钛合金在低温下的高速变形特性和绝热剪切

采用SHPB技术在室温和低温下,对相钛合金TB-2的高速变形特性和绝热剪切进行了宏观和微观研究。结果表明,TB-2是一个对应变率和温度敏感的材料,其热粘塑性本构特性可表为 =(0+E1（1+gln/0）（1-（T-Tn） /Tn）显微观察表明,TB2在低温下比在常温下对绝热剪切更敏感。低温下绝热剪切带的形态和结构也和常温下有所不同。把文献[9]所建议的绝热剪切的热粘塑性失稳准则,应用到不同的环境温度下,本文建议了一个既依赖于应变和应变率,又依赖于环境温度的三变量准则。理论预示和试验结果符合较好。     

钛合金在低温下的高速变形特性和绝热剪切

采用SHPB技术在室温和低温下,对β相钛合金TB-2的高速变形特性和绝热剪切进行了宏观和微观研究。结果表明,TB-2是一个对应变率和温度敏感的材料,其热粘塑性本构特性可表为 α=(σ_0+E_(1ε)(1+glnε/ε_0)(1-α(T-T_n) /T_n)显微观察表明,TB—2在低温下比在常温下对绝热剪切更敏感。低温下绝热剪切带的形态和结构也和常温下有所不同。把文献[9]所建议的绝热剪切的热粘塑性失稳准则,应用到不同的环境温度下,本文建议了一个既依赖于应变和应变率,又依赖于环境温度的三变量准则。理论预示和试验结果符合较好。     

分子动力学模拟金属玻璃板拉伸时剪切带的形成和演化过程

金属玻璃在低温高应力条件下容易生成剪切带而导致结构的破坏,大大限制了它的推广应用。本文采用分子动力学模拟研究了三种Cu64Zr36（不带缺口、一侧带缺口、两侧带缺口）金属玻璃板试样在拉伸过程中剪切带的形成和演化过程及其力学性能。结果表明：不带缺口金属玻璃板试样在低温高应力的拉伸过程中会自发出现局部剪切转变区,发生剪切局部化,继续拉伸会在与加载轴大约成45°方向上形成剪切带。剪切带的形成与剪切转变区的分布和局部化有关,带缺口比不带缺口的试样会更早出现应变局部化,即在较低的拉伸应变下便形成剪切带,其拉伸强度也相应较低。相同条件下,一侧带缺口与两侧带缺口的试样在拉伸强度上几乎相同,但两侧带缺口试样的应变局部化程度稍低,主要是两侧缺口处均出现了剪切转变区,导致其分布和局部化不够集中,这也是形成主剪切带和次剪切带的主要原因。以上结果为进一步从原子尺度理解金属玻璃剪切带的形成和演化特征提供了重要的信息。     

分子动力学模拟金属玻璃板拉伸时剪切带的形成和演化过程

金属玻璃在低温高应力条件下容易生成剪切带而导致结构的破坏，大大限制了它的推广应用。本文采用分子动力学模拟研究了三种Cu64Zr36（不带缺口、一侧带缺口、两侧带缺口）金属玻璃板试样在拉伸过程中剪切带的形成和演化过程及其力学性能。结果表明：不带缺口金属玻璃板试样在低温高应力的拉伸过程中会自发出现局部剪切转变区，发生剪切局部化，继续拉伸会在与加载轴大约成45°方向上形成剪切带。剪切带的形成与剪切转变区的分布和局部化有关，带缺口比不带缺口的试样会更早出现应变局部化，即在较低的拉伸应变下便形成剪切带，其拉伸强度也相应较低。相同条件下，一侧带缺口与两侧带缺口的试样在拉伸强度上几乎相同，但两侧带缺口试样的应变局部化程度稍低，主要是两侧缺口处均出现了剪切转变区，导致其分布和局部化不够集中，这也是形成主剪切带和次剪切带的主要原因。以上结果为进一步从原子尺度理解金属玻璃剪切带的形成和演化特征提供了重要的信息。     

