.对于透射SH₀导波,当声波垂直入射时,其相位差曲线的改变无规律可循;但是随着入射角度逐渐增大,透射SH₀导波的相位差曲线逐渐变规则.所得结果可为实验时研究板状粘接结构中SH₀导波的传播特性以及提取SH₀导波回波中的有用信息和定位提供一定的理论指导.     

钢轨轨底垂直振动模式导波检测技术的实验研究

现有铁路钢轨超声探伤车技术无法检测线路钢轨轨底缺陷,给铁路运输安全带来很大隐患.本文开展了钢轨轨底超声导波传播特性和垂直振动模式导波检测技术研究,采用半解析有限元方法分析了我国60型钢轨轨底的各振动模态导波频散曲线和波结构.应用模态锤技术对自由状态钢轨轨底垂直振动模态导波传播特性进行了实验测量,结果表明,在0～100kHz频率范围内,钢轨轨底垂直振动模态优势模式与厚度为14 mm板中的A0模式兰姆波具有等效性.进一步研究了激励频率、激励脉冲周数、传播距离对轨底垂直振动模态导波传播的影响,设计了导波斜探头,选择合适的参数在钢轨轨底激励出垂直振动模态导波并检测出了轨底的人工缺陷.本文的研究结果为线路钢轨轨底的导波检测技术奠定了一定的基础.     

多层圆柱体锚固结构中超声导波频散特征的研究

超声导波无损检测技术因其高效和快捷的优点成为检测锚杆锚固质量的有效方法。但锚固锚杆结构中超声导波的多模态性、频散性与能量泄露导致完整的锚杆底端反射信号的获得具有不确定性。应用弹性动力学理论并采用全局矩阵法建立超声导波在多层圆柱体锚固结构中的频散方程的通用表达式,然后通过非线性外推法和二分法两步算法求解频散方程的精确解,解决了频散曲线的分类和相交等难题,获得了具有自主知识产权的求解多层圆柱体锚固结构频散曲线的程序。利用该程序计算了不同锚固锚杆结构的频散曲线,并与商用软件Disperse计算的结果吻合较好。同时用本程序计算了实验室有限锚固结构中的频散曲线,验证了低频导波在有限与无限结构中的巨大差异,而这一结构特征的频散特性Disperse并未给出相关算例。     

基于导波技术的螺柱轴力无损检测

根据弹性动力学理论,采用纵向导波与弯曲导波相结合的方法对螺柱所受轴向应力进行无损检测。计算了M22螺柱中纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度频散曲线。根据频散曲线,确定了采用导波对螺柱轴向应力进行无损检测的最优检测信号频率范围(50~80 kHz),此频率范围的纵向导波与弯曲导波模态单一,并且频散性较低。分别计算了不同轴向应力σ作用下,多种频率的纵向导波和和弯曲导波在螺柱中传播的群速度值cgσrL和cgσrF。结果表明,随着轴向应力的增大,同频率纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度皆呈线性递减趋势。利用纵向导波和弯曲导波群速度与轴向应力的线性关系及纵向导波和弯曲导波在轴向应力作用螺柱端面的反射时间tLσ和tσF,可以迅速确定螺柱所受轴向应力值。     

注浆锚杆中扭转导波的传播特性

理论研究了扭转导波在注浆锚杆中的传播特性。首先建立了注浆锚杆两层复合结构中的扭转导波的频散方程,之后数值计算得到了扭转导波的能量速度、衰减频散曲线及导波在注浆锚杆中的位移分布情况。结果表明,(1)500kHz范围内,注浆锚杆中具有三种扭转导波模态T(0,1)~T(0,3),三种模态均具有频散性。随着频率逐渐增大,导波的能量速度逐渐增大,而衰减值逐渐减小。(2)50kHz和200kHz的T(0,1)模态扭转导波在锚杆体内的周向位移值较大,所以对锚杆体表面的轴向缺陷敏感,而导波在锚杆与注浆体接触面上的周向位移较大,从锚杆泄漏至注浆体中的能量较大,导波衰减较严重。(3)频率高于100kHz,锚杆直径的变化对T(0,1)模态的能量速度几乎无影响,而频率低于100kHz,注浆体弹性模量越大,T(0,1)模态的能量速度越小。     

