洪水作用下土石坝系统结构图仿真与渗流稳定性分析

为了研究土石坝在洪水作用下的渗流稳定性,依托实际水库工程,以土石坝的坝体为主体,重点考虑洪水、水库、泄洪洞模型输入输出的约束关系,建立了该土石坝洪水过程的结构图仿真模型,并计算得到了在典型洪水过程中水库水位变化曲线;在此基础上采用有限元法,考虑非饱和区的影响,对土石坝非稳定渗流场进行了模拟;利用暂态渗流场计算结果,运用Morgenstern-Price法计算分析了土石坝上、下游坝坡的稳定性。结果表明:上、下游坝坡的稳定系数变化趋势与库水位一致,即坝坡稳定系数随库水位的上升而增大,随库水位的下降而减小。库水位变化的结构图仿真、渗流计算、稳定系数计算构建了较为完整的解决方案,为洪水作用下的土石坝渗流稳定性分析提供了新的手段。     

非饱和土-隧道系统动力响应计算的波函数法

针对非饱和地基土中埋置隧道的三维动力响应计算问题, 提出了波函数法.采用无限长的Flügge薄壁圆柱壳模拟圆形隧道衬砌,采用流、固、气组成的三相介质模拟非饱和地基土体.分别采用分离变量法以及Helmholtz矢量分解定理求解薄壁圆柱壳的振动控制方程与非饱和土的波动方程.根据隧-土交界面与地表面处的应力、位移以及孔隙流体压力等边界条件,利用平面波与柱面波的转换性质,实现了隧道内作用单位简谐载荷时隧道衬砌与土体系统动力响应的耦合求解.通过与既有单相弹性介质2.5维有限元-边界元法、两相饱和多孔介质2.5维有限元-边界元法以及三相非饱和介质Pip in Pip半解析法的计算结果进行对比, 验证了本文计算方法的可靠性. 最后,基于该方法, 通过算例分析了不同饱和度下非饱和土-隧道系统的动力响应特征.结果表明, 饱和度对土体动位移与超孔隙水压力的幅值响应有较大影响.该方法的非饱和地基土参数退化后,也可用来计算和分析饱和地基土或单相弹性地基土与隧道系统的动力响应.      

相间交界面对非饱和土应力状态的影响

非饱和土是一种三相多孔介质,不同相之间的交界面尤其是气液交界面的存在直接影响了非饱和土的宏观行为.首先对土中交界面的形式和作用进行了探讨,指出气液交界面对非饱和土的行为有重要影响,并给出了界面功和气液比表面积的表达式.在已有的非饱和土变形功表达式基础上,引入界面能影响,得到了考虑交界面影响的非饱和土自由能方程.利用所得的自由能方程,给出了考虑交界面影响的非饱和土固相和液相相应的应力变量.对考虑交界面面积的液相流动方程进行了探讨,给出了非平衡条件下的土水特征曲线表达式,指出在平衡条件下土水特征曲线中应当考虑交界面面积的影响,传统土水特征曲线是三维关系在吸力-饱和度平面上的投影.将比表面积与土水特征曲线的关系,利用已有试验数据验证了该表达式的合理性.利用界面面积的表达式计算有效应力,将其与已有试验结果进行对比,表明给出的比表面积表达式可很好地反映实际情况.不同于已有现象学研究,本文推导具有严格的理论基础,研究表明完整的有效应力表达式中应考虑土体内部作用力的影响,其不仅包含基质吸力,同时还包含其他形式的作用力,其大小与界面比表面积有关.该表达式为下一步研究界面效应对土体变形、强度和流动特性的研究提供了基础.     

