球形爆炸容器的内部载荷和响应特性

对球形容器内壁压力、温度和容器外壁应变进行了实验监测,为认识容器内部流场演变和容器响 应的全过程提供了较系统的实验数据支持。实验结果及分析显示:容器内部流场在载荷来回反射3次后分布 相对均匀;由容器外壁应变波形推测容器内部爆炸产物发生较明显的二次反应;各个应变监测位置均出现了 应变增长现象,其中容器入口门正对位置的应变增长现象最严重,应变峰值平均值增大系数达到2.88;容器 振动主频率为呼吸振动频率,另一主频率约为呼吸振动频率的1/2;容器外壁最大应变约2.510-3,等效应 力峰值比容器材料静态屈服应力大了约80%,容器无明显塑性变形。     

东海低渗储层压裂高起裂压力规律分析

东海HY-A1井H8b气藏为异常高温、高压地层,压裂设计的预测起裂压力与压裂施工不一致,作业中出现高起裂现象;考虑裂缝内流体压力、主应力、井壁渗透率、裂缝倾角等因素,建立了东海低渗储层压裂高起裂压力数学模型;通过现场验证,起裂压力计算误差为4.9%,具有一致性。借助二分法对模型求解,结果表明,随井斜角度的增大,当方位角<45°时,起裂压力变化随井斜角的增大并不明显,当方位角≥45°时,起裂压力呈现先减小后增大的趋势;随方位角的增大起裂角呈现先增大后减小,直至为零,起裂压力总体呈现先减小后增大的趋势;随着方位角增大,起裂压力存在最低峰值,最低峰值区间的方位角在50°～80°之间;井斜角α=0°直井段时,方位角φ=71°时,最低起裂压力峰值为58.5 MPa,在东海本区块属于高起裂;在一定的方位角度上起裂角存在最大峰值,起裂角最大峰值区间的方位角在60°～80°之间;应力差值大、泊松比小、异常高压是高起裂压力的关键因素;在压裂设计中,满足施工需求同时,尽可能设计方位角及井斜角靠近起裂压力最小区域。     

中应变率下钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程实验研究

在简要评述有关中应变速率下钢纤维混凝土动态力学性能的实验研究现状后,详细介绍了在Instron1342材料实验机的基础上经自行改装设计的钢纤维混凝土动态测试系统,并对实验方案、试件制作与加载及量测过程进行了阐述。利用该系统,成功完成了应变率由1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1三个数量级范围内的钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程试验(四点弯拉),得到了中应变率下钢纤维混凝土的应力、应变全过程曲线。同时,对实验结果进行了综合分析,实验结果表明:中应变率下,应变率不同时钢纤维混凝土的应力应变全曲线具有很好的相似性,而峰值应力、峰值应变与弹性模量(割线模量)随应变率的增加均有不同程度的提高。当应变速率从1.38×10-4s-1增大到0.532×10-1s-1时,SFRC的抗拉强度提高30%左右,峰值应力对应的应变提高10%左右,动态拉伸弹性模量提高20%左右。中应变率(1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1)下,当钢纤维掺量从0%增加到4%时,钢纤维混凝土的抗拉强度提高1.3倍左右。     

钢质套筒被动围压下混凝土材料的冲击动态力学性能

为了研究混凝土材料在钢质套筒侧限约束下的动态力学性能参数和破坏规律，采用分离式大直径（75 mm）SHPB实验技术，测试了钢质套筒侧限约束下不同混凝土试件在不同载荷作用下轴向或径向的应力、应变峰值，平均应变率，计算了混凝土材料的损伤值，描述了加载破坏现象，对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明:混凝土材料在被动围压下，延性、抗破坏能力得到加强，具有明显的增强效应。被动围压下SHPB实验中混凝土材料的破坏应变为典型SHPB实验中破坏应变的1.8～2.8倍；破坏应力达到150 MPa以上，为静力学无围压条件下的2～5倍。     

