金属的后继屈服面研究—单试样与多试样测试

采用退火45号钢薄壁试样进行拉扭组合试验,测试材料经历预拉伸后的系列后继屈服面。试验采用偏移应变法定义屈服应力,讨论了不同的偏移应变、预变形程度对后继屈服面测试结果的影响;试验分别用单试样法和多试样法进行,分析讨论了两种方法的合理性与局限性。试验研究得到以下结果：（1）单试样法和多试样法确定的初始屈服面的形状与Mises圆很接近;（2）单试样法屈服点的测试顺序对所测得的屈服面的形状有很大影响,第一测试点与预加载方向相反时,所得屈服面会出现“内凹”现象,而若改变测试顺序,可不再出现“内凹”;（3）单试样法测得的后继屈服面与测试的屈服点数密切相关,当测试的屈服点数较多时,所得结果因累积塑性应变引起的应变强化作用而出现较大的偏离;（4）单试样法与多试样法测得的后继屈服面形状和大小有较明显的差异,测试过程中塑性变形的积累对单试样法的测试结果有明显影响,采用多试样法研究屈服面演化更为合理;（5）多试样法若采用较小目标偏移应变定义屈服,测得的后继屈服面也出现轻微内凹。     

一种基于SHTB的Ⅱ型动态断裂实验技术

冲击剪切载荷作用下动态断裂韧性的测定是材料力学性能和断裂行为研究中重要组成部分.为了测定材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性,许多学者采用不同的试样与实验方法进行了实验,但限于实验条件,裂纹断裂模式往往是I+Ⅱ复合型,而不是纯Ⅱ型,因而不能准确测得材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性.鉴于此,本文基于分离式霍普金森拉杆(split Hopkinson tension bar,SHTB)实验技术,提出一种改进的紧凑拉伸剪切(modified compact tension shear,MCTS)试样,通过夹具对MCTS试样施加约束,从而保证试样按照纯Ⅱ型模式断裂.采用实验-数值方法对MCTS试样动态加载过程进行分析,将实验测得的波形输入有限元软件ANSYS-LSDYNA,得到了裂纹尖端应力强度因子-时间曲线,并与紧凑拉伸剪切(compact tension shear,CTS)试样进行了对比.同时采用数字图像相关法进行了实验,验证了有限元分析结果.结果表明,MCTS试样在整个加载过程中K_I K_Ⅱ,裂纹没有张开;而CTS试样在同样的加载过程中K_IK_Ⅱ,出现裂纹张开现象.这说明MCTS试样能够准确地测定材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性,为材料动态力学测试提供了一种有效的实验技术.     

平面应变下紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性的实验研究

材料的动态断裂韧性是衡量材料在动载荷作用下抵杭裂纹扩展能力的重要指标,以往的材料动态断裂韧性测试多采用三点弯曲试样,而针对紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性研究很少.本文将紧凑拉伸试样(即CT试样)简化成等效弹簧质量模型,得到了CT试样动态应力强度因子的近似表达式.对Hopkinson压杆装置进行了改进,利用改进后的实验装置进...     

40Cr材料动态起裂韧性KId（）的实验测试

描述了利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试４０Ｃｒ，材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）的试验方法。试样上的动态载荷历程由Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ杆直接测得，并分别代入动态有限元程序及近似公式求得动态应力强度因子历史；由贴在试样裂尖附近的应变片确定起裂时间，最终确定起裂时的动态应力强度因子值，即动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）。试验结果表明:利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试材料动态起裂韧性的方法是可行的，起裂时，动态有限元的位移法、应力法及近似公式法求得的动态应力强度因子值比较吻合；在本文的载荷速率下，４０Ｃｒ材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）与准静态裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）相比，降低了约２８％。     