降雨和蒸发对非饱和土土压力的影响

为了探讨降雨和蒸发所引起的渗流对非饱和土土压力的影响,本文将基质吸力与渗流的关系式引入到基于统一强度理论的非饱和土抗剪强度公式中,得到了降雨和蒸发条件下考虑中主应力影响的非饱和土抗剪强度公式;结合土体的极限平衡理论,推导出了受降雨和蒸发影响的主动土压力、被动土压力、静止土压力系数公式;最后通过数值算例进行了分析。结果表明:在降雨和蒸发条件下,非饱和土主动土压力最小值为-145kPa,被动土压力最小值为139kPa;而常规方法计算的主动土压力最小值为-13.85kPa,被动土压力最小值为41.57kPa;在降雨和蒸发条件下,非饱和土主动土压力小于饱和土主动土压力,而被动土压力则相反;在非饱和土中,降雨和蒸发所引起的渗流使得静止土压力系数随着与地下水位距离的增加而减小,在地表附近将会达到-1;而在饱和土中,本算例中各计算点的静止土压力系数总是常数(K0=0.5)。     

非饱和膨胀土的土-水特征曲线研究

在干旱和半干旱地区 ,土体中含水量的变化常会引发各种工程问题。研究表明 ,非饱和土的工程性质不仅取决于土的组成、结构和应力状态 ,还与土中的吸力密切相关。非饱和土的土 -水特征曲线表达了土体中含水量与吸力的关系 ,是非饱和土研究的重要内容之一。     

条形荷载下梯度非均匀非饱和土的动力响应分析

基于多孔介质混合物理论, 建立了梯度非均匀非饱和土地基模型, 研究了条形荷载作用下梯度非均匀非饱和土地基的动力响应问题. 通过傅里叶积分变换和Helmholtz矢量分解原理, 获得频域内非饱和土地基动力响应问题的通解, 结合回传射线矩阵法和边界条件, 求解获得了非均匀非饱和土层中位移、应力以及孔隙压力的计算列式. 假设沿深度方向梯度非均匀非饱和土的物理力学性质按幂函数连续变化, 通过数值傅里叶逆变换得到了非均匀非饱和土地基中的应力、位移以及孔隙压力等物理量的数值解, 分析讨论了土体非均匀性对非饱和土介质动力响应的影响规律. 结果表明: 土体非均匀性显著改变了非饱和土中竖向位移、正应力和孔隙压力在其深度方向上的振动模态, 其中孔隙气压在其深度方向的振动频率随着梯度因子的增加而不断增大, 波峰值不断靠近地表处附近; 竖向位移随着梯度因子的增大不断减小; 正应力和孔隙水压随着梯度因子的增大先增大后减小, 并且土体非均匀程度越高, 正应力与孔隙水压的幅值越大.      

非饱和土渗流和变形强度特性的温度效应

高放核废料地下处置、高压电缆埋设和地热开发等工程的发展,使得温度对非饱和土基本力学性质影响的研究逐渐成为当前岩土工程的热点.从渗流特性和变形强度特性两方面出发,分析了温度对非饱和土基本力学性质的影响. 对于渗流特性,研究了温度对液相水和水蒸气运动的影响,并进一步综述了水热迁移模型的发展. 对于变形强度特性受温度的影响,从试验研究和理论模型入手,研究了非饱和土的变形和强度等随温度的变化规律,并在此基础上对温度的影响进行了总结.文中还指出了现阶段研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向.      

考虑非饱和粘性土含水量变化的地铁隧道围岩土体稳定性分析

含水量是非饱和土力学性质的重要控制因素,非饱和粘性土是北京地铁苏州街车站隧道的主要围岩土体类型,应用钻孔取样的方法取得隧道周边区域内的土体系统样本,通过三轴试验和含水量测试建立了非饱和粘性土围岩的变形和强度参数与含水量的相关性,进而明确了该工程场地非饱和粘性土的主要参数与含水量的关系,以此为基础确定了工程场地不同区域的土体力学参数,通过有限元数值分析方法研究了施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性与地表沉降量,明确了考虑土体含水量变化条件下的隧道开挖施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性状况。     

隧道施工中环境土层工程性质研究

利用非饱和土的三轴仪 ,测定不同吸力状态下的土的强度特性 ,并确立了两者之间的定量关系 ,同时进行了含水量对非饱和土的强度影响试验 ,研究了北京地区的非饱和土的强度特性。试验结果表明 :不同的吸力状态下 ,土的强度明显提高 ;含水量的改变对内聚力有明显影响 ,而对内摩擦角无明显影响 ,并测定本土样对强度改变的含水量拐点值.     