脉冲辐照下三维多向碳纤维编织复合材料热激波的实验研究

在“闪光二号”脉冲电子束加速器上,采用自行研制的保护环式石英压电传感器,对三维多向碳纤维编织复合材料的热激波传播特性开展了实验研究。结果表明: (1)在电子束能注量为382J/cm2 ~953J/cm2范围内,三维编织复合材料的热激波应力峰值在 97~406MPa之间,只是相同能注量下Ly-12铝的 8%左右,这表明该材料具有良好的衰减热激波的性能; (2)三维编织复合材料中的热激波,其波速较低(大约为 2. 78~3. 45km/s),只是Ly-12铝的 0. 4倍左右,其波形上升时间也比Ly-12铝的大; (3)热激波强度和能注量间近似有线性关系,但烧蚀质量却随能注量增加而增加,当能注量足够高时,质量亏损面密度几乎以指数方式增加。     

一种新形式的钢纤维混凝土冲击动态本构关系及材料参数的确定

采用?75 mm大口径SHPB系统进行了钢纤维体积率为0%、0.75%、1.5%三种混凝土材料动态性能实验，得出了不同钢纤维含量、不同应变率下的材料应力-应变关系曲线，实验结果表明:随着纤维含量及应变率的增加，钢纤维混凝土材料的峰值应变、峰值应力都随之提高，并在峰值应力之后出现应力的应变软化现象。以此实验结果为基础，提出了一种依赖于应变和应变率相关函数的新型非线性黏塑性动态本构关系，并通过对实验曲线的三步逐次最小二乘优选模拟，得到了相应的材料参数。结果表明，该本构关系对实验数据的模拟效果较好。     

金属壳体装药水下爆炸的冲击波特性

为了研究装药壳体厚度对水下爆炸冲击波特性的影响,对1kg柱形含铝炸药分别在厚6mm 的钢 壳或硬铝壳装药下进行了水下爆炸实验与数值模拟研究。实验结果表明,相对硬铝壳,钢壳装药的冲击波冲 量、衰减时间常数以及冲击波能都偏大,而冲击波峰值相差不大。针对不同厚度钢壳装药的数值模拟表明,随 着壳体厚度的增加,冲击波参数明显增强,当壳体厚度超过最优值时这种效应减弱;金属壳的存在导致冲击波 峰值爬升产生滞后效应;对一定质量的炸药,存在可有效提高冲击波压力峰值的最优壳厚,填装比可以作为衡 量效果的重要指标。     

不稳定波辐射噪声

本文通过系统的实验证明在低马赫数时射流中的不稳定波对于噪声辐射具有重要的贡献。不稳定波辐射噪声的主要特点表现为:当射流上游条件充分乾净时远场声谱中有一族离散的谱峰,峰值频率对应于射流中She-laycr modes的特征频率和它们的干涉频率;各特征频率的声源位置和相应的混合层中的涡对卷并位置重合;远场声辐射呈天线效应;声源位置固定,无多善勒频移。     

花岗岩单轴压缩侧向变形及脆性破坏机制实验研究

为研究花岗岩侧向变形及脆性破坏机制,对花岗岩试件进行单轴压缩实验。利用动态应变采集系统、数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)和显微观测手段,记录并分析花岗岩试件在单轴压缩过程中的宏观侧向应变、局部侧向应变以及破裂面形貌,并与水泥砂浆试件的破坏过程对比,讨论了花岗岩脆性破坏机制。实验与分析结果表明:(1)花岗岩试件在加载初期发生侧向收缩变形,产生并发展于压密阶段,消失于线弹性阶段初期,这主要由于试件内部裂纹闭合造成的;此后,宏观侧向应变持续增长,当侧向应变与轴向应变之比接近0.5时试件破坏;(2)在峰值载荷前很长一段时间内,局部侧向应变在一定范围内波动,临近试件破坏时局部侧向应变最大值和最小值均出现较大幅度的波动,二者差值迅速增大,试件不均匀程度增大,最终导致试件破坏;(3)在峰值载荷前有无塑性屈服阶段是峰值载荷后脆性破坏程度的重要影响因素,而宏观裂纹的贯通程度是峰值载荷后应力降大小的决定因素。     