颗粒冰与钛合金冻结强度的剪切试验分析

飞机在湿度较大的高空云层飞行时,空气中液滴碰撞飞机发动机叶片后易产生具有颗粒结构的冰体。为研究叶片上冻结冰对飞机发动机运行性能的影响,本文在低温实验室内采用喷雾法在钛合金表面制备颗粒结构冰,模拟飞机发动机叶片上冻结冰的形成过程。通过自主研制的剪切试验仪对不同环境温度下冻结的冰体与钛金属表面的剪切强度进行试验测量,得到了温度(T)与剪切强度(τs)的对应关系。试验结果显示,冻结冰与钛金属粘剪切强度随着环境温度降低而增加,并呈现出明显的线性关系。应力时程曲线显示,颗粒冰与钛合金表面粘结处发生的剪切破坏为典型的脆性破坏过程。本文为研究飞机发动机上冰体的力学性质、飞机防冰设计以及相应数值模拟提供了重要的参考数据。     

考虑剪切面积修正的土的剪应力-剪切位移及强度分析

在直剪试验过程中,随着剪切位移的增大,试样的剪切面积不断减小,如果以恒定的剪切面积来计算,所得的剪应力是不真实的,为了克服以上缺点,通过理论推导,得到了不同剪切位移下的剪应力表达式。研究表明,本文所得剪应力比恒定剪切面积法所得剪应力大,其差值随剪切位移的增大而增大,随剪切面直径或边长的增大而变小。当试样的直径或剪切边长为6.18～50 cm,剪切位移为2～60 mm时,本文所得的土的粘聚力提高了4.9%～14.6%,内摩擦角提高了3.9%～13.4%。建议尽量使用剪切面积大的试样进行直剪试验。     

低温环境下轮轨材料滚动磨损模拟试验研究

针对高寒地区温度环境特点,设计了低温环境轮轨磨损模拟试验装置,实现了低温环境下轮轨滚动磨损模拟试验,对比研究了室温(23~25℃)及–60℃试验温度下轮轨试样的滚动摩擦系数、磨损量、硬度及表面损伤等变化情况.结果表明:与室温环境条件相比,低温环境条件下轮轨材料的摩擦系数、磨损量均明显增大;低温环境下试验后轮/轨硬度比较室温环境下增大,车轮硬化情况严重;随温度的降低,轮轨试样的表面磨痕呈现出不同的损伤机制;所设计低温环境轮轨磨损模拟试验机可用来评价不同低温环境下车轮与钢轨材料摩擦磨损行为.     

有腹筋混凝土梁的剪切刚度分析模型

钢筋混凝土梁的挠度计算通常不计入剪切变形的贡献,然而对于斜向开裂的有腹筋混凝土梁,斜裂缝会显著降低梁体的有效剪切刚度,导致剪切变形值显著增大,因此在验算评估时应予以考虑.为评价钢筋混凝土梁斜向开裂后的有效剪切刚度,首先,基于变角桁架模型推导了钢筋混凝土梁在箍筋屈服状态下的有效剪切刚度;与弹性剪切刚度比较发现,剪切刚度退化系数的主要影响因素为材料弹模比、配箍率和斜压杆倾角.其次,基于试验剪切变形曲线表现出的刚度退化规律,提出了可用于不同开裂程度下剪切刚度计算的恒定切线刚度退化模式,并采用开裂后的剪力增量作为反映开裂程度的定量指标.最后,根据最小能量原理得到了剪切刚度退化中两个关键参数:斜压杆倾角和剪切刚度退化系数的解析公式.通过2根薄腹混凝土梁剪切变形试验以及收集的15个受剪梁段的剪切变形数据对模型有效性进行了验证,验证结果表明:有腹筋混凝土梁剪切刚度分析模型能较为准确地预测箍筋屈服状态的剪切刚度,并能反映不同开裂程度下的剪切刚度退化规律.     

