广西靖西红粘土的变形和强度特性研究

对广西靖西取得的3种红粘土原状土样以及室内制备的重塑土样进行单轴压缩试验和三轴剪切试验（包括浸水饱和后的试验），其目的是研究静力荷载作用下红粘土的固结变形和强度特征。研究表明，在较大的压缩应力作用下，土样仍有较大的孔隙比；红粘土的破坏面为一个曲面变化形态，试样首先沿较为软弱的不规则面发生，然后才形成贯通的滑动面；尽管土样在破坏时出现明显的剪切破坏面（表现为一定的脆性破坏特征），但其应力应变关系呈现应变硬化的特点，表明红粘土有很强的粘滞特性。     

沉积方向和粒径组成对砂土力学特性的影响

运用砂土毛细效应所形成的假凝聚力制备具有不同沉积方向的试样,开展三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究粒径组成对初始各向异性砂土力学特性的影响,分析了粒径组成、沉积方向、强度特性和体积变化之间的相互关系。研究结论表明,试样剪切带的形成受到颗粒级配的影响,它是应力应变关系中陡降阶段的产生原因。沉积方向对粗砂和细砂的偏应力峰值强度均有影响,对残余强度的影响受制于颗粒级配。沉积方向与试样破坏面接近时,试样强度低、剪胀变形小且更容易破坏,粒径组成对砂土三轴剪切力学特性的影响更显著。     

制样含水量对软黏土力学特性影响的试验研究

为分析制样含水量对重塑软黏土的力学特性影响,用单向固结仪和三轴仪分别对不同泥浆含水量固结而成的重塑样开展了单向压缩试验和固结不排水剪切三轴试验。试验结果表明,重塑样的初始孔隙比随制样含水量的增大而增大,从而引起压缩曲线的上移以及压缩指数的增大,土体的抗剪强度减小,孔隙水压力增大;但初始含水量对土体的有效应力比和临界状态影响不大;制样含水量对重塑样力学特性的影响的界限含水量约为2.0倍液限含水量。最后,用孔隙指数对试验结果归一化,得到不同初始孔隙比重塑样的压缩曲线和剪切强度可基本归一化为土的固有压缩曲线和固有强度曲线。     

复杂应力状态下GCr15轴承钢的动态剪切及熔融特性研究

本文探究了GCr15轴承钢压剪试样在冲击载荷下的绝热剪切和熔融破坏特性．首先,实验研究发现GCr15轴承钢的力学性能具有拉-压不对称性、应力状态及应变率敏感性．因此,通过引入应力三轴度、洛德角、应变率和绝热剪切温升机制扩展了经典J-C本构模型,并对GCr15轴承钢的动态单轴压缩和压剪试验结果进行了数值实现．研究结果表明,应力三轴度和洛德角是影响动态冲击下压剪试样的绝热剪切产生和熔融特性的重要因素．     

确定非饱和粉土吸附强度的试验研究

非饱和粉土的吸附强度是土力学研究中的难点。针对非饱和粉土吸附强度的影响因素复杂且难以确定等问题,以饱和粉土抗剪强度计算公式为基础,以非饱和粉土抗剪强度作为过渡,研究吸附强度的确定方法。本文通过对不同含水率条件下的非饱和粉土进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验,利用MATLAB对得到的试验结果进行线性回归分析,探究非饱和粉土吸附强度与含水率之间的关系,提出了非饱和粉土吸附强度的计算公式。研究结果表明,非饱和粉土的吸附强度与含水率呈线性递减趋势。本文提出的计算公式可为非饱和粉土的理论分析和工程应用提供参考。     

制样方法对初始各向异性砂土三轴剪切力学特性的影响研究

基于砂土颗粒的毛细效应特性和冻融试验原理,提出一种砂土试样制备方法,能够在0°~90°范围内任意选取沉积方向,且适用于不同颗粒级配的试样。在中围压条件下进行三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究结果表明,毛细效应、冻融相结合的制样方法能够减缓压缩剪切试验的应力–应变关系增长速度,降低试样的抗剪峰值强度,对残余强度的影响相对较弱。在其他应力路径条件下,例如拉伸、减压压缩、等应力压缩等试验中,可以不考虑装样方法的影响。建议的制样方法能够合理应用到砂土初始各向异性的研究工作中。     

INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNOLOGY ON SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF INHERENT ANISOTROPIC SAND IN TRIAXIAL TESTS 1)

基于砂土颗粒的毛细效应特性和冻融试验原理,提出一种砂土试样制备方法,能够在0°~90°范围内任意选取沉积方向,且适用于不同颗粒级配的试样。在中围压条件下进行三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究结果表明,毛细效应、冻融相结合的制样方法能够减缓压缩剪切试验的应力-应变关系增长速度,降低试样的抗剪峰值强度,对残余强度的影响相对较弱。在其他应力路径条件下,例如拉伸、减压压缩、等应力压缩等试验中,可以不考虑装样方法的影响。建议的制样方法能够合理应用到砂土初始各向异性的研究工作中。     

基于室内试验与数值模拟的膨胀土裂隙对强度影响规律研究

针对室内试验测试多裂隙发育膨胀土抗剪强度指标的困难,提出以室内试验与数值模拟相结合的研究方法;以不同产状单裂隙面膨胀土三轴试样在200kPa围压下的CD试验结果为样本,基于颗粒流原理,采用PFC3D软件进行仿真试验,获得了与三轴试验结果相一致的PFC3D球颗粒参数和裂隙参数;以此参数为基础,进行不同裂隙产状膨胀土的仿真试验,初步探寻了裂隙发育对广西宁明膨胀土的强度影响规律。研究发现:裂隙发育是膨胀土强度衰减的主要原因;裂隙的空间角度、不同裂隙的组合、裂隙发育程度均对膨胀土抗剪强度指标产生影响,且对黏聚力的影响较大;与无裂隙情况相比,裂隙率达14.06%时,C值降低71.2%。     

基于数字图像测量方法的分层试样剪切破坏特性研究

分层试样的强度及变形特征与单一试样有很大的区别,其剪切带的发生、发展过程等相关性质也不相同.本文在传统的三轴压缩仪上引进全表面数字图像测量系统,对分层试样及单一试样分别进行了三轴压缩试验,得到了试样的整体和局部的应力应变关系曲线以及试样全表面的变形信息.结果 表明:在单一试样中夹杂其他试样的情况下,其分层试样对单一试样...     

坝前淤泥土与新填坝体接触面抗剪强度试验研究及工程应用

坝前淤泥面与新填筑坝体接触面是"坝前淤泥面加坝"技术的薄弱环节。为了探究不同工况下淤泥坝基、新填筑坝体,以及淤泥土-新填土接触面的剪切强度特性,以宁夏南部山区西吉县南川水库坝前淤泥面加坝工程为研究对象,通过常规应变式直剪仪、改进常规应变式直剪仪分别进行剪切试验,分析了淤泥土含水率和压实度变化时,淤泥土、新填土、淤泥土-新填土接触界面的抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角的变化规律。试验结果表明:新填土抗剪强度最大,不同工况下淤泥土-新填土接触界面的抗剪强度介于淤泥土和新填土的抗剪强度之间;淤泥土含水率在12%~16%之间存在最优含水率,超过该含水率后,淤泥土及淤泥土-新填土接触界面之间的抗剪强度均显著降低;当淤泥土含水率从8%增加至12%、16%时,黏聚力减小8%左右后迅速减小至22%,具有明显的阶段性,而淤泥土-新填土接触界面的黏聚力呈现先增加后减小的趋势;当含水率相同时,随着压实度的增加,淤泥土、淤泥土-新填土接触面的黏聚力、内摩擦角总体呈增大趋势。最后根据试验结果对"坝前淤泥面加坝"工法的工程应用提出了相关建议。     