准噶尔盆地火成岩动态冲击破碎特征研究

针对准噶尔盆地石炭系火成岩难钻地层,利用改进的立式霍普金森压杆装置,开展了准噶尔盆地石炭系的安山岩、流纹岩、凝灰岩、玄武岩四种火成岩的动态冲击破碎实验;分析了4种冲击速度及不同应变率下火成岩的动态峰值应力、破碎特征;建立了应变率与分形维数的关系。结果显示:动态峰值应力与应变率呈较好的正相关性线性关系,玄武岩在应变率为286.7s~(-1)时,动态峰值应力达到653MPa;随着冲击速度增大,岩石应变率持续增加,所有试样的破碎程度明显增大;在冲击速度为16m/s时,岩石试样应变率在157.8s~(-1)～296.3s~(-1)之间,破碎岩屑的平均破碎块度在16mm以下。分形维数能较好地描述岩石的破碎特征,随着应变率的增大,碎屑分形维数呈增大趋势;当应变率超过157.8s-1时,火成岩试样破碎岩屑的分形维数显著增大至1.5以上;在所有冲击破碎实验中,火成岩试样碎屑没有出现粉末状态。相同冲击条件下,四种火成岩中玄武岩表现出更高的强度,动态峰值应力更高。     

基于SHPB装置的膨胀圆柱管实验技术

采用改进的SHPB实验装置对45钢薄壁金属圆柱管进行了膨胀断裂加载,完成了不同变形程度 (覆盖圆柱管整个变形及断裂过程)圆柱管的冻结回收实验。回收样品可用于断裂机理研究分析,通过数值模 拟辅助分析和实验数据拟合得到了圆柱管凸起处的径向应变、应变率和环向拉伸应力。通过在圆柱管端粘贴 应变片监测断裂信号的方式,准确判断了圆柱管凸起处发生断裂的时间,以及径向断裂应变、应变率和环向拉 伸断裂应力,在102~104s-1应变率范围内,SHPB实验装置可用于研究金属圆柱管膨胀断裂。     

Fracture behavior of explosively loaded spherical molded steel shells

Experimental and numerical works are made to study the fracture of explosively loaded spherical molded steel shells. The first series of experiments included three sawdust recovery shots to save fragments for examination. In this series, detonation was initiated from the center of the sphere. Results of the experiments show that two types of fractures are observed in spherical shells: radial and shear as in cylindrical shells. Spall fracture is also observed in spherical shells. To assist understanding of the experimental results, a computer simulation of expanding shells is performed to provide information on the stress, strain, strain rate and position of each element of the shell wall as a function of time after detonation. For t=7.5 μs after detonation, triaxial non-uniform strain prevails in the middle of the thickness of the wall. The peak of the stress equals to 6.5 GPa and exceeds the spall strength of carbon steel. In the second series of experiments, spall fracture is suppressed by displacing the point of detonation initiation from the center to periphery of HE charge.     

Local Symmetry Group in the General Theory of Elastic Shells

We establish the local symmetry group of the dynamically and kinematically exact theory of elastic shells. The group consists of an ordered triple of tensors which make the shell strain energy density invariant under change of the reference placement. Definitions of the fluid shell, the solid shell, and the membrane shell are introduced in terms of members of the symmetry group. Within solid shells we discuss in more detail the isotropic, hemitropic, and orthotropic shells and corresponding invariant properties of the strain energy density. For the physically linear shells, when the density becomes a quadratic function of the shell strain and bending tensors, reduced representations of the density are established for orthotropic, cubic-symmetric, and isotropic shells. The reduced representations contain much less independent material constants to be found from experiments.     