基于数字散斑相关法的紧凑拉伸试样断裂韧性实验研究

本文采用数字散斑相关方法对2A12T4铝合金紧凑拉伸试样的断裂韧性进行了实验研究。应用数字散斑相关方法计算了实验过程中试样的应变场、应力场以及位移场。针对实验所得的结果以及紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹特征,采用了矩形积分路径。选择沿裂纹方向和垂直裂纹方向的J积分路径,并且推导出各方向上J积分的数值计算公式。根据推导得到的公式选择不同的积分路径进行J积分的计算,得到了断裂韧性J0积分路径的合理选择范围,同时验证了J积分的路径守恒性。然后根据所得的路径选择标准,选择合理的积分路径,计算出2A12T4铝合金断裂韧性J0的值。将所得结果与国标计算的J0值对比,误差为1.22%,说明了此种方法的正确性。从而为数字散斑相关方法在紧凑拉伸试样断裂韧性的测试研究中提供参考。     

单试样法测金属材料JR曲线及其条件起裂值

在单试样卸载柔度法及三曲线法基础上,提出了一种更简便的测定金属材料JR曲线及其条件起裂值的单试样三点柔度法,并用该方法测定了1Cr1/2Mo钢、16MnR钢和WCF62钢的JR曲线及其条件起裂值,与标准的多试样法相比,误差均在工程许可范围内。     

基于ANN-GA协同寻优的动态拉伸试样尺寸优化方法

材料动态拉伸力学性能测试中,动态拉伸试样的几何尺寸对测试结果的准确性与有效性有着较大影响。为对动态拉伸试样的结构进行优化设计,以使其在动态拉伸过程中更好地满足一维应力与变形均匀等基本假设。首先,建立了量化的试样测量准确度指标,即应力平衡达到时间、变形均匀度、非轴向应力相对水平、过渡段相对变形。然后,对试样结构参数进行正交试验设计,通过数值模拟的方法得到了关于试样尺寸与测量准确度指标的正交试验数据库,并对正交试验数据库进行多目标正交试验矩阵分析,得到了试样结构参数对各测量准确度指标影响的主次顺序和规律。最后,以正交试验数据库为训练集,采用人工神经网络（artificial neural network, ANN）协同遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）的全局寻优方法对试样的结构尺寸进行优化设计,得到了试样的最优结构尺寸,并对最优尺寸的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,优化后的试样结构在材料动态拉伸力学性能测试精度上的表现明显得以提升。因此,采用ANN-GA协同优化的方法对动态拉伸试样的结构进行优化具有可行性和有效性。     

685均质钢静动态断裂韧性实验研究

为了解685均质钢的裂纹在静态加载和动态加载下的裂纹起裂和扩展情况,分别在静态试验机和基于Hopkinson杆技术改进的动态加载装置上采用三点弯曲试样对685均质钢的静、动态断裂韧性进行了研究。685均质钢中存在的少量孪晶马氏体组织对其断裂韧性造成了不利影响,可以适当降低碳含量来改善685均质钢的断裂韧性性能。当加载率KI≤1.8778×106MPa（m）^1/2/s时,685均质钢的动态断裂韧性值都随加载率的增加而下降。当加载率KI>1.8778×106MPa（m）^1/2/s时由于裂纹尖端热软化效应的影响,使得该材料的动态断裂韧性值又上升。采用高速摄影技术记录了裂纹的起裂和扩展,测得了裂纹的扩展速率。发现用裂纹嘴张开位移（Crack Mouth Opening Displacement,CMOD）法计算得到的动态断裂韧性值与用电阻应变片计算的结果相一致。     

基于Hopkinson压杆的M型试样动态拉伸实验方法研究

采用传统分离式Hopkinson压杆进行M型试样的动态拉伸实验，可避免试样与杆的连接问题，但该方法并未得到发展和验证。本文中，采用有限元数值分析和实验方法，对M型试样动态拉伸实验进行分析和改进。结果表明:（1）改进的封闭M型试样，可以增强试样整体刚度，有效减少试样畸变引起的附加弯矩对拉伸标段的影响，方便通过Hopkinson压杆加载实现一维拉伸变形；（2）采用试样刚度系数修正法，可消除M型试样整体结构的弹性变形对测试的影响，精确获得试样拉伸标段的塑性应变；（3）高加载率下，建议采用波形整器加载，可显著减少试样结构引起的载荷震荡现象、改善两端的应力平衡，获得准确的动态拉伸应力应变曲线，实现5 900 s?1甚至更高应变率下的动态拉伸实验。研究方法可为M型试样拉伸实验设计和应用提供参考。     