颗粒物质对风积沙压实特性影响研究

本文从颗粒物质的角度探讨了风积沙的压实特性和机理。研究表明,风积沙的重型击实试验曲线呈"双驼峰"形式,表明风积沙具有干压实的特性,水在风积沙的压实过程中扮演着不同的作用|室内振动试验表明振动加速度及振动时间影响着风积沙"巴西坚果效应"与"反巴西坚果效应"之间的转化,从而影响风积沙的振实密度,二者均存在一个产生最大振实干密度的最优值。现场试验通过控制机械参数(振幅A=0.4mm,频率f=48Hz)在压实5遍的时候,可使压实度达到96.8%,CBR值达到25.3,均能满足《公路路基设计规范》要求。     

风沙运动力学机理研究的历史、进展与趋势

回顾了风沙运动力学机理研究历史,阐述了中国在风沙运动力学机理研究方 面所取得的最新进展，提出了目前存在的问题和今后发展的趋势.     

岩盐用作路基填料的力学性质试验

通过试验,研究了察尔汗岩盐用作路基填料的压实特性、抗压强度以及循环荷载下的变形性状。主要探讨了岩盐试样中细粒含量比例对试样压实特性的影响规律;天然岩盐抗压强度的大小分布,以及岩盐抗压强度与粒径、干密度、含水量的关系;交通循环荷载作用下,岩盐的动应变发展情况等。这些结论对盐湖公路建设具有一定的指导意义。     

皖中膨胀土的承载比(CBR)强度特性研究

针对皖中地区高速公路建设中遇到的膨胀土问题,选取合六叶高速公路典型土样开展了系统的承载比（CBR）特性试验研究,并在此基础上探讨了膨胀土作为路基填料的适用性。研究表明:（1）起始含水量对膨胀土CBR值影响显著,CBR最大值对应的含水量高于最佳含水量,且击实功越大,二者差值也越大;（2）CBR膨胀量随起始含水量增大而减小,起始含水量越低,CBR膨胀量就越大,路基的水稳性就越差;（3）当击实功较大时,膨胀土的最佳含水量较小,适合填筑的可变含水量范围较宽,建议现场施工控制采用重型击实标准;（4）在重型击实条件下,将弱膨胀土起始含水量控制在比最优含水量大2%⁴%范围内,能同时满足压实度和CBR值要求以用于填筑下路堤,中膨胀土作为路基填料时必须经过改性处理。研究结果对于在膨胀土地区进行公路建设具有参考意义。     

An empirical model for the thermal conductivity of compacted bentonite and a bentonite–sand mixture

The thermal conductivities of compacted bentonite and a bentonite–sand mixture were measured to investigate the effects of dry density, water content and sand fraction on the thermal conductivity. A single expression has been proposed to describe the thermal conductivity of the compacted bentonite and the bentonite–sand mixture once their primary parameters such as dry density, water content and sand fraction are known.     

弹体侵彻干砂的数值模型

基于砂粒的不可压缩性假设，利用球形空腔动态收缩模型和广义Mises强度准则推导了干砂的孔隙压密演化方程；根据Hugoniot冲击突跃条件和Grüneisen系数，推导了干砂考虑孔隙演化影响的状态方程；根据关联流动法则，得到了大变形时砂的弹塑性应力应变关系；基于动力有限元计算平台，采用上述模型分析了弹体高速侵彻干砂的作用过程。结果表明，该模型能够表征高速侵彻时砂的孔隙演化对应力应变状态的反向影响，能够较准确地反映高速侵彻作用下干砂的动力响应过程。     