颗粒材料剪切流动状态转变的环剪试验研究

颗粒材料的剪切流动行为广泛地存在于滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害以及矿物原料传输、泵送等工业过程中.颗粒材料在不同体积分数、剪切速率和应力约束下会表现出不同的流动状态并发生相互转化.对颗粒材料在剪切流动过程中力学特性的研究有助于加深理解其发生不同流动状态的内在机理,为解决相应的颗粒材料问题提供理论依据.为此,本文研制了颗粒材料剪切流动的中型环剪仪,并对颗粒材料在不同法向约束应力和剪切速率下的剪切应力和体积膨胀率进行了测试.结果表明,剪切应力和体积膨胀率均随剪切速率的增大而增大,但增长速率在临界剪切速率处发生转变,使其随剪切速率的平方呈分段式线性增长.通过对颗粒材料在不同剪切速率和惯性数下有效摩擦系数变化趋势的分析,讨论了颗粒材料由慢速流向快速流转化的基本规律,以及在临界剪切速率处发生流动状态转化的内在条件.此外,通过对不同法向应力下临界剪切速率以及快速流动下运动规律的测试,发现临界剪切速率随法向应力的增加而减小,即法向应力可促进颗粒材料由慢速流向快速流的转化,但在快速流动状态下的有效摩擦系数对法向应力不敏感.以上对颗粒材料在不同剪切速率、法向应力下流动状态的环剪试验研究有助于揭示其发生不同流动状态转化的内在机理.      

钛酸钙系电流变液在直流电场下损耗模量的研究

研究了直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下损耗模量的变化。用流变仪测试了不同颗粒体积分数材料在不同的温度和电场下损耗模量随应变的关系曲线。讨论了颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度以及频率对材料损耗模量的影响。以理论推导和试验数据拟合的方法给出了损耗模量与颗粒体积分数、振荡频率、温度以及电场强度等参数的半经验数学关系式。理论值对比试验结果表明,本文损耗模量表达式与试验结果符合较好,可以用于预测直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度、频率和剪切应变对损耗模量的影响。     

多层氧化石墨烯的三维弹性常数及氧化度对力学性能的影响

宏观氧化石墨烯膜由多层石墨烯组成,其法向拉伸和层间剪切性能远比面内性能低。本文视多层氧化石墨烯为一种特殊的三维正交各向异性材料——横观各向同性材料,通过建立羟基和环氧基在石墨烯表面随机分布的多层氧化石墨烯三维模型,采用分子动力学方法模拟多层氧化石墨烯的面内拉伸、法向拉伸和层间剪切行为,分别得到了多层氧化石墨烯材料的全部五个独立弹性常数E2、E3、μ12、μ32和G23,进而确定了三维弹性矩阵（柔度矩阵和刚度矩阵）,并进一步分析了氧化度对弹性常数和强度的影响规律。结果表明：随着氧化度R逐步增大,多层氧化石墨烯面内杨氏模量E2和拉伸强度σ2max逐步降低,法向杨氏模量E3和拉伸强度σ3max、层间剪切模量G23和剪切强度τ23max均逐步增大,而对泊松比的影响较小;拉伸和剪切断裂破坏位置由氧化基团(羟基和羧基)与碳原子结合键能大小所决定。     

Non-linear response of laminated plates and shells to thermomechanical loading: Implications of violation of interlaminar shear traction continuity requirement

A number of results focusing on the implications brought by the violation of the inter-laminar shear traction continuity requirement on the non-linear response of shear deformable laminated flat and curved panels subjected to thermomechanical loading are presented. The results cover a large number of situations, and in this context, the effects of transverse shear, tangential edge constraints, shell curvature, initial geometric imperfections, lateral pressure and compressive edge loads, membrane and thicknesswise temperature gradient, presence of a Winkler linear/non-linear foundation, coupled with that of the fulfilment/violation of the shear traction interlaminar continuity requirement upon the static and dynamic non-linear response of laminated plates and shells are highlighted. In order to address this problem, as a necessary pre-requisite, a higher-order geometrically non-linear laminated shell model fulfilling both the kinematical and shear traction interlaminar continuity requirements and incorporating the previously mentioned effects is presented. The results obtained in the framework of this laminated shell model are compared with the ones obtained within a higher-order shell model in which the kinematic interlaminar continuity conditions are solely satisfied, and the implications resulting from the violation of the shear traction interlaminar continuity requirement are highlighted.     