Analyzing the stress–strain state of thick cylindrical shells

Two approaches to the analysis of the stress–strain state of thick cylindrical shells are elaborated. The shell is divided by concentric cross-sectional circles into several coaxial cylindrical shells. Each of these shells has its own curvature determined on its midline. The stress–strain state of the original shell is described by satisfying the interface conditions between the component shells. The distribution of unknown functions throughout the thickness is determined by finding the analytic solution of a system of differential equations in the first approach and is approximated by polynomial functions in the second approach. The stress–strain state of thick shells is analyzed. It is revealed that the effect of reduction becomes stronger with increasing curvature     

A general nonlinear theory of elastic shells

This paper presents a general nonlinear theory of elastic shells for large deflections and finite strains in reference to a certain natural state. By expanding the displacement components into power series in the coordinate θ³ normal to the undeformed middle surface of shells, the expansions of the Cauchy-Green strain tensors are expressed in terms of these expanded displacement components. Through the modified Hellinger-Reissner variational principle for a three-dimensional elastic continuum, a set of the fundamental shell equations is derived in terms of the expanded Cauchy-Green strain tensors and Kirchhoff stress resultants. The Love-Kirchhoff hypothesis is not assumed and higher order stretching and bending are taken into consideration. For elastic shells of isotropic materials, assuming the strain-energy to be an analytic function of the strain measures, general nonlinear constitutive equations are then derived. Thus, a complete and consistent two-dimensional shell theory incorporating the geometrical and physical nonlinearities is established. The classical theories of shells are directly derivable from the present results by proper truncations of the series.     

爆轰加载下金属柱壳膨胀破裂过程研究

采用前照明的高速分幅照相对不同壁厚的45钢柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀破裂过程进行了研究,实验成功拍摄到45钢柱壳前表面裂纹生成、扩展及产物泄漏的过程图像。研究表明:膨胀应变率在104s-1附近时,随着应变率的增加,45钢柱壳的各特征应变均有所增加,断裂模式由拉剪混合向单一剪切转变;45钢柱壳的膨胀破裂有一个过程,从柱壳的外壁面可以观察到裂纹生成至产物开始泄漏经历时间历程的长短与柱壳壁厚相关,柱壳壁越厚,从外壁出现裂纹到产物开始泄漏的时间间隔越长;由回收破片厚度测量推算出的膨胀断裂应变与动态实验过程中产物开始泄漏时的断裂应变基本一致。     

基于一种简化Green应变的薄壳大挠度方程

将正交曲线坐标下的格林应变张量引入到薄壳大变形分析,通过建立恰当的基本假设,直接导出了用格林应变张量表示的壳体变形几何方程,将该方程代入到本构方程,由能量原理得到了小应变非线性变形平衡方程、内力方程和边界条件,在此基础上提出了大应变变形的简化分析方法．文中导得的方程涵盖薄板壳大、小变形的全部方程,推导过程简捷、系统,所得结果规则、清晰,与此前有关分析方法的结果完全吻合．     

Some Approaches to the Solution of Problems on Thin Shells with Variable Geometrical and Mechanical Parameters

A number of approaches to the solution of stress problems for anisotropic inhomogeneous shells in the classical formulation are discussed. A review is made of approaches to the solution of one- and two-dimensional static problems for thin shells with variable parameters and to the solution of stress–strain problems for anisotropic shells of revolution under axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric loading, shallow convexo-convex shells, noncircular cylindrical shells, plates of various shapes, and shells of complex geometry     

NONLINEAR STRAIN COMPONENTS OF GENERAL SHELLS WITH INITIAL GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS

On the basis of nonlinear strain component formulations of three-dimensional continuum, this paper has derived the nonlinear strain component formulations of shells with initial geometric imperfections. The derivation is not confined to a special shell, therefore they possess general properties. These formulations provide the theoretical basis of the strain analysis for geometric nonlinear problems of shells with initial geometric imperfections     

General solution of the equilibrium equations for open circular cylindrical shells reinforced with discrete longitudinal ribs

The exact solution for the inhomogeneous system of equilibrium equations for open circular cylindrical shells reinforced with a quasi-regular system of discrete ribs is obtained. The dependence of stress–strain state of semi-infinite shells on the distance from the loaded edge is analyzed.