Force transmitted below the soil surface by human gait

A force platform, which can provide three dimensional forces and moments on its top surface, was used to study force transmitted by human gait below the soil surface in order to understand detonation of antipersonnel landmines. Soils of varying depth were packed on the top surface of the platform to measure the forces transferred from the soil surface. Experimental variables included subjects (people), soil depth, soil type, moisture content, and compaction level. Soils used in this study were sand and sandy loam. There were medium and high two compaction levels for each soil. Sandy loam soil included two moisture contents; sand tested involved two moisture contents and dry sand. Soil depth varies from 0 (bare platform) to 200 mm. Five subjects with different weights were selected and used in this study.The subsoil force and its duration were measured for different subjects at a depth up to 200 mm. The impulse in subsoil was then calculated and used in evaluating the effect of different subjects on the force transfer in soil. The results indicated that loose soil can transfer larger force to subsoil than dense soil; test results showed that heavier subjects also created larger subsoil forces than lighter ones. Whether the effect of soil depth on subsoil impulse was significant was depended on the soil conditions. For the sand with 5.5% moisture content and bulk density of 1800 kg/m³, soil depth significantly affected subsoil impulses. For the sandy loam soil, the mass of subject increased from 50 to 100 kg resulted in 100% increase in subsoil impulses at all four depths; for the sand, the mass of subject increased from 55 to 100 kg approximately. This resulted in 80% increase in subsoil impulses under all four depths regardless of moisture content and bulk density. The results of this study will helpful for designing new equipment and evaluating existing machines for neutralizing landmines.     

爆炸波在非饱和钙质砂中的传播规律

以球形TNT药包作为爆源，在密实的非饱和钙质砂中进行了一系列大尺寸爆炸模型试验。主要研究在不同药包质量、埋深及砂土试样含水率条件下，密实钙质砂中爆炸波的主要基本参数随传播距离增加而变化的规律。试验结果表明爆炸波主要以弹塑性波的形式在密实钙质砂中传播，在干燥和潮湿试样中塑性纵波波速随试样初始密度的增大或含水率的降低而增大，且范围分别为250～282 m/s和302～339 m/s。集团装药情况下，非饱和钙质砂中封闭爆炸的临界比例埋深约为2.25 m/kg1/3。在试验范围内，密实钙质砂中爆炸波的法向应力峰值及法向比冲量的衰减均服从爆炸相似律。封闭爆炸时，干燥钙质砂中爆炸波的应力衰减指数在测点比例爆心距大于或小于0.75 m/kg1/3处分别为2.94或1.37；潮湿钙质砂中爆炸波的应力衰减指数随含水率升高而增大，其范围为1.39～1.79。法向比冲量衰减指数随试样含水率升高而减小，其范围为0.97～1.18。     

Measurement of compacted soil density in a compaction of thick finishing layer

The compaction of a soil is one of the important construction operations that influences the durability of soil structure. Therefore, the measurement of soil density, used to judge the degree of compaction, has to be performed exactly. Since a compaction of a thick finishing layer could be executed with the enlargement of compaction machinery and the improvement of productivity, new equipment which can measure the soil density in a deep stratum has to be developed. In this paper, we propose a method of accurately estimating compacted soil density based on the three dimensional stresses measured in the ground during compaction by a stress state transducer (SST). A tracked vehicle mounted with a vertical oscillator was used to compact a decomposed granite soil of 45 cm depth. A model experiment was executed at a frequency that was varied from 16 to 25 Hz, setting the load ratio of maximum oscillating force to the vehicle weight (4.9 kN) to be 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0. The three dimensional stresses in the ground were measured by use of the SST. Comparing the dry density converted from cone penetrometer test results and the dry density estimated from Baily’s formula, the compacted soil density at the lowest soil stratum could be estimated by measuring earth pressure using SST.     

Effect of Moisture Content on High Strain Rate Compressibility and Particle Breakage in Loose Sand

Soil-filled gabion structures are widely used to protect against the effects of blast and fragmentation. It is known that moisture content significantly affects the capability of such structures, but the behaviour of partially-saturated soils is not well characterised at the strain rates and stresses experienced in these events. In particular, little data is available for loose soils, whose compaction behaviour can have a substantial impact on structural stability and ballistic performance. This paper describes the use of split Hopkinson pressure bar experiments to characterise the pre- and post-saturation compressibility of a loose quartz sand at moisture contents of up to 15.0%. In contrast to dense soils, increases in moisture content between 0.0% and 7.5% led to a decrease in the stiffness of the sand. Above 7.5% moisture content, specimens reached full saturation during the experiment: the additional water had no further effect on the pre-saturation stiffness, but post-saturation behaviour was dominated by the stiffness of the pore water. Full saturation occurred at lower dry densities as moisture content increased, leading to a decrease in particle breakage.