加载速率对40Cr钢Ⅱ型动态断裂特性的影响

采用新型Ⅱ型动态断裂测试技术,对高强钢40Cr在高加载速率下的Ⅱ型动态断裂特性进行了测试研究。基于新设计的Ⅱ型动态断裂试样和分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）技术,通过实验-数值方法确定了裂尖在加载过程中的应力强度因子曲线。采用应变片法确定了试样的起裂时间,最终得到40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性值,并对其加载速率相关性和材料的失效机理进行了研究。结果表明,在1.08～5.53 TPa·m1/2/s的加载速率范围内,40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性基本表现为与加载速率成正相关的变化趋势。通过对试样断口形貌的分析,确定了材料的失效模式及机理,发现随着加载速率的增加,存在拉伸型失效向绝热剪切型失效模式转变的现象。     

New development of the magnetic method for residual stress testing

Experiments on specimens of mild steel and cast iron have been performed under various loading conditions. A modified formula is pur forward to analyze the cruciform specimen which is often used in magnetic methods for calibration. We assume that the relationship between the magnetic output and strain is linear and a new four-coefficient method is deduced. Finally, the results of practical applications are given.     

Crack-compliance method for assessing residual stress due to loading/unloading history: Numerical and experimental analysis

The understanding of how materials fail is still today a fundamental research problem for scientist and engineers. The main concern is the assessment of the necessary conditions to propagate a crack that will eventually lead to failure. Nevertheless, this kind of analysis tends to be more complicated, when a prior loading history in the material is taken into consideration and it will be extremely important to recognize all the factors involved in this process. In this work, a numerical simulation and experimental evaluation of the induction of residual stresses, which change the crack initiation conditions, in a modified compact tensile specimen is presented. Several analyses were carried out; an initial evaluation (numerical and experimental) was performed in a specimen without a crack and this was used for the estimation of a residual stress field produced by an overload; three more cases were simulated and a crack was introduced in each specimen (1 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm long, respectively). The overload was then applied to set up a residual stress field into the component; furthermore, in each case the Crack Compliance Method (CCM) was applied to measure the induced residual stress field. By performing this numerical simulation, the accuracy of the CCM can be evaluated and later corroborated by experimental procedure. On the other hand, elastic-plastic finite element analysis was utilized for the residual stress estimation. The analyses were based on the mechanical properties of a biocompatible material (AISI 316L). The obtained results provided significant data about diverse factors, like; the manner in which a residual stress field could modify the crack initiation conditions, the convenient set up for the induction of a beneficial residual stresses field, as well as useful information that can be applied for the experimental implementation in this research. Finally, some beneficial aspects of residual stresses are discussed.     

利用位移引伸计测定薄板单轴损伤演化曲线的试验方法研究

一套准确而又简便的测试损伤变量的实验方法，对于推动连续介质损伤力学的工程应用是至关重要的。本文系统研究了利用位移引伸计测定薄板材料单轴损伤演化曲线的试验方法。采用引伸计测量大圆弧变截面试样中心部位某一标距段的伸长量，然后计算得到弹性模量的变化，进而确定损伤变量。文中就试样形状尺寸的确定、主损伤区弹塑性大应变的测控和卸载弹性模量的稳定性、与精确测量等关键测试技术问题进行了深入细致的分析和实验研究，并从多角度对该试验方法的正确性进行了实验验证。文中还介绍了该试验方法在确定LY12-CZ铝合金薄板单轴损伤演化曲线的应用，实验表明本文建议的试验方法是简便有效的，初步奠定了发展标准化损伤曲线测试方法的基础。     