Interlaminar shear strength of cloth-reinforced composites

A test specimen to define the interlaminar shear strength of cloth-reinforced composite materials is developed. The specimen is a hollow circular cylinder which is subjected to torsion. The experiment is employed for the determination of the warp-normal shear strength of a graphite-fiber carbon-matrix composite material. It is demonstrated that the proper failure mode takes place, while the problems associated with the use of strain gages on this porous material, nonlinearity, difference in tension and compression properties, and the influence of clamping effects are all discussed. The proposed experiment appears to be ideally suited to study the interlaminar shear response of cloth-reinforced composites.     

碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料在高温高应变率下的压缩力学行为

利用高温电子万能试验机和具有高温同步自组装功能的Hopkinson压杆对二维C/SiC复合材料 进行了应变率为10-4~103s-1,温度为293~1273K下的单轴压缩力学性能测试。实验结果表明:二维C/ SiC复合材料破坏时并未表现出典型的脆性破坏,而是在应力达到压缩强度时出现了显著的应变软化,在经 历了较大的变形后才最终破坏,同时材料还表现出良好的高温承载能力及一定的温度和应变率依赖性。随着 温度的升高,复合材料的压缩强度呈降低的趋势。与准静态下室温压缩时相比,材料在1273K 时的压缩强 度的降低程度不超过30%,但压缩强度对应变率的敏感性随着温度的升高而增大。由于高温下试样氧化,C/ SiC复合材料压缩强度对应变率的敏感性在温度为1073K时显著增大。     

The concrete columns as a sensible thermal energy storage medium and a heater

This study investigated storage possibility of sensible thermal energy in the concrete columns of multi-storey buildings and the heating performance of the indoors with the stored energy. In the suggested system, the dry air heated in an energy center will be circulated in stainless steel pipes through columns. The sensible thermal energy would firstly be stored by means of forced convection in column medium. Then, the stored thermal energy will transfer by natural convection and radiation from the column surfaces to indoor spaces. The transient thermal calculations are realized for a flat of the 11-storey building in Kayseri city of Turkey. The thermal energy requirement of the flat is nearby 5.3 kW as an average of a winter season. The simplified transient calculations were carried out over a concrete hollow cylindrical column having outer radius of 0.31 m and inner radius of 0.05 m corresponding an averaged column section in the sample flat. The flow temperature was selected between T = 350 and 500 K, which are considerably lower than the temperature of 573 K assumed as a limit for thermal strength of the concrete in the literature. The flow velocity ranges were selected between V = 1.0 and 5.0 m/s. The initial temperature was assumed as 293 K. After the first energy charging process of 23 h, for T = 350 K and V = 1.0 m/s, the total heat flux from the column surfaces into indoors are nearby 5.5 kW. The first charging time required to reach the energy requirement of 5.3 kW is decreased by increasing the flow velocity and temperature. Also for 5.0 m/s–350 K and 5.0 m/s–450 K, this time can decrease to 10 and 4.5 h, respectively. In addition, with 4.0 m/s–360 K or 2.0 m/s–400 K, after the energy charging of 8 h, the energy requirement of 5.3 kW can be provided by the energy discharging of 16 h and the energy charging of 8 h during 7 days. The results are very attractive in terms of the building heating systems of the future.     