基于小波变换及Wigner-Ville变换方法的超声导波信号分析

对结构中缺陷的检测和识别是无损检测中的一项重要研究课题,超声导波由于可在短时间内检测很远距离,故它的一个重要应用便是管材的检测。因而对导波检测信号的处理成为一重要研究内容,本文利用时-频分析方法中的小波变换和Wigner-Ville变换对管道和抽油杆缺陷的导波检测信号进行了分析处理。实验结果表明,进行小波变换后,缺陷回波信号的信噪比大大提高,直径仅1mm的小孔缺陷可容易地被识别出来,准确检测出其位置;通过对信号进行Wigner-Ville的相关变换,可同时在时频两域内对缺陷的回波信号进行分析,使缺陷辨别起来简单易行。两种信号处理方法的超声导波应用研究为以后导波信号的处理提供了新的实现依据。     

功能梯度圆柱板中的周向衰逝导波

与传播波模态不同,衰逝波模态波数为纯虚数或复数,它们随传播距离呈指数或阻尼式衰减。复数根描述的衰逝波对结构缺陷形状和尺寸的导波检测具有重要作用,但其求解却是非常困难的,通常要借助于各种迭代技术。本文提出一种计算求解衰逝波问题的改进的Legendre正交多项式方法,该方法可将复杂的变系数微分方程组计算转换为特征值求解问题,无需迭代便能计算得到包含实波数域、虚波数域和复波数域的完整的频散曲线。通过具体算例验证了提出方法的正确性。应用提出方法计算了不同梯度圆柱板中的衰逝导波,绘制了三维频散曲线,研究了不同径厚比和梯度场对衰逝导波频散的影响,分析了衰逝导波的位移和应力分布,讨论了衰逝导波的传播特性。     

基于超声导波技术对板表面缺陷的无损检测研究

本文通过数值计算与实验,研究了薄钢板内导波的传播及其频散、多模态特征以及被激励模态与斜探头入射角的关系.利用所建立的实验系统,对钢板表面的人工缺陷进行了检测.结果表明,对特定频率,选择A1模态的超声导波检测钢板表面缺陷是可行的.     

Propagation behavior of Love waves in a functionally graded half-space with initial stress

The propagation behavior of Love waves in a functionally graded material layered non-piezoelectric half-space with initial stress is taken into account. The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) technique is adopted for the theoretical derivations. The analytical solutions are obtained for the dispersion relations and the distributions of the mechanical displacement and stress along the thickness direction in the layered structure. First, these solutions are used to study the effects of the initial stress on the dispersion relations and the group and phase velocities, then the influences of the initial stress on the distributions of the mechanical displacement and shear stresses along the thickness direction are discussed in detail. Numerical results obtained indicate that the phase velocity of the Love waves increases with the increase in the magnitude of the initial tensile stress, while decreases with the increase in the magnitude of the initial compression stress. The effects on the dispersion relations of the Love wave propagation are negligible as the magnitudes of the initial stress are less than 100 MPa. Some other results are obtained for the distributions of field quantities along thickness direction. The results obtained are not only meaningful for the design of functionally graded structures with high performance but also effective for the evaluation of residual stress distribution in the layered structures.     

弹性带形域中多个半圆柱形凹陷对SH波的散射

对稳态SH（shear horizontal）导波在表面含有多个半圆柱形凹陷的弹性带形介质内的散射问题进行了研究，并给出了解析解。首先，运用导波展开法构造平面SH导波；然后，利用累次镜像法构造出满足带形域上、下两条直边界应力自由条件的散射波；最后，根据凹陷边沿的切应力为零的条件得到定解方程。通过算例分析了累次镜像法的精度、凹陷边沿的动应力集中和上、下边界位移幅值的变化情况。数值结果表明:只有一个凹陷时，中高频率的入射波和小厚度的带形域会引起凹陷边沿更高的动应力集中，上边界位移幅值的最大值会出现在凹陷的迎波面附近；当有两个凹陷时，大多数情况下，第二个凹陷对第一个凹陷边沿的动应力集中起放大作用，并且在理想弹性带形介质内，两凹陷之间的影响在相距无穷远时也会存在。     

厚壁管道周向导波检测技术实验研究

厚壁管道是火电机组四大管道系统的核心部件,将超声导波技术应用于厚壁管道的无损检测显得十分重要.首先确定厚壁管道检测的激励方式,优化选取适合厚壁管道检测的0.5MHz探头和楔形块角度为60°的斜探头组合.通过改变斜探头与外壁轴向缺陷之间周向距离,在一定范围内仍可检测到缺陷回波,且接收到的周向回波幅值变化不大,表明周向导波...     