应用微型试验法评价INCONEL718合金时效处理后性能的劣化

在工业设备的材质检验和寿命评估中，一方面，要尽可能采用无损或半无损检验的方法，另一方面又必须最大限度地得到材料的性能，微型试验试样技术是解决这种两难问题的有效方法．本文应用微型试验法－小冲孔试验技术评价ＩＮＣＯＮＥＬ７１８合金时效处理后的性能劣化．进行了小冲孔试验以及常规拉伸和断裂韧性测定等一系列试验．通过试验的数据分析，分别建立了ＩＮＣＯＮＥＬ７１８合金的断裂韧性（ＪＩＣ），屈服应力（σｙ）和最大拉伸应力（σｕｌｔ）与小冲孔试验数据（Ｐｙ，Ｐｕｌｔ，εｆ）之间的关系．应用上述关系可以方便、有效地评价ＩＮＣＯＮＥＬ７１８合金时效处理后性能的劣化     

Analysis of dynamic stress intensity factors of three-point bend specimen containing crack

A new formula is obtained to calculate dynamic stress intensity factors of the three-point bending specimen containing a single edge crack in this study. Firstly, the weight function for three-point bending specimen containing a single edge crack is derived from a general weight function form and two reference stress intensity factors, the coefficients of the weight function are given. Secondly, the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in uncracked three-point bending specimen are derived based on the vibration theory. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factors equations for three-pointing specimen with a single edge crack subjected to impact loadings are obtained by the weight function method. The obtained formula is verified by the comparison with the numerical results of the finite element method (FEM). Good agreements have been achieved. The law of dynamic stress intensity factors of the three-point bending specimen under impact loadings varing with crack depths and loading rates is studied.     

求解予裂试件实时裂纹长度的一种新的直接法

本文提出的估算予裂试件实时裂纹长度的直接法，只需单试件的Ｐ－Ｖ记录和对应静裂纹试件塑性位移有限元解，这就避免了在规则化方法中由于几何函数不确定性对计算实时裂纹长度的影响。这一新的直接法的基础是推广的Ｇａｒｗｏｏｄ—Ｅｒｎｓｔ假设，即予裂试件与对应静裂纹试件在载荷、位移分别相等时其实时裂纹长度也相等。本文用实验验证这一假设，并在此基础上提出推论：这两类试件在Ｐ、Ｖ（和α）分别相等时其弹性和塑性位移分量也分别相等。按照这一推论可对予裂试件实时裂纹长度进行估算。文中的五个算例表明，这一直接法与卸载柔度法符合较好。     

Analysis of dynamic stress intensity factors of three-point bend specimen containing crack

A new formula is obtained to calculate dynamic stress intensity factors of the three-point bending specimen containing a single edge crack in this study. Firstly, the weight function for three-point bending specimen containing a single edge crack is derived from a general weight function form and two reference stress intensity factors, the coefficients of the weight function are given. Secondly, the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in uncracked three-point bending specimen are derived based on the vibration theory. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factors equations for three-pointing specimen with a single edge crack subjected to impact loadings are obtained by the weight function method. The obtained formula is verified by the comparison with the numerical results of the finite element method (FEM). Good agreements have been achieved. The law of dynamic stress intensity factors of the three-point bending specimen under impact loadings varing with crack depths and loading rates is studied.     

反应烧结Si3N4陶瓷断裂韧性的实验研究

本文对反应烧结氦化硅 Si_3N_4陶瓷的断裂韧性进行实验研究,用三种不同试件进行了测试,这三种试件是:山形切口双悬臂粱试件,山形切口三点弯曲梁试件和直穿透切口三点弯曲梁试件.用有限元方法分析了直穿透切口三点弯曲梁切口宽度对应力强度因子的影响,结合断裂载荷测定值估算了材料的断裂韧性值,指出直切口无预制裂纹试件的测定值必须用有限元法进行修正才能得到正确结果.