Mechanical properties of 6061 Al-Mg-Si alloy after very rapid heating

The effects of time, temperature and strain rate on the yield strength determined at elevated temperature have been investigated for 6061-T6 Al-Mg-Si alloy. To achieve very short times-at-temperature, nanosecond pulse heating produced by electron beam energy deposition was used along with one-dimensional stress-wave loading. When a relatively thick sample is heated in this way it cannot expand on the same time scale as the temperature increase. As a result, stress relief waves propagate in the material after energy deposition, and this deformation occurring at high strain-rates and elevated temperatures produces microstructural changes that reduce the strength of the alloy on the time scale of a few μs. This strength reduction occurs in addition to that due to the lowered shear modulus at-temperature, and is an essentially permanent change reflected in the greatly reduced room temperature strength of the material following nanosecond pulse heating.If the material is heated slowly enough so that the sample can expand as the temperature increases, and if the soaking time at temperature is less than required for microstructural changes in the alloy (e.g. approximately 3 s at 260°C), the yield strength measured at-temperature under wave propagation conditions drops in proportion to the shear modulus. In addition, the yield strength measurement is sensitive to the rate of deformation at elevated temperatures even for short times-at-temperature. The nature of this sensitivity is discussed in terms of thermally-activated dislocation motion.     

Nonlinear shear behavior and interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional polymer matrix composites: A numerical study

Detailed finite element implementation is presented for a recently developed technique (He et al., 2012) to characterize nonlinear shear stress–strain response and interlaminar shear strength based on short-beam shear test of unidirectional polymeric composites. The material characterization couples iterative three-dimensional finite element modeling for stress calculation with digital image correlation for strain evaluation. Extensive numerical experiments were conducted to examine the dependence of the measured shear behavior on specimen and test configurations. The numerical results demonstrate that consistent results can be achieved for specimens with various span-to-thickness ratios, supporting the accurate material properties for the carbon/epoxy composite under study.     

极端环境下连续碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料的力学行为

连续纤维增韧的碳化硅复合材料(以下简称C/SiC),作为超高速飞行器热结构使用时,有可能在高温环境下受到高速撞击的作用,因此,掌握其在极端环境(高温、高应变率)下的力学性能是进行结构安全设计的基础。本文采用具有高温实验能力的分离式Hopkinson杆,在293~1273K温度范围内进行了动态压缩力学性能测试,研究了环境温度和加载速率对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的高温压缩力学性能主要受应力氧化损伤和残余应力的共同影响。实验温度低于873K时,应力氧化损伤的影响很小,而由于增强纤维和基体界面残余应力的释放使界面结合强度增大,复合材料的压缩强度随温度的升高而增大;当实验温度高于873K时,应力氧化损伤加剧,其对压缩强度的削弱超过残余应力释放对强度的贡献,材料的压缩强度随温度的升高逐渐降低。由于应力氧化损伤受应变率的影响很大,当温度由873K升高至1273K时,高应变率下压缩强度降低的程度要比应变率为0.0001/s时低得多。     

Interlaminar stresses and energy release rates in delaminated orthotropic composite plates

The classical laminated plate theory is applied to calculate the stresses and energy release rate function in symmetrically delaminated orthotropic plates. First, the equilibrium of classical plate forces, moments and interfacial shear stresses is formulated. Second, the displacement continuity between the interface plane of a double-plate model was considered. The governing equation system of the double-plate model consists of ten equations. As an example a delaminated, orthotropic, simply-supported plate subjected to a point force is analyzed. The distribution of the plate forces as well as the interlaminar shear stresses over the uncracked part were determined. Moreover, the mode-II and mode-III energy release rate distributions along the crack front were calculated by the J-integral. The 3D finite element model of the delaminated composite plate was also created. The results indicate a reasonably good agreement between analysis and numerical calculation.     

Damage model for flexural strength variation of ferroelectric materials induced by electric field

Ferroelectric material is being used widely in aerospace related applications, namely active control of large flexible space trusses, structure acoustics and helicopter rotary blades. Degradation of material properties affects the safety and reliability of these structural members. In particular, the flexural strength of ferroelectric materials tend to reduce when they are exposed to electric field. Experimentation cannot always explain the underlying reasons of these physical phenomena. To that end, a damage model is presented to study the switching process induced by applied electric field that might be the cause of damage. Furthermore, evolution of internal damage is considered using irreversible thermodynamics. Two relations are assumed to associate the flexural strength with the damage variable. Available test data for three-point-bend test are used to test the model for a PZT material exposed to electric field. The results reveal the validity of the present damage model while the critical strain energy density criterion led to a more reasonable correlation.