周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟研究

在石油、化工、食品和城市供水等行业,由于腐蚀等原因而引起泄漏事故,造成巨大的经济损失和资源浪费.因此,能够预先检测到管道缺陷避免事故发生显得十分重要.基于弹性动力学理论,利用Matlab编程实现周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟.利用特征函数展开法计算出周向导波的频散曲线及0.6MHz和1MHz各个模态的时域波形图并据此分析激励方式同周向导波传播的关系,频率为1MHz或0.6MHz时,1和2模态在空心圆柱壳中传播的周向导波中处于主导地位:各模态的径向或周向位移幅度会受到激励入射角的影响而变化并且周向导波的位移幅度随着激励入射角的增加而增加:得到特定频率下,周向导波各模态径向、周向位移的变化关系.本文结果为进一步利用实验方法研究周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播特性和缺陷检测奠定了基础.     

Propagation of guided waves in pressure vessel

Pressure vessels usually operate under extremes of high/low temperatures and high pressures. Defect, such as crack and corrosion, can result in leakage or rupture failures, even catastrophic incidents. Guided wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) technology is one of the most prominent options in non-destructive evaluation and testing (NDE/NDT) techniques. Propagation of guided waves in a typical pressure vessel is systematically investigated in this study for the application of guided wave-based SHM. Shape of the pressure vessel is a cylinder with two end caps. Because of geometric similarity, theory of guided wave propagation in the cylinderical structure is analyzed to study dispersive features of guided waves in the pressure vessel. Dispersion curves of three different types of guided wave modes, viz. the longitudinal, torsional and flexural modes, are calculated using theoretical method. Based on the analyses and experimental wave signals, central frequency and wave parameters of incident wave are optimized. Effect of contained liquid on propagation of guided waves, especially the L(0, 2) mode, in the pressure vessel is further investigated to minimize energy leakage of the wave to the contained liquid. The analytical method, finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments are applied to study propagation characteristics of guided waves in the pressure vessel, so as to demonstrate the feasibility of guided wave-based non-destructive evaluation and testing (NDE/NDT) for such kind of complex structures.     

Measurement of the Distribution of Residual Stresses in Layered Thick-Walled GFRP Pipes

The objective of this study is to measure the axial, circumferential, shear and radial residual stress distributions in three thick-walled glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) filament-wound pipes, two of which are layered. The measurement of residual stresses was carried out using a recently published layer removal method which overcomes the limitations of previous techniques and can be applied to layered anisotropic pipes of any wall thickness. Layers of approximately 0.3 mm thickness were incrementally ground from the outer surface of the pipes. The resulting strains were measured on the inner surfaces. A least-squares polynomial was fitted to each measured data set, and used to calculate the corresponding stress distributions. All of the resulting axial, hoop and shear stress distributions adhere to the requirement of self-equilibrium and the radial stress distributions all vanish to zero at the inner and outer surfaces. The radial stresses of the layered pipes showed a tendency to have two peaks, one for each layer, a consequence of the two-stage manufacturing process of these pipes. The measured axial and hoop stresses of all three pipes were similar at the inner surfaces despite significant differences in the stiffnesses in the principal directions arising from different wind angles.     

功能梯度空心圆柱体中的周向超声导波

为了更有效地使用超声技术检测功能梯度管道中纵向缺陷,基于3维弹性理论,采用一种正交多项式法研究无限长功能梯度材料管道中的周向导波。为验证方法的正确性与适用性,首先采用该方法计算均匀各向异性管道中的周向导波,并与已有数据相比较。其次,计算了不同梯度函数下管道周向导波的频散曲线,并与均匀管道进行了比较,说明了梯度材料管道中周向导波的特点以及梯度函数变化对频散曲线的影响。最后,求解了不同径厚比下功能梯度材料圆柱壳周向导波的频散曲线,分析了径厚比的变化对频散曲线的影响。     

Damage detection based on the propagation of longitudinal guided wave in a bimetal composite pipe

This paper investigates the damage detection based on the propagation of guided wave in bimetal composite pipes, which can identify damage locations in both axial and circumferential directions. The feasibility of the method is showed by numerical simulations using FEM code ANSYS. Mode analysis is used to evaluate the guided wave mode and its structure, which can provide the basis of the mode selection in measurements scheme. The guided wave propagation in a damaged pipe is computed by transient analysis. 16 nodes around the pipe wall, as probes, are used to record the guided wave signal. When Pseudo Margenau—Hill distribution (PMHD) for each signal is carried out, three types of modes could be found, which are led mode, excited mode and lag mode in sequences. Based on the results, the arrival time of the excited mode could be used to locate damage in axial direction, and the energy distribution around the pipe of lag mode is consistent with the damage in circumferential direction. The simulation illustrated the possibility of detecting damage location in both axial and circumferential directions based on longitudinal ultrasonic guided waves only.