非饱和土吸力的温度性质

根据热力学理论，讨论非饱和土中的土吸力随温度变化的情况，得到在一般情况下非饱和土中的土吸力随着温度增加而线性减小的规律．     

Implicit scheme for integrating constitutive model of unsaturated soils with coupling hydraulic and mechanical behavior

A constitutive model of unsaturated soils with coupling capillary hystere- sis and skeleton deformation is developed and implemented in a fully coupled transient hydro-mechanical finite-element model （computer code U-DYSAC2）. The obtained re- sults are compared with experimental results, showing that the proposed constitutive model can simulate the main mechanical and hydraulic behavior of unsaturated soils in a unified framework. The non-lineaxity of the soil-water characteristic relation is treated in a similar way of elastoplasticity. Two constitutive relations axe integrated by an implicit return-mapping scheme similar to that developed for saturated soils. A consistent tan- gential modulus is derived to preserve the asymptotic rate of the quadratic convergence of Newton＇s iteration. Combined with the integration of the constitutive model, a complete finite-element formulation of coupling hydro-mechanical problems for unsaturated soils is presented. A number of practical problems with different given initial and boundary conditions are analyzed to illustrate the performance and capabilities of the finite-element model.     

Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Hysteresis in Unsaturated Soils

This article presents the implementation of the constitutive model of Wheeler (Geotechnique 53(1):41–54, 2003) for coupling of hydraulic hysteresis and mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils in a fully coupled transient hydro-mechanical finite element (FE) model (computer code UNSATEX) developed by the authors. The constitutive model considers the effects of irreversible changes of degree of saturation on stress–strain behavior and the influence of plastic volumetric strains on the water retention behavior. The mathematical framework and the numerical implementation of the constitutive model are presented and discussed. The FE model is verified and validated against analytical predictions [obtained using the model of Wheeler (Geotechnique 53(1):41–54, 2003] as well as experimental results from the literature involving unsaturated soils undergoing various combinations of drying, wetting, loading, unloading, and reloading paths. Comparison of the results shows that the developed FE model can be used to predict various aspects of the behavior of unsaturated soils under drying and wetting as well as loading and unloading paths. The merits and limitations of the FE model are highlighted.     

Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils: A Thermodynamic Approach Based on the Interfacial Energy and Hydromechanical Coupling

In recent years, the effective stress approach has received much attention in the constitutive modeling of unsaturated soils. In this approach, the effective stress parameter is very important. This parameter needs a correct definition and has to be determined properly. In this paper, a thermodynamic approach is used to develop a physically-based formula for the effective stress tensor in unsaturated soils. This approach accounts for the hydro-mechanical coupling, which is quite important when dealing with hydraulic hysteresis in unsaturated soils. The resulting formula takes into account the role of interfacial energy and the contribution of air?Cwater specific interfacial area to the effective stress tensor. Moreover, a bi-quadratic surface is proposed to represent the contribution of the so-called suction stress in the effective stress tensor. It is shown that the proposed relationship for suction stress is in agreement with available experimental data in the full hydraulic cycle (drying, scanning, and wetting).     

非饱和结构性黄土本构模型的研究

本文在饱和土扰动概念基础上,提出了可以考虑外力和增湿两个扰动因素对非饱和土结构性影响的耦合扰动变量。根据复合材料均匀化理论的思想建立了适用于非饱和结构性黄土的本构模型,并给出了耦合扰动变量的演化方程。通过将BBM模型和本文模型的计算结果分别与已有的实验结果进行对比说明,本文模型能够更好地反映非饱和原状黄土的力学特性。通过对结构性参数β、α进行分析说明,所给出的耦合扰动变量的演化方程能够较好地描述土结构性随变形劣化的规律。     

Hysteresis and Horizontal Redistribution in Porous Media

It is well known that multiphase flow in porous media exhibits hysteretic behaviour. This is caused by different fluid–fluid behaviour if the flux reverses. For example, for flow of water in unsaturated soils the process of imbibition and drainage behaves differently. In this paper we study a new model for hysteresis that extends the current playtype hysteresis model in which the scanning curves between drainage and imbibition are vertical. In our approach the scanning curves are non-vertical and can be constructed to approximate experimentally observed scanning curves. Furthermore our approach does not require any book-keeping when the flux reverses at some point in space. Specifically, we consider the problem of horizontal redistribution to illustrate the strength of the new model. We show that all cases of redistribution can be handled, including the unconventional flow cases. For an infinite column, our analysis involves a self-similar transformation of the equations. We also present a numerical approach (L-scheme) for the partial differential equations in a finite domain to recover all redistribution cases of the infinite column provided time is not too large.     

ADVANCES IN TRUE TRIAXIAL TEST OF UNSATURATED SOILS

研究非饱和土的强度是非饱和土理论及其工程应用的首要问题,但因复杂应力状态下基质吸力的控制技术、量测技术和吸力平衡时间等原因,非饱和土真三轴试验研究的进展迟缓. 在介绍非饱和土刚性真三轴仪、柔性真三轴仪和刚柔复合型真三轴仪的基础上,重点分析已有非饱和土刚性和柔性真三轴试验结果,总结现有非饱和土真三轴仪及其试验研究的不足,同时指出Mohr-Coulomb 强度准则和外接圆Drucker-Prager准则对非饱和土真三轴试验结果的不适用性. 应开展更多不同种类非饱和土的完整真三轴试验研究,特别是非饱和黏性土;应结合非饱和土的应力状态变量和强度特性,建立符合工程实际受力状况的非饱和土真三轴强度准则,完善非饱和土的理论基础.     

非饱和土力学理论的研究进展

回顾了非饱和土有效应力的发展,目前普遍认同采用两个应力变量来建立本构模型,且对基质吸力中毛细和粘吸两部分作用进行了阐述。分析了非饱和土强度问题,包括抗剪强度和抗拉强度。讨论了非饱和土的本构模型问题,包括基于净应力和基质吸力的弹塑性模型,基于Bishop有效应力和基质吸力的水力力学耦合弹塑性模型,以及双孔隙结构的模型。最后探讨了热力学方法和多孔介质理论在非饱和土中的应用,基于多孔介质理论在多场耦合条件下土体复杂的行为是当前值得研究的问题。     

土水特征曲线的通用数学模型研究

土水特征曲线对于研究非饱和土的物理力学特性至关重要。根据土水特征曲线可以确定非饱和土的强度、体应变和渗透系数 ,甚至可以确定地下水面以上水份分布。由于土体物理力学特性的差异 ,导致描述其土水特征曲线的数学模型也各不相同。因此 ,建立土水特征曲线的通用数学表达式 ,显得尤为必要。本文对土水特征曲线数学模型进行了研究 ,依据这些模型的数学表达式形式 ,将其划分为 4种类型。分别由这 4种类型的数学模型推导出具有统一表达式形式的土水特征曲线通用数学模型 ,并运用陕北高原黄土土水特征曲线试验数据对通用数学模型进行了研究     

Three-dimensional unsaturated flow in heterogeneous systems and implications on groundwater contamination: A stochastic approach

A stochastic approach for modeling transient unsaturated flow in large-scale spatially variable soils is developed in order to overcome the problem of limited information about the local details of spatial soil variability. It is assumed that local soil properties are realizations of three-dimensional stationary random fields, and a large-scale model representation is derived by averaging the local governing flow equation over the ensemble of realizations of the underlying soil property random fields. The three-dimensionality of the local flow equations and the nonlinear dependence of the local flow output on the local soil properties are considered. The resulting mean representation (structure) is in the form of a partial differential equation in which averaged or effective model parameters occur. These effective model parameters are evalutated using a quasi-linearized fluctuation equation and a spectral representation of stationary processes. The large-scale model structure considers the large-scale effects of soil variability and have relatively few parameters which should be identifiable from a realistic data set. The general stochastic theory is then applied to the case of flow in stratified soil formations, which is of practical importance in applications such as waste disposal control. An important finding of this study is that spatial variability of the hydraulic soil properties produces significant large-scale effects, such as large-scale hysteresis and anisotropy of the effective parameters. These large-scale effects should be considered in field applications such as for predicting the movement of liquid wastes in the unsaturated zone.